// Kotlin协程与Flow在Android和KMP中的模式——结构化并发、Flow操作符、StateFlow、错误处理和测试。
[HINT] تحميل مجلد المهارة الكامل بما في ذلك SKILL.md وجميع الملفات المرتبطة
| name | kotlin-coroutines-flows |
| description | Kotlin协程与Flow在Android和KMP中的模式——结构化并发、Flow操作符、StateFlow、错误处理和测试。 |
| origin | ECC |
适用于 Android 和 Kotlin 多平台项目的结构化并发模式、基于 Flow 的响应式流以及协程测试。
Application
└── viewModelScope (ViewModel)
└── coroutineScope { } (结构化子作用域)
├── async { } (并发任务)
└── async { } (并发任务)
始终使用结构化并发——绝不使用 GlobalScope：
// BAD
GlobalScope.launch { fetchData() }
// GOOD — scoped to ViewModel lifecycle
viewModelScope.launch { fetchData() }
// GOOD — scoped to composable lifecycle
LaunchedEffect(key) { fetchData() }
使用 coroutineScope + async 处理并行工作：
suspend fun loadDashboard(): Dashboard = coroutineScope {
val items = async { itemRepository.getRecent() }
val stats = async { statsRepository.getToday() }
val profile = async { userRepository.getCurrent() }
Dashboard(
items = items.await(),
stats = stats.await(),
profile = profile.await()
)
}
当子协程失败不应取消同级协程时，使用 supervisorScope：
suspend fun syncAll() = supervisorScope {
launch { syncItems() } // failure here won't cancel syncStats
launch { syncStats() }
launch { syncSettings() }
}
fun observeItems(): Flow<List<Item>> = flow {
// Re-emits whenever the database changes
itemDao.observeAll()
.map { entities -> entities.map { it.toDomain() } }
.collect { emit(it) }
}
class DashboardViewModel(
observeProgress: ObserveUserProgressUseCase
) : ViewModel() {
val progress: StateFlow<UserProgress> = observeProgress()
.stateIn(
scope = viewModelScope,
started = SharingStarted.WhileSubscribed(5_000),
initialValue = UserProgress.EMPTY
)
}
WhileSubscribed(5_000) 会在最后一个订阅者离开后，保持上游活动 5 秒——可在配置更改时存活而无需重启。
val uiState: StateFlow<HomeState> = combine(
itemRepository.observeItems(),
settingsRepository.observeTheme(),
userRepository.observeProfile()
) { items, theme, profile ->
HomeState(items = items, theme = theme, profile = profile)
}.stateIn(viewModelScope, SharingStarted.WhileSubscribed(5_000), HomeState())
// Debounce search input
searchQuery
.debounce(300)
.distinctUntilChanged()
.flatMapLatest { query -> repository.search(query) }
.catch { emit(emptyList()) }
.collect { results -> _state.update { it.copy(results = results) } }
// Retry with exponential backoff
fun fetchWithRetry(): Flow<Data> = flow { emit(api.fetch()) }
.retryWhen { cause, attempt ->
if (cause is IOException && attempt < 3) {
delay(1000L * (1 shl attempt.toInt()))
true
} else {
false
}
}
class ItemListViewModel : ViewModel() {
private val _effects = MutableSharedFlow<Effect>()
val effects: SharedFlow<Effect> = _effects.asSharedFlow()
sealed interface Effect {
data class ShowSnackbar(val message: String) : Effect
data class NavigateTo(val route: String) : Effect
}
private fun deleteItem(id: String) {
viewModelScope.launch {
repository.delete(id)
_effects.emit(Effect.ShowSnackbar("Item deleted"))
}
}
}
// Collect in Composable
LaunchedEffect(Unit) {
viewModel.effects.collect { effect ->
when (effect) {
is Effect.ShowSnackbar -> snackbarHostState.showSnackbar(effect.message)
is Effect.NavigateTo -> navController.navigate(effect.route)
}
}
}
// CPU-intensive work
withContext(Dispatchers.Default) { parseJson(largePayload) }
// IO-bound work
withContext(Dispatchers.IO) { database.query() }
// Main thread (UI) — default in viewModelScope
withContext(Dispatchers.Main) { updateUi() }
在 KMP 中，使用 Dispatchers.Default 和 Dispatchers.Main（在所有平台上可用）。Dispatchers.IO 仅适用于 JVM/Android——在其他平台上使用 Dispatchers.Default 或通过依赖注入提供。
长时间运行的循环必须检查取消状态：
suspend fun processItems(items: List<Item>) = coroutineScope {
for (item in items) {
ensureActive() // throws CancellationException if cancelled
process(item)
}
}
viewModelScope.launch {
try {
_state.update { it.copy(isLoading = true) }
val data = repository.fetch()
_state.update { it.copy(data = data) }
} finally {
_state.update { it.copy(isLoading = false) } // always runs, even on cancellation
}
}
@Test
fun `search updates item list`() = runTest {
val fakeRepository = FakeItemRepository().apply { emit(testItems) }
val viewModel = ItemListViewModel(GetItemsUseCase(fakeRepository))
viewModel.state.test {
assertEquals(ItemListState(), awaitItem()) // initial
viewModel.onSearch("query")
val loading = awaitItem()
assertTrue(loading.isLoading)
val loaded = awaitItem()
assertFalse(loaded.isLoading)
assertEquals(1, loaded.items.size)
}
}
@Test
fun `parallel load completes correctly`() = runTest {
val viewModel = DashboardViewModel(
itemRepo = FakeItemRepo(),
statsRepo = FakeStatsRepo()
)
viewModel.load()
advanceUntilIdle()
val state = viewModel.state.value
assertNotNull(state.items)
assertNotNull(state.stats)
}
class FakeItemRepository : ItemRepository {
private val _items = MutableStateFlow<List<Item>>(emptyList())
override fun observeItems(): Flow<List<Item>> = _items
fun emit(items: List<Item>) { _items.value = items }
override suspend fun getItemsByCategory(category: String): Result<List<Item>> {
return Result.success(_items.value.filter { it.category == category })
}
}
GlobalScope——会导致协程泄漏，且无法结构化取消init {} 中收集 Flow——应使用 viewModelScope.launchMutableStateFlow 与可变集合一起使用——始终使用不可变副本：_state.update { it.copy(list = it.list + newItem) }CancellationException——应让其传播以实现正确的取消flowOn(Dispatchers.Main) 进行收集——收集调度器是调用方的调度器@Composable 中创建 Flow 而不使用 remember——每次重组都会重新创建 Flow关于 Flow 在 UI 层的消费，请参阅技能：compose-multiplatform-patterns。
关于协程在各层中的适用位置，请参阅技能：android-clean-architecture。