scientific-writing

name	scientific-writing
description	Core skill for the deep research and writing tool. Write scientific manuscripts in full paragraphs (never bullet points). Use a two-stage process with (1) section outlines supported by literature-search tools and (2) conversion to flowing prose. Covers IMRAD structure, citations (APA/AMA/Vancouver), figures/tables, reporting guidelines (CONSORT/STROBE/PRISMA), and journal-ready manuscript drafting.
category	Writing & Review
depends	["scientific-schematics","rewrite-humanize"]
tags	["science","writing","paper"]
triggers	["write paper","draft manuscript","scientific writing","IMRAD","write introduction","write methods","write results","write discussion","写论文","写稿","论文写作","write a paper","draft a section"]
allowed-tools	["Read","Write","Edit","Bash"]
license	MIT license
metadata	{"skill-author":"K-Dense Inc."}

Scientific Writing

Overview

This is the core skill for the deep research and writing tool—combining literature search, evidence gathering, and well-formatted written outputs. Every document produced should be backed by traced sources and verified citations.

Scientific writing is a process for communicating research with precision and clarity. Write manuscripts using IMRAD structure, citations (APA/AMA/Vancouver), figures/tables, and reporting guidelines (CONSORT/STROBE/PRISMA). Apply this skill for research papers and journal submissions.

Critical Principle: Always write in full paragraphs with flowing prose. Never submit bullet points in the final manuscript. Use a two-stage process: first create section outlines with key points using literature-search tools, then convert those outlines into complete paragraphs.

When to Use This Skill

This skill should be used when:

• Writing or revising any section of a scientific manuscript (abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion)
• Structuring a research paper using IMRAD or other standard formats
• Formatting citations and references in specific styles (APA, AMA, Vancouver, Chicago, IEEE)
• Creating, formatting, or improving figures, tables, and data visualizations
• Applying study-specific reporting guidelines (CONSORT for trials, STROBE for observational studies, PRISMA for reviews)
• Drafting abstracts that meet journal requirements (structured or unstructured)
• Preparing manuscripts for submission to specific journals
• Improving writing clarity, conciseness, and precision
• Ensuring proper use of field-specific terminology and nomenclature
• Addressing reviewer comments and revising manuscripts

Visual Enhancement with Scientific Schematics

⚠️ MANDATORY: Every scientific paper MUST include a graphical abstract plus 1-2 additional AI-generated figures using the scientific-schematics skill.

This is not optional. Scientific papers without visual elements are incomplete. Before finalizing any document:

1. ALWAYS generate a graphical abstract as the first visual element
2. Generate at minimum ONE additional schematic or diagram using scientific-schematics
3. Prefer 3-4 total figures for comprehensive papers (graphical abstract + methods flowchart + results visualization + conceptual diagram)

Graphical Abstract (REQUIRED)

Every scientific writeup MUST include a graphical abstract. This is a visual summary of your paper that:

• Appears before or immediately after the text abstract
• Captures the entire paper's key message in one image
• Is suitable for journal table of contents display
• Uses landscape orientation (typically 1200x600px)

Generate the graphical abstract FIRST by loading scientific-schematics. Pass it a concrete request such as:

• Graphical abstract for [paper title]: show workflow from input -> methods -> key findings -> conclusions
• Output target: @ws/figures/graphical_abstract.png

Graphical Abstract Requirements:

• Content: Visual summary showing workflow, key methods, main findings, and conclusions
• Style: Clean, professional, suitable for journal TOC
• Elements: Include 3-5 key steps/concepts with connecting arrows or flow
• Text: Minimal labels, large readable fonts
• Log: [HH:MM:SS] GENERATED: Graphical abstract for paper summary

Additional Figures (GENERATE EXTENSIVELY)

⚠️ CRITICAL: Route figure generation through scientific-schematics, not ad-hoc Python drawing scripts embedded in this skill.

Every document should be richly illustrated. Generate figures liberally - when in doubt, add a visual.

