api-workers

name	api-workers
description	Cloudflare Workers deployment using `createWorkerHandler` from `@cyanheads/mcp-ts-core/worker`. Covers the full handler signature, binding types, CloudflareBindings extensibility, runtime compatibility guards, and wrangler.toml requirements.
metadata	{"author":"cyanheads","version":"1.4","audience":"external","type":"reference"}

Overview

@cyanheads/mcp-ts-core/worker exports createWorkerHandler — the Workers entry point. It wraps tool/resource/prompt registries into a per-request McpServer factory that integrates with the Cloudflare Workers runtime.

---

createWorkerHandler(options)

import { createWorkerHandler } from '@cyanheads/mcp-ts-core/worker';
import { echoTool } from './mcp-server/tools/definitions/echo.tool.js';
import { echoResource } from './mcp-server/resources/definitions/echo.resource.js';
import { echoPrompt } from './mcp-server/prompts/definitions/echo.prompt.js';
import { initMyService } from './services/my-domain/my-service.js';

export default createWorkerHandler({
  tools: [echoTool],
  resources: [echoResource],
  prompts: [echoPrompt],
  setup(core) {
    initMyService(core.config, core.storage);
  },
  extraEnvBindings: [['MY_API_KEY', 'MY_API_KEY']],
  extraObjectBindings: [['MY_CUSTOM_KV', 'MY_CUSTOM_KV']],
  onScheduled: async (controller, env, ctx) => {
    // Cloudflare cron trigger handler
  },
});

Fresh scaffolds register definitions directly in the entry point as shown above. If your project later adds barrel files for definitions, importing arrays from those barrels is also fine.

Options

Option	Type	Purpose
tools	AnyToolDefinition[]	Tool definitions to register
resources	AnyResourceDefinition[]	Resource definitions to register
prompts	PromptDefinition[]	Prompt definitions to register
extensions	Record<string, object>	SEP-2133 extensions to advertise in server capabilities
instructions	string | (env: CloudflareBindings) => string	Server-level orientation forwarded to the model on every initialize. Resolver form runs inside initializeApp(env) so env-derived text is available (see Workers-specific warnings). Empty string treated as unset.
setup	(core: CoreServices) => void | Promise<void>	Runs after core services are ready, during the first request (lazy init inside the fetch handler)
extraEnvBindings	[bindingKey: string, processEnvKey: string][]	Maps CF string bindings to process.env keys
extraObjectBindings	[bindingKey: string, globalKey: string][]	Maps CF object bindings (KV, R2, D1, AI) to globalThis keys
onScheduled	(controller, env, ctx) => Promise<void>	Cloudflare cron trigger handler

Key design points

• Per-request McpServer factory: a new server instance is created for each request. Required by SDK security advisory GHSA-345p-7cg4-v4c7.
• Env bindings refreshed per-request: Cloudflare may rotate binding object references between requests; the handler re-injects them on every call.
• ctx.waitUntil() is documented but not yet called by the framework: the ExecutionContext is received and passed through to app.fetch and onScheduled, but the framework does not currently call ctx.waitUntil() for telemetry flush. Spans complete synchronously within the request lifecycle.
• Singleton app promise with retry-on-failure: the framework init runs once; if it fails, the next request retries rather than leaving the Worker in a permanently broken state.

---

Binding types

Cloudflare Workers bindings come in two kinds with different injection mechanisms:

Type	Examples	Injection mechanism	Runtime access
String values	API keys, base URLs, feature flags	injectEnvVars() → process.env	process.env.MY_API_KEY
Object bindings	KV namespace, R2 bucket, D1 database, AI	storeBindings() → globalThis	(globalThis as any).MY_CUSTOM_KV

extraEnvBindings: array of [bindingKey, processEnvKey] tuples. The value of env[bindingKey] is assigned to process.env[processEnvKey] at request time.

extraObjectBindings: array of [bindingKey, globalKey] tuples. The object at env[bindingKey] is stored on globalThis[globalKey] at request time.

Both are refreshed on every request. Never cache binding references between requests.

