securing-container-registry-images

Secures container registry images (ECR, ACR, GCR, Docker Hub) by scanning with Trivy and Grype, signing with Cosign and Sigstore, configuring registry access controls, and building CI/CD pipelines that block unscanned or unsigned images. Use when establishing registry security controls or enforcing scan/signature checks before image promotion.

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name	securing-container-registry-images
description	Secures container registry images (ECR, ACR, GCR, Docker Hub) by scanning with Trivy and Grype, signing with Cosign and Sigstore, configuring registry access controls, and building CI/CD pipelines that block unscanned or unsigned images. Use when establishing registry security controls or enforcing scan/signature checks before image promotion.
domain	cybersecurity
subdomain	cloud-security
tags	["cloud-security","containers","registry","image-scanning","trivy","cosign","supply-chain"]
version	1.0
author	mahipal
license	Apache-2.0
nist_csf	["PR.IR-01","ID.AM-08","GV.SC-06","DE.CM-01"]
mitre_attack	["T1078.004","T1530","T1537","T1580","T1610"]

Securing Container Registry Images

When to Use

When establishing security controls for container image registries (ECR, ACR, GCR, Docker Hub)
When building CI/CD pipelines that enforce vulnerability scanning before image promotion
When implementing image signing and verification to prevent supply chain attacks
When auditing existing registries for vulnerable, unscanned, or unsigned images
When compliance requires software bill of materials (SBOM) for deployed container images

Do not use for runtime container security (use Falco or Sysdig), for Kubernetes admission control (use OPA Gatekeeper or Kyverno after establishing registry controls), or for host-level vulnerability scanning (use Amazon Inspector or Qualys).

Prerequisites

Trivy installed (brew install trivy or apt install trivy)
Grype installed (curl -sSfL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/anchore/grype/main/install.sh | sh)
Cosign installed for image signing (go install github.com/sigstore/cosign/v2/cmd/cosign@latest)
Syft installed for SBOM generation (curl -sSfL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/anchore/syft/main/install.sh | sh)
Container registry access (ECR, ACR, GCR, or private registry)

Workflow

Step 1: Scan Images for Vulnerabilities with Trivy

Run comprehensive vulnerability scans against container images before and after pushing to the registry.

# Scan a local image for vulnerabilities
trivy image --severity HIGH,CRITICAL myapp:latest

# Scan a remote registry image
trivy image --severity HIGH,CRITICAL 123456789012.dkr.ecr.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/myapp:latest

# Scan with JSON output for CI/CD processing
trivy image --format json --output trivy-results.json myapp:latest

# Scan for vulnerabilities AND misconfigurations
trivy image --scanners vuln,misconfig,secret myapp:latest

# Scan a specific image with SBOM output
trivy image --format spdx-json --output sbom.json myapp:latest

# Fail CI/CD if critical vulnerabilities found
trivy image --exit-code 1 --severity CRITICAL myapp:latest

Step 2: Scan with Grype for Additional Coverage

Use Grype as a complementary scanner for broader vulnerability database coverage.

# Scan image with Grype
grype myapp:latest


grype myapp:latest --fail-on critical


grype myapp:latest -o json > grype-results.json


syft myapp:latest -o spdx-json > sbom.json
grype sbom:sbom.json


grype :/path/to/image-rootfs

# Generate SBOM with Syft in SPDX format
syft myapp:latest -o spdx-json > sbom-spdx.json

# Generate SBOM in CycloneDX format
syft myapp:latest -o cyclonedx-json > sbom-cyclonedx.json

# Attach SBOM to the image as an OCI artifact
cosign attach sbom --sbom sbom-spdx.json \
  123456789012.dkr.ecr.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/myapp:latest

# Verify SBOM contents
syft myapp:latest -o table | head -50

# Generate a key pair for signing
cosign generate-key-pair

# Sign an image in the registry
cosign sign --key cosign.key \
  123456789012.dkr.ecr.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/myapp:latest

# Sign using keyless signing with Sigstore (OIDC-based)
cosign sign --yes \
  123456789012.dkr.ecr.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/myapp:latest

# Verify image signature
cosign verify --key cosign.pub \
  123456789012.dkr.ecr.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/myapp:latest

# Verify keyless signature
cosign verify \
  --certificate-identity developer@company.com \
  --certificate-oidc-issuer https://accounts.google.com \
  123456789012.dkr.ecr.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/myapp:latest

# Add attestation with scan results
cosign attest --predicate trivy-results.json \
  --key cosign.key \
  123456789012.dkr.ecr.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/myapp:latest