MINIMUM Figure Requirements:

Document Type	Minimum	Recommended
Research Papers	5	6-8
Literature Reviews	4	5-7
Market Research	20	25-30
Presentations	1/slide	1-2/slide
Posters	6	8-10
Grants	4	5-7
Clinical Reports	3	4-6

Use scientific-schematics EXTENSIVELY for technical and explanatory figures. When a figure is needed:

1. Load scientific-schematics.
2. Describe the figure in natural language.
3. Ask it to write the output into @ws/figures/....

• Study design and methodology flowcharts (CONSORT, PRISMA, STROBE)
• Conceptual framework diagrams
• Experimental workflow illustrations
• Data analysis pipeline diagrams
• Biological pathway or mechanism diagrams
• System architecture visualizations
• Neural network architectures
• Decision trees, algorithm flowcharts
• Comparison matrices, timeline diagrams
• Any technical concept that benefits from schematic visualization

Do not introduce a local generate_image.py workflow here. This skill's figure path is:

• explanatory figures -> scientific-schematics
• charts and numeric plots -> scientific plotting skills such as scientific-visualization, seaborn, or matplotlib

The AI will automatically:

• Create publication-quality images with proper formatting
• Review and refine through multiple iterations
• Ensure accessibility (colorblind-friendly, high contrast)
• Save outputs in the @ws/figures/ directory

When in Doubt, Generate a Figure:

• Complex concept → generate a schematic
• Data discussion → generate a visualization
• Process description → generate a flowchart
• Comparison → generate a comparison diagram
• Reader benefit → generate a visual

For figure generation details, load scientific-schematics and follow that skill's workflow directly.

---

Core Capabilities

1. Manuscript Structure and Organization

IMRAD Format: Guide papers through the standard Introduction, Methods, Results, And Discussion structure used across most scientific disciplines. This includes:

• Introduction: Establish research context, identify gaps, state objectives
• Methods: Detail study design, populations, procedures, and analysis approaches
• Results: Present findings objectively without interpretation
• Discussion: Interpret results, acknowledge limitations, propose future directions

For detailed guidance on IMRAD structure, refer to @skill/references/imrad_structure.md.

Alternative Structures: Support discipline-specific formats including:

• Review articles (narrative, systematic, scoping)
• Case reports and case series
• Meta-analyses and pooled analyses
• Theoretical/modeling papers
• Methods papers and protocols

2. Section-Specific Writing Guidance

Abstract Composition: Craft concise, standalone summaries (100-250 words) that capture the paper's purpose, methods, results, and conclusions. Support both structured abstracts (with labeled sections) and unstructured single-paragraph formats.

Introduction Development: Build compelling introductions that:

• Establish the research problem's importance
• Review relevant literature systematically
• Identify knowledge gaps or controversies
• State clear research questions or hypotheses
• Explain the study's novelty and significance

Methods Documentation: Ensure reproducibility through:

• Detailed participant/sample descriptions
• Clear procedural documentation
• Statistical methods with justification
• Equipment and materials specifications
• Ethical approval and consent statements

Results Presentation: Present findings with:

• Logical flow from primary to secondary outcomes
• Integration with figures and tables
• Statistical significance with effect sizes
• Objective reporting without interpretation

Discussion Construction: Synthesize findings by:

• Relating results to research questions
• Comparing with existing literature
• Acknowledging limitations honestly
• Proposing mechanistic explanations
• Suggesting practical implications and future research

3. Citation and Reference Management

Apply citation styles correctly across disciplines. For comprehensive style guides, refer to @skill/references/citation_styles.md.

Major Citation Styles:

• AMA (American Medical Association): Numbered superscript citations, common in medicine
• Vancouver: Numbered citations in square brackets, biomedical standard
• APA (American Psychological Association): Author-date in-text citations, common in social sciences
• Chicago: Notes-bibliography or author-date, humanities and sciences
• IEEE: Numbered square brackets, engineering and computer science

Best Practices:

• Cite primary sources when possible
• Include recent literature (last 5-10 years for active fields)
• Balance citation distribution across introduction and discussion
• Verify all citations against original sources
• Use reference management software (Zotero, Mendeley, EndNote)

4. Figures and Tables

Create effective data visualizations that enhance comprehension. For detailed best practices, refer to @skill/references/figures_tables.md.

