| name | cisco-ios |
| description | Cisco IOS, IOS-XE, and NX-OS configuration and troubleshooting for home lab and enterprise environments. Covers initial device setup, interface configuration, VLANs and trunking (802.1Q), routing (static, OSPF, BGP, EIGRP), NAT/PAT, ACLs, HSRP, VTP, EtherChannel, SSH hardening, password recovery, IOS image management (TFTP/SCP), and NX-OS basics. Use when configuring Cisco routers and switches, troubleshooting connectivity, or building lab topologies. |
| metadata | {"author":"Ryan Loiselle","version":"1.0"} |
| compatibility | Cisco IOS 12.x/15.x, IOS-XE 16.x/17.x, NX-OS 7.x/9.x. Home lab and enterprise. GNS3/EVE-NG compatible. |
Cisco IOS Skill
Cisco router and switch configuration reference — home lab to enterprise.
Ryan's context: CCNP R&S (BSCI/BCMSN/ISCW/ONT), active home lab. CCNA 2003–2006.
Related skills:
Initial Device Setup
! Connect via console (9600 8N1) then:
enable
configure terminal
! Hostname
hostname R1
! Disable DNS lookup (prevents typo delays in CLI)
no ip domain-lookup
! Time and timezone
clock timezone PST -8
clock summer-time PDT recurring
ntp server 216.239.35.0
! Enable password (use secret — MD5 hash)
enable secret StrongPassword1!
! Console and VTY lines
line console 0
password ConsolePw1!
login
exec-timeout 10 0
logging synchronous
line vty 0 4
transport input ssh
login local
exec-timeout 10 0
! Local user (required for SSH)
username ryan privilege 15 secret Admin1Password!
! SSH setup
ip domain-name lab.example.com
crypto key generate rsa modulus 2048
ip ssh version 2
ip ssh time-out 60
ip ssh authentication-retries 3
! Disable Telnet on VTY (SSH only)
line vty 0 4
transport input ssh
! Save
end
write memory
! or: copy running-config startup-config
Interface Configuration
! Physical interface — routed
interface GigabitEthernet0/0
description WAN-to-ISP
ip address 203.0.113.2 255.255.255.252
duplex auto
speed auto
no shutdown
! Physical interface — layer 2 access port
interface FastEthernet0/1
description PC-VLAN10
switchport mode access
switchport access vlan 10
spanning-tree portfast
no shutdown
! Loopback (stable router-id / management address)
interface Loopback0
description MGMT-LOOPBACK
ip address 10.255.0.1 255.255.255.255
no shutdown
! Sub-interface (router-on-a-stick inter-VLAN routing)
interface GigabitEthernet0/1.10
encapsulation dot1Q 10
ip address 10.0.10.1 255.255.255.0
description VLAN10-GATEWAY
interface GigabitEthernet0/1.20
encapsulation dot1Q 20
ip address 10.0.20.1 255.255.255.0
description VLAN20-GATEWAY
! Verify interfaces
show interfaces status
show ip interface brief
show interfaces GigabitEthernet0/0
VLANs and Trunking (Catalyst Switches)
! Create VLANs
vlan 10
name DATA
vlan 20
name VOICE
vlan 99
name MGMT
vlan 999
name NATIVE-UNUSED
! Access port
interface FastEthernet0/5
switchport mode access
switchport access vlan 10
switchport voice vlan 20 ! Cisco IP phone: data on 10, voice on 20
spanning-tree portfast
spanning-tree bpduguard enable
no shutdown
! Trunk port (to router or another switch)
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q ! IOS — required before mode trunk
switchport mode trunk
switchport trunk native vlan 999 ! never use VLAN 1 as native
switchport trunk allowed vlan 10,20,99,999
no shutdown
! SVI — Layer 3 switch management/gateway interface
interface Vlan99
description MGMT-SVI
ip address 10.99.0.1 255.255.255.0
no shutdown
ip default-gateway 10.99.0.254 ! for Layer 2 switch management
! Verify
show vlan brief
show interfaces trunk
show interfaces GigabitEthernet0/1 trunk
VTP
! Recommended: transparent mode (no VTP propagation risk)
vtp mode transparent
vtp domain LAB
! Server mode (propagates VLANs to clients)
vtp mode server
vtp domain CORP
vtp password SecretVTP1!
