top-web-vulnerabilities

name	top-web-vulnerabilities
description	Provide a comprehensive, structured reference for the 100 most critical web application vulnerabilities organized by category. This skill enables systematic vulnerability identification, impact assessment, and remediation guidance across the full spectrum of web security threats.
risk	unknown
source	community
author	zebbern
date_added	2026-02-27

Top 100 Web Vulnerabilities Reference

Purpose

Provide a comprehensive, structured reference for the 100 most critical web application vulnerabilities organized by category. This skill enables systematic vulnerability identification, impact assessment, and remediation guidance across the full spectrum of web security threats. Content organized into 15 major vulnerability categories aligned with industry standards and real-world attack patterns.

Prerequisites

• Basic understanding of web application architecture (client-server model, HTTP protocol)
• Familiarity with common web technologies (HTML, JavaScript, SQL, XML, APIs)
• Understanding of authentication and authorization concepts
• Access to web application security testing tools (Burp Suite, OWASP ZAP)
• Knowledge of secure coding principles recommended

Outputs and Deliverables

• Complete vulnerability catalog with definitions, root causes, impacts, and mitigations
• Category-based vulnerability groupings for systematic assessment
• Quick reference for security testing and remediation
• Foundation for vulnerability assessment checklists and security policies

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Core Workflow

Phase 1: Injection Vulnerabilities Assessment

Evaluate injection attack vectors targeting data processing components:

SQL Injection (1)

• Definition: Malicious SQL code inserted into input fields to manipulate database queries
• Root Cause: Lack of input validation, improper use of parameterized queries
• Impact: Unauthorized data access, data manipulation, database compromise
• Mitigation: Use parameterized queries/prepared statements, input validation, least privilege database accounts

Cross-Site Scripting - XSS (2)

• Definition: Injection of malicious scripts into web pages viewed by other users
• Root Cause: Insufficient output encoding, lack of input sanitization
• Impact: Session hijacking, credential theft, website defacement
• Mitigation: Output encoding, Content Security Policy (CSP), input sanitization

Command Injection (5, 11)

• Definition: Execution of arbitrary system commands through vulnerable applications
• Root Cause: Unsanitized user input passed to system shells
• Impact: Full system compromise, data exfiltration, lateral movement
• Mitigation: Avoid shell execution, whitelist valid commands, strict input validation

XML Injection (6), LDAP Injection (7), XPath Injection (8)

• Definition: Manipulation of XML/LDAP/XPath queries through malicious input
• Root Cause: Improper input handling in query construction
• Impact: Data exposure, authentication bypass, information disclosure
• Mitigation: Input validation, parameterized queries, escape special characters

Server-Side Template Injection - SSTI (13)

• Definition: Injection of malicious code into template engines
• Root Cause: User input embedded directly in template expressions
• Impact: Remote code execution, server compromise
• Mitigation: Sandbox template engines, avoid user input in templates, strict input validation

Phase 2: Authentication and Session Security

Assess authentication mechanism weaknesses:

Session Fixation (14)

• Definition: Attacker sets victim's session ID before authentication
• Root Cause: Session ID not regenerated after login
• Impact: Session hijacking, unauthorized account access
• Mitigation: Regenerate session ID on authentication, use secure session management

Brute Force Attack (15)

• Definition: Systematic password guessing using automated tools
• Root Cause: Lack of account lockout, rate limiting, or CAPTCHA
• Impact: Unauthorized access, credential compromise
• Mitigation: Account lockout policies, rate limiting, MFA, CAPTCHA

Session Hijacking (16)

• Definition: Attacker steals or predicts valid session tokens
• Root Cause: Weak session token generation, insecure transmission
• Impact: Account takeover, unauthorized access
• Mitigation: Secure random token generation, HTTPS, HttpOnly/Secure cookie flags

Credential Stuffing and Reuse (22)

• Definition: Using leaked credentials to access accounts across services
• Root Cause: Users reusing passwords, no breach detection
• Impact: Mass account compromise, data breaches
• Mitigation: MFA, breach password checks, unique credential requirements

Insecure "Remember Me" Functionality (85)

• Definition: Weak persistent authentication token implementation
• Root Cause: Predictable tokens, inadequate expiration controls
• Impact: Unauthorized persistent access, session compromise
• Mitigation: Strong token generation, proper expiration, secure storage

CAPTCHA Bypass (86)

• Definition: Circumventing bot detection mechanisms
• Root Cause: Weak CAPTCHA algorithms, improper validation
• Impact: Automated attacks, credential stuffing, spam
• Mitigation: reCAPTCHA v3, layered bot detection, rate limiting

Phase 3: Sensitive Data Exposure

Identify data protection failures:

IDOR - Insecure Direct Object References (23, 42)