When to Use Tables vs. Figures:

• Tables: Precise numerical data, complex datasets, multiple variables requiring exact values
• Figures: Trends, patterns, relationships, comparisons best understood visually

Design Principles:

• Make each table/figure self-explanatory with complete captions
• Use consistent formatting and terminology across all display items
• Label all axes, columns, and rows with units
• Include sample sizes (n) and statistical annotations
• Follow the "one table/figure per 1000 words" guideline
• Avoid duplicating information between text, tables, and figures

Common Figure Types:

• Bar graphs: Comparing discrete categories
• Line graphs: Showing trends over time
• Scatterplots: Displaying correlations
• Box plots: Showing distributions and outliers
• Heatmaps: Visualizing matrices and patterns

5. Reporting Guidelines by Study Type

Ensure completeness and transparency by following established reporting standards. For comprehensive guideline details, refer to @skill/references/reporting_guidelines.md.

Key Guidelines:

• CONSORT: Randomized controlled trials
• STROBE: Observational studies (cohort, case-control, cross-sectional)
• PRISMA: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses
• STARD: Diagnostic accuracy studies
• TRIPOD: Prediction model studies
• ARRIVE: Animal research
• CARE: Case reports
• SQUIRE: Quality improvement studies
• SPIRIT: Study protocols for clinical trials
• CHEERS: Economic evaluations

Each guideline provides checklists ensuring all critical methodological elements are reported.

6. Writing Principles and Style

Apply fundamental scientific writing principles. For detailed guidance, refer to @skill/references/writing_principles.md.

Clarity:

• Use precise, unambiguous language
• Define technical terms and abbreviations at first use
• Maintain logical flow within and between paragraphs
• Use active voice when appropriate for clarity

Conciseness:

• Eliminate redundant words and phrases
• Favor shorter sentences (15-20 words average)
• Remove unnecessary qualifiers
• Respect word limits strictly

Accuracy:

• Report exact values with appropriate precision
• Use consistent terminology throughout
• Distinguish between observations and interpretations
• Acknowledge uncertainty appropriately

Objectivity:

• Present results without bias
• Avoid overstating findings or implications
• Acknowledge conflicting evidence
• Maintain professional, neutral tone

7. Writing Process: From Outline to Full Paragraphs

CRITICAL: Always write in full paragraphs, never submit bullet points in scientific papers.

Writing Philosophy: Narrative Over Enumeration

Good academic writing is NOT a list of logical points. It is a narrative that draws the reader in step by step, guiding them to understand and agree with your argument. Think of it as storytelling: each section should motivate the next, every sentence should earn its place, and the reader should never wonder "why am I reading this?"

Key shift: From "enumerating logic" to "telling a story." Narrative here means logical scaffolding — each paragraph follows because the previous one set up its content. It does NOT mean dramatized openings, manufactured tension, or rhetorical hooks.

• Let each paragraph naturally set up the next through its content, not through staged questions
• State the claim plainly; the reader will keep reading because the reasoning is sound

Explain, don't defend. Write to explain an idea to a colleague, not to defend it against a reviewer. Cut posturing connectives (crucially, importantly, it is worth noting), defensive X is not Y framings, disqualification clauses, and em-dash asides that interrupt one idea with another. For the full pattern catalog and diagnostic, see the rewrite-humanize skill (section "Explain, Don't Defend") and @rewrite-humanize/references/lexicon.md.

Style principles:

1. Formal but accessible: Technical precision without unnecessary jargon
2. Direct, confident claims: Avoid hedging unless genuinely uncertain
3. Citations as narrative: Integrate [Author, Year] naturally, not as afterthoughts — e.g., "Building on [Author]'s framework, we extend..." rather than "This was studied before [Author]."

Narrative arc for each section:

• Motivation: Why should the reader care?
• Tension: What problem or gap exists?
• Contribution: What does this work offer?
• Evidence: How is the contribution supported?
• Resolution: What's the takeaway?