vtp version 3 ! VTPv3 preferred — protects against reset attacks
show vtp status
show vtp counters
Spanning Tree
! Set root bridge (lower priority wins)
spanning-tree vlan 10 priority 4096 ! root
spanning-tree vlan 20 priority 8192 ! secondary root
! Or use macro
spanning-tree vlan 10 root primary
spanning-tree vlan 20 root secondary
! Global portfast default (all access ports)
spanning-tree portfast default
! Per-port hardening
interface range FastEthernet0/1-24
spanning-tree portfast
spanning-tree bpduguard enable
! Protect root bridge position on uplinks
interface GigabitEthernet0/2
spanning-tree guard root
! Verify
show spanning-tree vlan 10
show spanning-tree summary
EtherChannel
! LACP (preferred)
interface range GigabitEthernet0/1-2
switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
switchport mode trunk
channel-group 1 mode active ! LACP active
no shutdown
interface Port-channel1
switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
switchport mode trunk
switchport trunk native vlan 999
switchport trunk allowed vlan 10,20,99
! PAgP (Cisco-only)
channel-group 1 mode desirable
! Static
channel-group 1 mode on
show etherchannel summary
show etherchannel 1 detail
Static Routing
! Static route
ip route 10.2.0.0 255.255.0.0 10.0.0.2
! Default route
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 203.0.113.1
! Floating static (higher AD — backup route)
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 203.0.113.5 254
! Null route (blackhole / summary discard)
ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 Null0
show ip route
show ip route static
OSPF (IOS)
router ospf 1
router-id 10.255.0.1
passive-interface default ! suppress hellos on all interfaces
no passive-interface GigabitEthernet0/0 ! re-enable on OSPF interfaces
network 10.0.10.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 10.0.20.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 10.255.0.1 0.0.0.0 area 0 ! advertise loopback
default-information originate ! propagate default route (if you have one)
! Per-interface authentication
interface GigabitEthernet0/0
ip ospf authentication message-digest
ip ospf message-digest-key 1 md5 OSPFSecret1!
show ip ospf neighbor
show ip ospf database
show ip route ospf
HSRP
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
ip address 10.0.10.2 255.255.255.0 ! real IP
standby version 2
standby 1 ip 10.0.10.1 ! virtual IP (default gateway for hosts)
standby 1 priority 110 ! higher = active (default 100)
standby 1 preempt ! take over when priority is highest
standby 1 authentication md5 key-string HSRPsecret1!
standby 1 track 1 decrement 20 ! track object; reduce priority if fails
ip sla 1
icmp-echo 8.8.8.8 source-interface GigabitEthernet0/0
frequency 10
ip sla schedule 1 life forever start-time now
track 1 ip sla 1 reachability
show standby brief
show standby GigabitEthernet0/1
NAT / PAT
ip nat inside source list NAT-INSIDE interface GigabitEthernet0/0 overload
ip access-list standard NAT-INSIDE
permit 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255
interface GigabitEthernet0/0
ip nat outside
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
ip nat inside
! Static NAT (DMZ server)
ip nat inside source static 10.0.0.10 203.0.113.10
show ip nat translations
show ip nat statistics
DHCP Server
ip dhcp excluded-address 10.0.10.1 10.0.10.20 ! reserve gateway + static range
ip dhcp excluded-address 10.0.10.254
ip dhcp pool VLAN10
network 10.0.10.0 255.255.255.0
default-router 10.0.10.1
dns-server 8.8.8.8 8.8.4.4
domain-name lab.example.com
lease 1 ! 1 day
show ip dhcp pool
show ip dhcp binding
show ip dhcp conflict
ACLs
! Named extended ACL
ip access-list extended OUTBOUND-FILTER
permit tcp 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 any eq 443
permit tcp 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 any eq 80
permit udp 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 any eq 53
deny ip any any log
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
ip access-group OUTBOUND-FILTER out
show ip access-lists OUTBOUND-FILTER