• Definition: Direct access to internal objects via user-supplied references
• Root Cause: Missing authorization checks on object access
• Impact: Unauthorized data access, privacy breaches
• Mitigation: Access control validation, indirect reference maps, authorization checks

Data Leakage (24)

• Definition: Inadvertent disclosure of sensitive information
• Root Cause: Inadequate data protection, weak access controls
• Impact: Privacy breaches, regulatory penalties, reputation damage
• Mitigation: DLP solutions, encryption, access controls, security training

Unencrypted Data Storage (25)

• Definition: Storing sensitive data without encryption
• Root Cause: Failure to implement encryption at rest
• Impact: Data breaches if storage compromised
• Mitigation: Full-disk encryption, database encryption, secure key management

Information Disclosure (33)

• Definition: Exposure of system details through error messages or responses
• Root Cause: Verbose error handling, debug information in production
• Impact: Reconnaissance for further attacks, credential exposure
• Mitigation: Generic error messages, disable debug mode, secure logging

Phase 4: Security Misconfiguration

Assess configuration weaknesses:

Missing Security Headers (26)

• Definition: Absence of protective HTTP headers (CSP, X-Frame-Options, HSTS)
• Root Cause: Inadequate server configuration
• Impact: XSS attacks, clickjacking, protocol downgrade
• Mitigation: Implement CSP, X-Content-Type-Options, X-Frame-Options, HSTS

Default Passwords (28)

• Definition: Unchanged default credentials on systems/applications
• Root Cause: Failure to change vendor defaults
• Impact: Unauthorized access, system compromise
• Mitigation: Mandatory password changes, strong password policies

Directory Listing (29)

• Definition: Web server exposes directory contents
• Root Cause: Improper server configuration
• Impact: Information disclosure, sensitive file exposure
• Mitigation: Disable directory indexing, use default index files

Unprotected API Endpoints (30)

• Definition: APIs lacking authentication or authorization
• Root Cause: Missing security controls on API routes
• Impact: Unauthorized data access, API abuse
• Mitigation: OAuth/API keys, access controls, rate limiting

Open Ports and Services (31)

• Definition: Unnecessary network services exposed
• Root Cause: Failure to minimize attack surface
• Impact: Exploitation of vulnerable services
• Mitigation: Port scanning audits, firewall rules, service minimization

Misconfigured CORS (35)

• Definition: Overly permissive Cross-Origin Resource Sharing policies
• Root Cause: Wildcard origins, improper CORS configuration
• Impact: Cross-site request attacks, data theft
• Mitigation: Whitelist trusted origins, validate CORS headers

Unpatched Software (34)

• Definition: Systems running outdated vulnerable software
• Root Cause: Neglected patch management
• Impact: Exploitation of known vulnerabilities
• Mitigation: Patch management program, vulnerability scanning, automated updates

Phase 5: XML-Related Vulnerabilities

Evaluate XML processing security:

XXE - XML External Entity Injection (37)

• Definition: Exploitation of XML parsers to access files or internal systems
• Root Cause: External entity processing enabled
• Impact: File disclosure, SSRF, denial of service
• Mitigation: Disable external entities, use safe XML parsers

XEE - XML Entity Expansion (38)

• Definition: Excessive entity expansion causing resource exhaustion
• Root Cause: Unlimited entity expansion allowed
• Impact: Denial of service, parser crashes
• Mitigation: Limit entity expansion, configure parser restrictions

XML Bomb (Billion Laughs) (39)

• Definition: Crafted XML with nested entities consuming resources
• Root Cause: Recursive entity definitions
• Impact: Memory exhaustion, denial of service
• Mitigation: Entity expansion limits, input size restrictions

XML Denial of Service (65)

• Definition: Specially crafted XML causing excessive processing
• Root Cause: Complex document structures without limits
• Impact: CPU/memory exhaustion, service unavailability
• Mitigation: Schema validation, size limits, processing timeouts

Phase 6: Broken Access Control

Assess authorization enforcement:

Inadequate Authorization (40)

• Definition: Failure to properly enforce access controls
• Root Cause: Weak authorization policies, missing checks
• Impact: Unauthorized access to sensitive resources
• Mitigation: RBAC, centralized IAM, regular access reviews

Privilege Escalation (41)

• Definition: Gaining elevated access beyond intended permissions
• Root Cause: Misconfigured permissions, system vulnerabilities
• Impact: Full system compromise, data manipulation
• Mitigation: Least privilege, regular patching, privilege monitoring

Forceful Browsing (43)

• Definition: Direct URL manipulation to access restricted resources
• Root Cause: Weak access controls, predictable URLs
• Impact: Unauthorized file/directory access
• Mitigation: Server-side access controls, unpredictable resource paths