Good vs Bad Examples

Opening paragraphs:

• Bad (enumeration): "This section covers three topics. First, we discuss X. Second, we examine Y. Third, we analyze Z."
• Bad (posturing): "Understanding X requires grappling with a fundamental tension: while Y promises efficiency, it often sacrifices the nuance that Z demands." (dramatized framing — "grappling with", "promises", "sacrifices the nuance" perform rigor instead of stating the claim)
• Good: "X depends on a trade-off between Y and Z. This section reviews how prior work has handled it and where our approach differs."

Section transitions:

• Bad (vacuous): "Section 3: Methodology" / "This section describes our methodology."
• Good: "Section 3: Methodology" / "The trade-offs above shape our design. We need an approach that handles scalability without losing domain specificity, which leads us to the following method."

Troubleshooting common issues:

• Writing feels like a list: Check if paragraphs start with "First," "Second," "Additionally." Rewrite openings as questions, tensions, or claims.
• Citations feel bolted on: Integrate citations into sentence structure rather than clustering at sentence ends.
• Sections don't flow: Add a forward-looking final sentence to each section. Read only first and last paragraphs—is the thread clear?
• Hedging weakens claims: "It might be possible that X could potentially..." → "X occurs when..." (add caveats only where genuinely needed). Aim for <5% hedging words.
• Draft is too verbose: Ask "what would the reader lose if I deleted this?" Target cutting 20% in revision.

Two-Stage Writing Approach

Scientific papers must be written in complete, flowing prose. Use this two-stage approach for effective writing:

Stage 1: Create Section Outlines with Key Points

When starting a new section:

1. Use literature-search and evidence tools to gather relevant literature and data
2. Create a structured outline with bullet points marking:
   • Main arguments or findings to present
   • Key studies to cite
   • Data points and statistics to include
   • Logical flow and organization
3. These bullet points serve as scaffolding—they are NOT the final manuscript

Example outline (Introduction section):

- Background: AI in drug discovery gaining traction
  * Cite recent reviews (Smith 2023, Jones 2024)
  * Traditional methods are slow and expensive
- Gap: Limited application to rare diseases
  * Only 2 prior studies (Lee 2022, Chen 2023)
  * Small datasets remain a challenge
- Our approach: Transfer learning from common diseases
  * Novel architecture combining X and Y
- Study objectives: Validate on 3 rare disease datasets

Stage 2: Convert Key Points to Full Paragraphs

Once the outline is complete, expand each bullet point into proper prose:

1. Transform bullet points into complete sentences with subjects, verbs, and objects
2. Add transitions between sentences and ideas (however, moreover, in contrast, subsequently)
3. Integrate citations naturally within sentences, not as lists
4. Expand with context and explanation that bullet points omit
5. Ensure logical flow from one sentence to the next within each paragraph
6. Vary sentence structure to maintain reader engagement

Example conversion to prose:

Artificial intelligence approaches have gained significant traction in drug discovery 
pipelines over the past decade (Smith, 2023; Jones, 2024). While these computational 
methods show promise for accelerating the identification of therapeutic candidates, 
traditional experimental approaches remain slow and resource-intensive, often requiring 
years of laboratory work and substantial financial investment. However, the application 
of AI to rare diseases has been limited, with only two prior studies demonstrating 
proof-of-concept results (Lee, 2022; Chen, 2023). The primary obstacle has been the 
scarcity of training data for conditions affecting small patient populations. 

To address this challenge, we developed a transfer learning approach that leverages 
knowledge from well-characterized common diseases to predict therapeutic targets for 
rare conditions. Our novel neural architecture combines convolutional layers for 
molecular feature extraction with attention mechanisms for protein-ligand interaction 
modeling. The objective of this study was to validate our approach across three 
independent rare disease datasets, assessing both predictive accuracy and biological 
interpretability of the results.