---

CloudflareBindings extensibility

Core defines CloudflareBindings without an index signature, so servers extend it via intersection rather than module augmentation:

import type { CloudflareBindings as CoreBindings } from '@cyanheads/mcp-ts-core/worker';

interface MyBindings extends CoreBindings {
  MY_CUSTOM_KV: KVNamespace;
  MY_R2_BUCKET: R2Bucket;
}

Pass MyBindings as a type parameter where the framework accepts a generic env type (e.g., Hono route handlers, onScheduled).

---

Runtime compatibility

runtimeCaps feature detection

import { runtimeCaps } from '@cyanheads/mcp-ts-core/utils';

if (runtimeCaps.isWorkerLike) {
  // Workers-specific path
}

if (runtimeCaps.isNode) {
  // Node.js-specific path (e.g., filesystem access)
}

runtimeCaps is a snapshot taken at import time. Fields: isNode, isBun, isWorkerLike, isBrowserLike, hasProcess, hasBuffer, hasTextEncoder, hasPerformanceNow. All booleans, never throw.

Serverless storage whitelist

In Workers, only these storage providers are allowed:

Provider	Notes
in-memory	Default — data lost on cold start, no persistence
cloudflare-kv	KV namespace binding — eventually consistent
cloudflare-r2	R2 bucket binding — object storage
cloudflare-d1	D1 database binding — SQLite-compatible

filesystem, supabase, and unknown provider types are not on the whitelist:

• filesystem and unknown types throw ConfigurationError in serverless environments.
• supabase does not silently fall back. The framework may validate Supabase credentials first, but Worker startup still fails with ConfigurationError because Supabase storage is not a supported serverless provider. Do not set STORAGE_PROVIDER_TYPE=supabase in a Worker.

Set STORAGE_PROVIDER_TYPE to one of the four whitelisted values to avoid unexpected behavior.

---

wrangler.toml requirements

compatibility_flags = ["nodejs_compat"]
compatibility_date = "2025-09-01"  # must be >= 2025-09-01

[[kv_namespaces]]
binding = "MY_CUSTOM_KV"
id = "..."

[[r2_buckets]]
binding = "MY_R2_BUCKET"
bucket_name = "..."

nodejs_compat is required for Node.js API shims (e.g., process.env, Buffer, crypto). The minimum compatibility_date activates the required shim set.

---

Workers-specific warnings

instructions resolver runs after env injection. When instructions is a function, it runs inside initializeApp(env) — after injectEnvVars() — so env-derived text reaches the model without fighting the Workers module-load lifecycle:

export default createWorkerHandler({
  tools: [echoTool],
  instructions: (env) =>
    `Region: ${env.ENVIRONMENT ?? 'production'}.` +
    (env.MAINTENANCE_MODE ? ' Read-only mode — writes disabled.' : ''),
});

Plain strings work the same as on createApp. Type extends Omit<CreateAppOptions, 'instructions'>, so this is the only option whose shape differs between Node and Worker entry points.

Lazy env parsing is mandatory. Cloudflare injects env bindings at request time via injectEnvVars(), after all static module imports complete. Never parse process.env at module top-level in Workers:

// WRONG — parsed before env is injected
const apiKey = process.env.MY_API_KEY;  // undefined in Workers

// CORRECT — lazy parse inside a function or getter
export function getServerConfig() {
  return ServerConfigSchema.parse({ apiKey: process.env.MY_API_KEY });
}

in-memory storage is volatile. Data stored with the in-memory provider is lost between cold starts and is not shared across Worker instances. Use cloudflare-kv, cloudflare-r2, or cloudflare-d1 for any state that must persist or be shared.

Node-only utilities throw in Workers. scheduler (node-cron), sanitizePath (fs-based), and filesystem storage provider all throw ConfigurationError when called from a Worker. Guard with runtimeCaps.isNode or avoid entirely.

DataCanvas is unavailable in Workers. DuckDB has no V8-isolate build, so core.canvas is always undefined on Workers. Setting CANVAS_PROVIDER_TYPE=duckdb (the only non-default value) in wrangler.toml triggers a fail-closed ConfigurationError at init time:

DuckDB canvas requires Node.js or Bun. Set CANVAS_PROVIDER_TYPE=none or omit it for Cloudflare Workers deployment.

Leave the env unset (or set to none) for Worker deployments. Tools that conditionally use canvas should check if (!ctx.core.canvas) { ... } and surface a clear "feature unavailable on this deployment" message. See api-canvas for the full DataCanvas reference.