Missing Function-Level Access Control (44)

• Definition: Unprotected administrative or privileged functions
• Root Cause: Authorization only at UI level
• Impact: Unauthorized function execution
• Mitigation: Server-side authorization for all functions, RBAC

Phase 7: Insecure Deserialization

Evaluate object serialization security:

Remote Code Execution via Deserialization (45)

• Definition: Arbitrary code execution through malicious serialized objects
• Root Cause: Untrusted data deserialized without validation
• Impact: Complete system compromise, code execution
• Mitigation: Avoid deserializing untrusted data, integrity checks, type validation

Data Tampering (46)

• Definition: Unauthorized modification of serialized data
• Root Cause: Missing integrity verification
• Impact: Data corruption, privilege manipulation
• Mitigation: Digital signatures, HMAC validation, encryption

Object Injection (47)

• Definition: Malicious object instantiation during deserialization
• Root Cause: Unsafe deserialization practices
• Impact: Code execution, unauthorized access
• Mitigation: Type restrictions, class whitelisting, secure libraries

Phase 8: API Security Assessment

Evaluate API-specific vulnerabilities:

Insecure API Endpoints (48)

• Definition: APIs without proper security controls
• Root Cause: Poor API design, missing authentication
• Impact: Data breaches, unauthorized access
• Mitigation: OAuth/JWT, HTTPS, input validation, rate limiting

API Key Exposure (49)

• Definition: Leaked or exposed API credentials
• Root Cause: Hardcoded keys, insecure storage
• Impact: Unauthorized API access, abuse
• Mitigation: Secure key storage, rotation, environment variables

Lack of Rate Limiting (50)

• Definition: No controls on API request frequency
• Root Cause: Missing throttling mechanisms
• Impact: DoS, API abuse, resource exhaustion
• Mitigation: Rate limits per user/IP, throttling, DDoS protection

Inadequate Input Validation (51)

• Definition: APIs accepting unvalidated user input
• Root Cause: Missing server-side validation
• Impact: Injection attacks, data corruption
• Mitigation: Strict validation, parameterized queries, WAF

API Abuse (75)

• Definition: Exploiting API functionality for malicious purposes
• Root Cause: Excessive trust in client input
• Impact: Data theft, account takeover, service abuse
• Mitigation: Strong authentication, behavior analysis, anomaly detection

Phase 9: Communication Security

Assess transport layer protections:

Man-in-the-Middle Attack (52)

• Definition: Interception of communication between parties
• Root Cause: Unencrypted channels, compromised networks
• Impact: Data theft, session hijacking, impersonation
• Mitigation: TLS/SSL, certificate pinning, mutual authentication

Insufficient Transport Layer Security (53)

• Definition: Weak or outdated encryption for data in transit
• Root Cause: Outdated protocols (SSLv2/3), weak ciphers
• Impact: Traffic interception, credential theft
• Mitigation: TLS 1.2+, strong cipher suites, HSTS

Insecure SSL/TLS Configuration (54)

• Definition: Improperly configured encryption settings
• Root Cause: Weak ciphers, missing forward secrecy
• Impact: Traffic decryption, MITM attacks
• Mitigation: Modern cipher suites, PFS, certificate validation

Insecure Communication Protocols (55)

• Definition: Use of unencrypted protocols (HTTP, Telnet, FTP)
• Root Cause: Legacy systems, security unawareness
• Impact: Traffic sniffing, credential exposure
• Mitigation: HTTPS, SSH, SFTP, VPN tunnels

Phase 10: Client-Side Vulnerabilities

Evaluate browser-side security:

DOM-based XSS (56)

• Definition: XSS through client-side JavaScript manipulation
• Root Cause: Unsafe DOM manipulation with user input
• Impact: Session theft, credential harvesting
• Mitigation: Safe DOM APIs, CSP, input sanitization

Insecure Cross-Origin Communication (57)

• Definition: Improper handling of cross-origin requests
• Root Cause: Relaxed CORS/SOP policies
• Impact: Data leakage, CSRF attacks
• Mitigation: Strict CORS, CSRF tokens, origin validation

Browser Cache Poisoning (58)

• Definition: Manipulation of cached content
• Root Cause: Weak cache validation
• Impact: Malicious content delivery
• Mitigation: Cache-Control headers, HTTPS, integrity checks

Clickjacking (59, 71)

• Definition: UI redress attack tricking users into clicking hidden elements
• Root Cause: Missing frame protection
• Impact: Unintended actions, credential theft
• Mitigation: X-Frame-Options, CSP frame-ancestors, frame-busting

HTML5 Security Issues (60)