Key Differences Between Outlines and Final Text:

Outline (Planning Stage)	Final Manuscript
Bullet points and fragments	Complete sentences and paragraphs
Telegraphic notes	Full explanations with context
List of citations	Citations integrated into prose
Abbreviated ideas	Developed arguments with transitions
For your eyes only	For publication and peer review

Common Mistakes to Avoid:

• ❌ Never leave bullet points in the final manuscript
• ❌ Never submit lists where paragraphs should be
• ❌ Don't use numbered or bulleted lists in Results or Discussion sections (except for specific cases like study hypotheses or inclusion criteria)
• ❌ Don't write sentence fragments or incomplete thoughts
• ✅ Do use occasional lists only in Methods (e.g., inclusion/exclusion criteria, materials lists)
• ✅ Do ensure every section flows as connected prose
• ✅ Do read paragraphs aloud to check for natural flow

When Lists ARE Acceptable (Limited Cases):

Lists may appear in scientific papers only in specific contexts:

• Methods: Inclusion/exclusion criteria, materials and reagents, participant characteristics
• Supplementary Materials: Extended protocols, equipment lists, detailed parameters
• Never in: Abstract, Introduction, Results, Discussion, Conclusions

Abstract Format Rule:

• ❌ NEVER use labeled sections (Background:, Methods:, Results:, Conclusions:)
• ✅ ALWAYS write as flowing paragraph(s) with natural transitions
• Exception: Only use structured format if journal explicitly requires it in author guidelines

Integration with Research Lookup:

Literature-search and evidence tools are essential for Stage 1 (creating outlines):

1. Search for relevant papers using the repo's search and evidence tools
2. Extract key findings, methods, and data
3. Organize findings as bullet points in your outline
4. Then convert the outline to full paragraphs in Stage 2

This two-stage process ensures you:

• Gather and organize information systematically
• Create logical structure before writing
• Produce polished, publication-ready prose
• Maintain focus on the narrative flow

8. Professional Report Formatting (Non-Journal Documents)

For research reports, technical reports, white papers, and other professional documents that are NOT journal manuscripts, use the scientific_report.sty LaTeX style package for a polished, professional appearance.

When to Use Professional Report Formatting:

• Research reports and technical reports
• White papers and policy briefs
• Grant reports and progress reports
• Industry reports and technical documentation
• Internal research summaries
• Feasibility studies and project deliverables

When NOT to Use (Use Venue-Specific Formatting Instead):

• Journal manuscripts -> follow the target venue's official author instructions and template, while still using this skill for prose quality
• Conference papers -> follow the target venue's template and page-limit rules, while still using this skill for prose quality
• Academic theses → Use institutional templates

The scientific_report.sty Style Package Provides:

Feature	Description
Typography	Helvetica font family for modern, professional appearance
Color Scheme	Professional blues, greens, and accent colors
Box Environments	Colored boxes for key findings, methods, recommendations, limitations
Tables	Alternating row colors, professional headers
Figures	Consistent caption formatting
Scientific Commands	Shortcuts for p-values, effect sizes, confidence intervals

Box Environments for Content Organization:

% Key findings (blue) - for major discoveries
\begin{keyfindings}[Title]
Content with key findings and statistics.
\end{keyfindings}

% Methodology (green) - for methods highlights
\begin{methodology}[Study Design]
Description of methods and procedures.
\end{methodology}

% Recommendations (purple) - for action items
\begin{recommendations}[Clinical Implications]
\begin{enumerate}
    \item Specific recommendation 1
    \item Specific recommendation 2
\end{enumerate}
\end{recommendations}

% Limitations (orange) - for caveats and cautions
\begin{limitations}[Study Limitations]
Description of limitations and their implications.
\end{limitations}

Professional Table Formatting:

\begin{table}[htbp]
\centering
\caption{Results Summary}
\begin{tabular}{@{}lccc@{}}
\toprule
\textbf{Variable} & \textbf{Treatment} & \textbf{Control} & \textbf{p} \\
\midrule
Outcome 1 & \meansd{42.5}{8.3} & \meansd{35.2}{7.9} & <.001\sigthree \\
\rowcolor{tablealt} Outcome 2 & \meansd{3.8}{1.2} & \meansd{3.1}{1.1} & .012\sigone \\
Outcome 3 & \meansd{18.2}{4.5} & \meansd{17.8}{4.2} & .58\signs \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}