# AWS ECR: Enable image scanning on push
aws ecr put-image-scanning-configuration \
  --repository-name myapp \
  --image-scanning-configuration scanOnPush=true

# ECR: Set image tag immutability (prevent tag overwrites)
aws ecr put-image-tag-mutability \
  --repository-name myapp \
  --image-tag-mutability IMMUTABLE

# ECR: Set lifecycle policy to clean up untagged images
aws ecr put-lifecycle-policy \
  --repository-name myapp \
  --lifecycle-policy-text '{
    "rules": [{
      "rulePriority": 1,
      "description": "Remove untagged images after 7 days",
      "selection": {"tagStatus": "untagged", "countType": "sinceImagePushed", "countUnit": "days", "countNumber": 7},
      "action": {"type": "expire"}
    }]
  }'

# ECR: Get scan findings for an image
aws ecr describe-image-scan-findings \
  --repository-name myapp \
  --image-id imageTag=latest \
  --query 'imageScanFindings.findingSeverityCounts'

# Azure ACR: Enable Defender for container registries
az security pricing create --name ContainerRegistry --tier standard

# GCR: Enable Container Analysis
gcloud services enable containeranalysis.googleapis.com
gcloud artifacts docker images list-vulnerabilities \
  LOCATION-docker.pkg.dev/PROJECT/REPO/IMAGE@sha256:DIGEST

# GitHub Actions: Scan, sign, and push image
name: Container Security Pipeline
on: push

jobs:
  build-scan-sign:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Build image
        run: docker build -t myapp:${{ github.sha }} .

      - name: Trivy vulnerability scan
        uses: aquasecurity/trivy-action@master
        with:
          image-ref: myapp:${{ github.sha }}
          format: json
          output: trivy-results.json
          severity: CRITICAL,HIGH
          exit-code: 1

      - name: Generate SBOM
        run: syft myapp:${{ github.sha }} -o spdx-json > sbom.json

      - name: Push to ECR
        run: |
          aws ecr get-login-password | docker login --username AWS --password-stdin $ECR_REGISTRY
          docker tag myapp:${{ github.sha }} $ECR_REGISTRY/myapp:${{ github.sha }}
          docker push $ECR_REGISTRY/myapp:${{ github.sha }}

      - name: Sign image with Cosign
        run: |
          cosign sign --key env://COSIGN_PRIVATE_KEY \
            $ECR_REGISTRY/myapp:${{ github.sha }}

      - name: Attach SBOM
        run: |
          cosign attach sbom --sbom sbom.json \
            $ECR_REGISTRY/myapp:${{ github.sha }}

Term	Definition
Container Image Scanning	Automated analysis of container image layers to identify known vulnerabilities in OS packages and application dependencies
Image Signing	Cryptographic attestation that verifies the authenticity and integrity of a container image using Cosign or Notation
SBOM	Software Bill of Materials, a comprehensive inventory of software components, libraries, and dependencies in a container image
Tag Immutability	Registry setting that prevents overwriting existing image tags, ensuring that a tag always refers to the same image digest
Sigstore	Open-source project providing keyless signing, transparency logs, and verification tooling for software supply chain security
Image Attestation	Cryptographically signed metadata attached to an image (scan results, SBOM, build provenance) that can be verified before deployment

Container Registry Security Report
=====================================
Registry: 123456789012.dkr.ecr.us-east-1.amazonaws.com
Repositories: 24
Report Date: 2026-02-23

IMAGE INVENTORY:
  Total images: 342
  Images scanned: 298 (87%)
  Images signed: 156 (46%)
  Images with SBOM: 134 (39%)

VULNERABILITY SUMMARY:
  Critical vulnerabilities:    23 (across 8 images)
  High vulnerabilities:       145 (across 34 images)
  Medium vulnerabilities:     456 (across 67 images)
  Images with no vulns:       89

CRITICAL IMAGES REQUIRING REMEDIATION:
  myapp:1.2.3           - 5 CRITICAL (CVE-2026-xxxx in openssl)
  api-gateway:2.0.1     - 3 CRITICAL (CVE-2026-yyyy in log4j)
  worker:latest         - 4 CRITICAL (CVE-2026-zzzz in glibc)

REGISTRY CONFIGURATION:
  Scan on push enabled:     18 / 24 repositories
  Tag immutability:         12 / 24 repositories
  Lifecycle policies:       20 / 24 repositories
  Image signing enforced:    8 / 24 repositories