show ip access-lists ! check hit counters
Password Recovery
Cisco Router (IOS):
1. Power cycle — press Break within 60s of power-on to enter ROMmon
2. rommon> confreg 0x2142 (skip startup-config on boot)
3. rommon> reset
4. Router boots with no config — type 'no' to skip setup dialog
5. Router> enable (no password needed)
6. copy startup-config running-config
7. configure terminal → change enable secret
8. config-register 0x2102 (restore normal boot)
9. copy running-config startup-config → reload
Catalyst Switch (IOS):
1. Hold MODE button during power-on until System LED amber
2. switch: flash_init
3. switch: load_helper
4. switch: rename flash:config.text flash:config.text.bak
5. switch: boot
6. Proceed without config → enable → rename back → copy to running
7. Set new password → copy running-config startup-config → reload
IOS Image Management
! Check current image
show version | include IOS
show flash:
! Copy image via TFTP
copy tftp://10.0.0.5/c2900-universalk9-mz.SPA.157-3.M8.bin flash:
! Copy image via SCP (more secure)
copy scp://ryan@10.0.0.5/c2900-universalk9-mz.SPA.157-3.M8.bin flash:
! Verify MD5 integrity
verify /md5 flash:c2900-universalk9-mz.SPA.157-3.M8.bin
! Set new boot image
boot system flash:c2900-universalk9-mz.SPA.157-3.M8.bin
copy running-config startup-config
reload
! Back up config
copy running-config tftp://10.0.0.5/R1-backup.cfg
copy running-config scp://ryan@10.0.0.5/R1-backup.cfg
Useful Show / Debug Commands
! System
show version ! IOS version, uptime, hardware
show inventory ! chassis, modules, serial numbers
show environment all ! temperature, power, fans (Cat 6500+)
show processes cpu sorted ! CPU utilisation per process
show processes memory sorted ! memory per process
! Interfaces
show interfaces ! full detail all interfaces
show interfaces status ! quick table (speed/duplex/VLAN)
show ip interface brief ! IP addresses + line/protocol state
show interfaces counters errors ! CRC, input errors, etc.
! Routing
show ip route ! full routing table
show ip route summary ! summary counts per protocol
show ip protocols ! routing process status
show ip ospf neighbor ! OSPF neighbour adjacencies
show ip bgp summary ! BGP peers + prefix counts
! Switching
show mac address-table ! CAM table
show mac address-table count ! how full is the CAM?
show cdp neighbors detail ! adjacent Cisco devices
show lldp neighbors detail ! LLDP neighbours
! Logging / debugging
show logging ! syslog buffer
debug ip packet ! packet-level (use carefully — CPU intensive)
debug ip ospf events
undebug all ! turn off all debugs
terminal monitor ! show debug output on SSH/VTY session
NX-OS Differences (Nexus)
! Feature enablement (NX-OS requires explicit feature activation)
feature ospf
feature bgp
feature lacp
feature vpc
feature interface-vlan
feature hsrp
! NX-OS VLAN syntax (no 'switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q' — not needed)
interface Ethernet1/1
switchport mode trunk
switchport trunk native vlan 999
switchport trunk allowed vlan 10,20,99
! VPC (Virtual Port Channel) — active-active dual-homed to two Nexus switches
vpc domain 1
peer-keepalive destination 10.0.0.2 source 10.0.0.1
role priority 100 ! lower = primary
interface port-channel10
vpc 10
! NX-OS show commands
show feature
show vpc
show interface trunk
show vlan
show cdp neighbors
! VDC (Virtual Device Context — Nexus 7000/7700)
show vdc
switchto vdc <name>
Home Lab Tips
GNS3 / EVE-NG image requirements:
IOS 12.4 / 15.x for c3600/c7200 router images
IOSv (IOS-on-QEMU) for IOS-XE 15.x/16.x
IOSvL2 for Catalyst switching features
NX-OSv for Nexus simulation
Console access:
GNS3: right-click node → Console (aux port)
Physical: USB-to-RJ45 console cable; 9600 8N1 in screen / SecureCRT
Quick reset physical switch:
erase startup-config → reload → do NOT save when prompted
TFTP server (macOS):
sudo launchctl load -F /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/tftp.plist
sudo cp image.bin /private/tftpboot/
# Files served from /private/tftpboot
CISCO_IOS_KNOWLEDGE
Append discoveries here. Format: YYYY-MM-DD: <note>
