wallets

name	wallets
description	Educational reference on Ethereum wallet types — EOAs, smart contract wallets, multisig (Safe), account abstraction (ERC-4337). Use when explaining wallet concepts, choosing a wallet architecture, or designing key management. NOT for sending transactions — use ethereum-local-wallet for that.

Wallets on Ethereum

What You Probably Got Wrong

EIP-7702 is live. Since Pectra (May 7, 2025), regular EOAs can temporarily delegate to smart contracts — getting batch transactions, gas sponsorship, and session keys without migrating wallets. This is NOT "coming soon." It shipped.

Account abstraction status: ERC-4337 is growing but still early (Feb 2026). Major implementations: Kernel (ZeroDev), Biconomy, Alchemy Account Kit, Pimlico. EntryPoint v0.7: 0x0000000071727De22E5E9d8BAf0edAc6f37da032.

Safe secures $100B+. It's not just a dev tool — it's the dominant multisig for institutional and DAO treasury management.

EIP-7702: Smart EOAs (Live Since May 2025)

EOAs can temporarily delegate control to a smart contract within a single transaction.

How it works:

1. EOA signs an authorization to delegate to a contract
2. During transaction, EOA's code becomes the contract's code
3. Contract executes complex logic (batching, sponsorship, etc.)
4. After transaction, EOA returns to normal

What this enables:

• Batch 10 token approvals into one transaction
• Gas sponsorship / meta-transactions for EOA users
• Session keys with limited permissions
• Custom authorization logic
• Eliminates "approval fatigue" (approve + execute → one step)

Status (Feb 2026): Deployed on mainnet. MetaMask, Rainbow adding support. Still early for production agents — use standard EOAs or Safe until tooling matures.

Safe (Gnosis Safe) Multisig

Key Addresses (v1.4.1, deterministic across chains)

Contract	Address
Safe Singleton	0x41675C099F32341bf84BFc5382aF534df5C7461a
Safe Proxy Factory	0x4e1DCf7AD4e460CfD30791CCC4F9c8a4f820ec67
MultiSend	0x38869bf66a61cF6bDB996A6aE40D5853Fd43B526

Same addresses on Mainnet, Arbitrum, Base, and all major chains.

Safe for AI Agents

Pattern: 1-of-2 Safe

• Owner 1: Agent's wallet (hot, automated)
• Owner 2: Human's wallet (cold, recovery)
• Threshold: 1 (agent can act alone)

Benefits: If agent key is compromised, human removes it. Human can always recover funds. Agent can batch transactions.

🚨 NEVER COMMIT SECRETS TO GIT

This is the #1 way AI agents lose funds and leak credentials. Bots scrape GitHub in real-time and exploit leaked secrets within seconds — even from private repos, even if deleted immediately. A secret committed to Git is compromised forever.

This happens constantly with AI coding agents. The agent generates a deploy script, hardcodes a key, runs git add ., and the wallet is drained before the next prompt. Or the agent pastes an Alchemy API key into scaffold.config.ts and it ends up in a public repo.

This applies to ALL secrets:

• Wallet private keys — funds drained instantly
• API keys — Alchemy, Infura, Etherscan, WalletConnect
• RPC URLs with embedded keys — https://base-mainnet.g.alchemy.com/v2/YOUR_KEY
• OAuth tokens, bearer tokens, passwords

Prevention

# .gitignore (MUST exist in every project)
.env
.env.*
*.key
*.pem
broadcast/
cache/

# Verify before every commit
git diff --cached --name-only | grep -iE '\.env|key|secret|private'
# If this matches ANYTHING, stop and fix it

# Nuclear option: scan entire repo history
git log --all -p | grep -iE 'private.?key|0x[a-fA-F0-9]{64}'

If You Already Committed a Key

1. Assume it's compromised. Don't hope nobody saw it.
2. Transfer all funds immediately to a new wallet.
3. Rotate the key. Generate a new one. The old one is burned forever.
4. Clean Git history with git filter-repo or BFG Repo Cleaner — but this is damage control, not prevention. The key is already compromised.
5. Revoke any token approvals from the compromised address.

Safe Patterns for AI Agents

# Encrypted keystore (Obol Stack default — keys never stored in plaintext)
cast send ... --account obol-agent --keystore-dir /data/.foundry/keystores --password-file /secrets/keystore-password

# Load key from environment (acceptable for testing, NEVER in production)
cast send ... --private-key $DEPLOYER_PRIVATE_KEY

# Hardware wallet (best for high-value operations)
cast send ... --ledger

Obol Stack uses encrypted V3 keystores by default. Transaction signing is handled by the remote-signer service — see the ethereum-local-wallet skill.

Rule of thumb: If grep -r "0x[a-fA-F0-9]{64}" . matches anything in your source code, you have a problem. Same for grep -r "g.alchemy.com/v2/[A-Za-z0-9]" or any RPC URL with an embedded API key.

CRITICAL Guardrails for AI Agents

Key Safety Rules

1. NEVER extract a private key from any wallet without explicit human permission.
2. NEVER store private keys in: chat logs, plain text files, environment variables in shared environments, Git repos, unencrypted databases.
3. NEVER move funds without human confirmation. Show: amount, destination (checksummed), gas cost, what it does. Wait for explicit "yes."
4. Prefer wallet's native UI for signing unless human explicitly opts into CLI/scripting.
5. Use a dedicated wallet with limited funds for agent operations. Never the human's main wallet.
6. Double-check addresses. Use ethers.getAddress() or equivalent for checksum validation. A single wrong character = permanent loss.
7. Test on testnet first. Or use local Anvil fork.
8. Implement spending limits. Require human approval above threshold. Use Safe multisig for high-value operations.
9. Log all transactions (never keys). Keep audit trail.
10. Assume keys will be compromised. Design so a compromised agent key doesn't mean total loss.

Storage Options (Worst to Best)

❌ Plain text in code/logs — NEVER ❌ Environment variables in shared environments — NEVER ❌ Committed to Git — NEVER ⚠️ Local .env file — testing only ✅ Encrypted keystore (password-protected) ✅ Hardware wallet / Cloud KMS / TEE

Safe Transaction Pattern

async function sendSafely(wallet, to, value) {
  const checksummedTo = ethers.getAddress(to); // validates
  const gasEstimate = await wallet.estimateGas({ to: checksummedTo, value });
  const feeData = await wallet.provider.getFeeData();
  const gasCost = gasEstimate * feeData.maxFeePerGas;
  const totalCostUSD = Number(ethers.formatEther(value + gasCost)) * 1960;
  
  if (totalCostUSD > 10) {
    // Show details and wait for human approval
  }
  
  const tx = await wallet.sendTransaction({
    to: checksummedTo,
    value,
    gasLimit: gasEstimate * 120n / 100n, // 20% buffer
    maxFeePerGas: feeData.maxFeePerGas,
    maxPriorityFeePerGas: feeData.maxPriorityFeePerGas,
  });
  
  const receipt = await tx.wait();
  logTransaction({ hash: tx.hash, to: checksummedTo, value, block: receipt.blockNumber });
  return receipt;
}

See Also

• security — smart contract vulnerability patterns and defensive code
• ethereum-networks — blockchain queries and contract reads

Further Reading

• Safe docs: https://docs.safe.global/
• EIP-7702 spec: https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7702
• ERC-4337 spec: https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-4337