{\small \siglegend}
\end{table}

Scientific Notation Commands:

Command	Output	Purpose
\pvalue{0.023}	p = 0.023	P-values
\psig{< 0.001}	p = < 0.001	Significant p-values (bold)
\CI{0.45}{0.72}	95% CI [0.45, 0.72]	Confidence intervals
\effectsize{d}{0.75}	d = 0.75	Effect sizes
\samplesize{250}	n = 250	Sample sizes
\meansd{42.5}{8.3}	42.5 ± 8.3	Mean with SD
\sigone, \sigtwo, \sigthree	*, **, ***	Significance stars

Getting Started:

\documentclass[11pt,letterpaper]{report}
\usepackage{scientific_report}

\begin{document}
\makereporttitle
    {Report Title}
    {Subtitle}
    {Author Name}
    {Institution}
    {Date}

% Your content with professional formatting
\end{document}

Compilation: Use XeLaTeX or LuaLaTeX for proper Helvetica font rendering:

xelatex report.tex

For complete documentation, refer to:

• @skill/assets/scientific_report.sty: The style package
• @skill/assets/scientific_report_template.tex: Complete template example
• @skill/assets/REPORT_FORMATTING_GUIDE.md: Quick reference guide
• @skill/references/professional_report_formatting.md: Comprehensive formatting guide

9. Journal-Specific Formatting

Adapt manuscripts to journal requirements:

• Follow author guidelines for structure, length, and format
• Apply journal-specific citation styles
• Meet figure/table specifications (resolution, file formats, dimensions)
• Include required statements (funding, conflicts of interest, data availability, ethical approval)
• Adhere to word limits for each section
• Format according to template requirements when provided

10. Field-Specific Language and Terminology

Adapt language, terminology, and conventions to match the specific scientific discipline. Each field has established vocabulary, preferred phrasings, and domain-specific conventions that signal expertise and ensure clarity for the target audience.

Identify Field-Specific Linguistic Conventions:

• Review terminology used in recent high-impact papers in the target journal
• Note field-specific abbreviations, units, and notation systems
• Identify preferred terms (e.g., "participants" vs. "subjects," "compound" vs. "drug," "specimens" vs. "samples")
• Observe how methods, organisms, or techniques are typically described

Biomedical and Clinical Sciences:

• Use precise anatomical and clinical terminology (e.g., "myocardial infarction" not "heart attack" in formal writing)
• Follow standardized disease nomenclature (ICD, DSM, SNOMED-CT)
• Specify drug names using generic names first, brand names in parentheses if needed
• Use "patients" for clinical studies, "participants" for community-based research
• Follow Human Genome Variation Society (HGVS) nomenclature for genetic variants
• Report lab values with standard units (SI units in most international journals)

Molecular Biology and Genetics:

• Use italics for gene symbols (e.g., TP53), regular font for proteins (e.g., p53)
• Follow species-specific gene nomenclature (uppercase for human: BRCA1; sentence case for mouse: Brca1)
• Specify organism names in full at first mention, then use accepted abbreviations (e.g., Escherichia coli, then E. coli)
• Use standard genetic notation (e.g., +/+, +/-, -/- for genotypes)
• Employ established terminology for molecular techniques (e.g., "quantitative PCR" or "qPCR," not "real-time PCR")

Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences:

• Follow IUPAC nomenclature for chemical compounds
• Use systematic names for novel compounds, common names for well-known substances
• Specify chemical structures using standard notation (e.g., SMILES, InChI for databases)
• Report concentrations with appropriate units (mM, μM, nM, or % w/v, v/v)
• Describe synthesis routes using accepted reaction nomenclature
• Use terms like "bioavailability," "pharmacokinetics," "IC50" consistently with field definitions

Ecology and Environmental Sciences:

• Use binomial nomenclature for species (italicized: Homo sapiens)
• Specify taxonomic authorities at first species mention when relevant
• Employ standardized habitat and ecosystem classifications
• Use consistent terminology for ecological metrics (e.g., "species richness," "Shannon diversity index")
• Describe sampling methods with field-standard terms (e.g., "transect," "quadrat," "mark-recapture")

Physics and Engineering:

• Follow SI units consistently unless field conventions dictate otherwise
• Use standard notation for physical quantities (scalars vs. vectors, tensors)
• Employ established terminology for phenomena (e.g., "quantum entanglement," "laminar flow")
• Specify equipment with model numbers and manufacturers when relevant
• Use mathematical notation consistent with field standards (e.g., ℏ for reduced Planck constant)

Neuroscience:

• Use standardized brain region nomenclature (e.g., refer to atlases like Allen Brain Atlas)
• Specify coordinates for brain regions using established stereotaxic systems
• Follow conventions for neural terminology (e.g., "action potential" not "spike" in formal writing)
• Use "neural activity," "neuronal firing," "brain activation" appropriately based on measurement method
• Describe recording techniques with proper specificity (e.g., "whole-cell patch clamp," "extracellular recording")

Social and Behavioral Sciences:

• Use person-first language when appropriate (e.g., "people with schizophrenia" not "schizophrenics")
• Employ standardized psychological constructs and validated assessment names
• Follow APA guidelines for reducing bias in language
• Specify theoretical frameworks using established terminology
• Use "participants" rather than "subjects" for human research

General Principles:

Match Audience Expertise:

• For specialized journals: Use field-specific terminology freely, define only highly specialized or novel terms
• For broad-impact journals (e.g., Nature, Science): Define more technical terms, provide context for specialized concepts
• For interdisciplinary audiences: Balance precision with accessibility, define terms at first use

Define Technical Terms Strategically:

• Define abbreviations at first use: "messenger RNA (mRNA)"
• Provide brief explanations for specialized techniques when writing for broader audiences
• Avoid over-defining terms well-known to the target audience (signals unfamiliarity with field)
• Create a glossary if numerous specialized terms are unavoidable

Maintain Consistency:

• Use the same term for the same concept throughout (don't alternate between "medication," "drug," and "pharmaceutical")
• Follow a consistent system for abbreviations (decide on "PCR" or "polymerase chain reaction" after first definition)
• Apply the same nomenclature system throughout (especially for genes, species, chemicals)

Avoid Field Mixing Errors:

• Don't use clinical terminology for basic science (e.g., don't call mice "patients")
• Avoid colloquialisms or overly general terms in place of precise field terminology
• Don't import terminology from adjacent fields without ensuring proper usage

Verify Terminology Usage:

• Consult field-specific style guides and nomenclature resources
• Check how terms are used in recent papers from the target journal
• Use domain-specific databases and ontologies (e.g., Gene Ontology, MeSH terms)
• When uncertain, cite a key reference that establishes terminology

11. Common Pitfalls to Avoid

Top Rejection Reasons:

1. Inappropriate, incomplete, or insufficiently described statistics
2. Over-interpretation of results or unsupported conclusions
3. Poorly described methods affecting reproducibility
4. Small, biased, or inappropriate samples
5. Poor writing quality or difficult-to-follow text
6. Inadequate literature review or context
7. Figures and tables that are unclear or poorly designed
8. Failure to follow reporting guidelines

Writing Quality Issues:

• Mixing tenses inappropriately (use past tense for methods/results, present for established facts)
• Excessive jargon or undefined acronyms
• Paragraph breaks that disrupt logical flow
• Missing transitions between sections
• Inconsistent notation or terminology

Workflow for Manuscript Development

Stage 1: Planning

1. Identify target journal and review author guidelines
2. Determine applicable reporting guideline (CONSORT, STROBE, etc.)
3. Outline manuscript structure (usually IMRAD)
4. Plan figures and tables as the backbone of the paper

Stage 2: Drafting (Use two-stage writing process for each section)

1. Start with figures and tables (the core data story)
2. For each section below, follow the two-stage process:
   • First: Create outline with bullet points using literature-search and evidence tools
   • Second: Convert bullet points to full paragraphs with flowing prose
3. Write Methods (often easiest to draft first)
4. Draft Results (describing figures/tables objectively)
5. Compose Discussion (interpreting findings)
6. Write Introduction (setting up the research question)
7. Craft Abstract (synthesizing the complete story)
8. Create Title (concise and descriptive)

Remember: Bullet points are for planning only—the final manuscript must be in complete paragraphs.

Stage 3: Revision

1. Check logical flow and "red thread" throughout
2. Verify consistency in terminology and notation
3. Ensure figures/tables are self-explanatory
4. Confirm adherence to reporting guidelines
5. Verify all citations are accurate and properly formatted
6. Check word counts for each section
7. Proofread for grammar, spelling, and clarity

Stage 4: Final Preparation

1. Format according to journal requirements
2. Prepare supplementary materials
3. Write cover letter highlighting significance
4. Complete submission checklists
5. Gather all required statements and forms

Integration with Other Scientific Skills

This skill works effectively with:

• Data analysis skills: For generating results to report
• Statistical analysis: For determining appropriate statistical presentations
• Literature review skills: For contextualizing research
• scientific-schematics: For graphical abstracts, workflows, conceptual diagrams, and explanatory figures
• scientific-visualization / seaborn / matplotlib: For charts and quantitative data figures
• rewrite-humanize skill: For final de-AI language polishing while preserving facts and claims
• scientific_report.sty: For professional reports, white papers, and technical documents

Professional Reports vs. Journal Manuscripts

Choose the right formatting approach:

Document Type	Formatting Approach
Journal manuscripts	Follow the target venue's author instructions and template
Conference papers	Follow the target venue's template and page limits
Research reports	Use scientific_report.sty (this skill)
White papers	Use scientific_report.sty (this skill)
Technical reports	Use scientific_report.sty (this skill)
Grant reports	Use scientific_report.sty (this skill)

Venue-Specific Writing Adaptation

Before writing for a specific venue, inspect that venue's current author instructions and a few recent accepted papers. Capture the venue-specific constraints in a short working note:

• abstract structure and word limit
• contribution framing and expected novelty emphasis
• figure count, caption style, and graphical abstract expectations
• reviewer expectations around rigor, ablations, limitations, or translational framing

Workflow: Use this skill first for general scientific structure (IMRAD, clarity, citations, reporting guidelines), then adapt tone and section emphasis to the actual target venue's published guidance. If the user explicitly requests "less AI tone" or native-like phrasing, run rewrite-humanize as the final pass after technical correctness and citations are stable.

References

This skill includes comprehensive reference files covering specific aspects of scientific writing:

• @skill/references/imrad_structure.md: Detailed guide to IMRAD format and section-specific content
• @skill/references/citation_styles.md: Complete citation style guides (APA, AMA, Vancouver, Chicago, IEEE)
• @skill/references/figures_tables.md: Best practices for creating effective data visualizations
• @skill/references/reporting_guidelines.md: Study-specific reporting standards and checklists
• @skill/references/writing_principles.md: Core principles of effective scientific communication
• @skill/references/professional_report_formatting.md: Guide to professional report styling with scientific_report.sty

Assets

This skill includes LaTeX style packages and templates for professional report formatting:

• @skill/assets/scientific_report.sty: Professional LaTeX style package with Helvetica fonts, colored boxes, and attractive tables
• @skill/assets/scientific_report_template.tex: Complete report template demonstrating all style features
• @skill/assets/REPORT_FORMATTING_GUIDE.md: Quick reference guide for the style package

Key Features of scientific_report.sty:

• Helvetica font family for modern, professional appearance
• Professional color scheme (blues, greens, oranges, purples)
• Box environments: keyfindings, methodology, resultsbox, recommendations, limitations, criticalnotice, definition, executivesummary, hypothesis
• Tables with alternating row colors and professional headers
• Scientific notation commands for p-values, effect sizes, confidence intervals
• Professional headers and footers

For venue-specific writing styles (tone, voice, abstract format, reviewer expectations), rely on the target venue's current author instructions plus a small sample of recent accepted papers.

Load these references as needed when working on specific aspects of scientific writing.