• Definition: Vulnerabilities in HTML5 APIs (WebSockets, Storage, Geolocation)
• Root Cause: Improper API usage, insufficient validation
• Impact: Data leakage, XSS, privacy violations
• Mitigation: Secure API usage, input validation, sandboxing

Phase 11: Denial of Service Assessment

Evaluate availability threats:

DDoS - Distributed Denial of Service (61)

• Definition: Overwhelming systems with traffic from multiple sources
• Root Cause: Botnets, amplification attacks
• Impact: Service unavailability, revenue loss
• Mitigation: DDoS protection services, rate limiting, CDN

Application Layer DoS (62)

• Definition: Targeting application logic to exhaust resources
• Root Cause: Inefficient code, resource-intensive operations
• Impact: Application unavailability, degraded performance
• Mitigation: Rate limiting, caching, WAF, code optimization

Resource Exhaustion (63)

• Definition: Depleting CPU, memory, disk, or network resources
• Root Cause: Inefficient resource management
• Impact: System crashes, service degradation
• Mitigation: Resource quotas, monitoring, load balancing

Slowloris Attack (64)

• Definition: Keeping connections open with partial HTTP requests
• Root Cause: No connection timeouts
• Impact: Web server resource exhaustion
• Mitigation: Connection timeouts, request limits, reverse proxy

Phase 12: Server-Side Request Forgery

Assess SSRF vulnerabilities:

SSRF - Server-Side Request Forgery (66)

• Definition: Manipulating server to make requests to internal resources
• Root Cause: Unvalidated user-controlled URLs
• Impact: Internal network access, data theft, cloud metadata access
• Mitigation: URL whitelisting, network segmentation, egress filtering

Blind SSRF (87)

• Definition: SSRF without direct response visibility
• Root Cause: Similar to SSRF, harder to detect
• Impact: Data exfiltration, internal reconnaissance
• Mitigation: Allowlists, WAF, network restrictions

Time-Based Blind SSRF (88)

• Definition: Inferring SSRF success through response timing
• Root Cause: Processing delays indicating request outcomes
• Impact: Prolonged exploitation, detection evasion
• Mitigation: Request timeouts, anomaly detection, timing monitoring

Phase 13: Additional Web Vulnerabilities

#	Vulnerability	Root Cause	Impact	Mitigation
67	HTTP Parameter Pollution	Inconsistent parsing	Injection, ACL bypass	Strict parsing, validation
68	Insecure Redirects	Unvalidated targets	Phishing, malware	Whitelist destinations
69	File Inclusion (LFI/RFI)	Unvalidated paths	Code exec, disclosure	Whitelist files, disable RFI
70	Security Header Bypass	Misconfigured headers	XSS, clickjacking	Proper headers, audits
72	Inadequate Session Timeout	Excessive timeouts	Session hijacking	Idle termination, timeouts
73	Insufficient Logging	Missing infrastructure	Detection gaps	SIEM, alerting
74	Business Logic Flaws	Insecure design	Fraud, unauthorized ops	Threat modeling, testing

Phase 14: Mobile and IoT Security

#	Vulnerability	Root Cause	Impact	Mitigation
76	Insecure Mobile Storage	Plain text, weak crypto	Data theft	Keychain/Keystore, encrypt
77	Insecure Mobile Transmission	HTTP, cert failures	Traffic interception	TLS, cert pinning
78	Insecure Mobile APIs	Missing auth/validation	Data exposure	OAuth/JWT, validation
79	App Reverse Engineering	Hardcoded creds	Credential theft	Obfuscation, RASP
80	IoT Management Issues	Weak auth, no TLS	Device takeover	Strong auth, TLS
81	Weak IoT Authentication	Default passwords	Unauthorized access	Unique creds, MFA
82	IoT Vulnerabilities	Design flaws, old firmware	Botnet recruitment	Updates, segmentation
83	Smart Home Access	Insecure defaults	Privacy invasion	MFA, segmentation
84	IoT Privacy Issues	Excessive collection	Surveillance	Data minimization

Phase 15: Advanced and Zero-Day Threats

#	Vulnerability	Root Cause	Impact	Mitigation
89	MIME Sniffing	Missing headers	XSS, spoofing	X-Content-Type-Options
91	CSP Bypass	Weak config	XSS despite CSP	Strict CSP, nonces
92	Inconsistent Validation	Decentralized logic	Control bypass	Centralized validation
93	Race Conditions	Missing sync	Privilege escalation	Proper locking
94-95	Business Logic Flaws	Missing validation	Financial fraud	Server-side validation
96	Account Enumeration	Different responses	Targeted attacks	Uniform responses
98-99	Unpatched Vulnerabilities	Patch delays	Zero-day exploitation	Patch management
100	Zero-Day Exploits	Unknown vulns	Unmitigated attacks	Defense in depth

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Quick Reference

Vulnerability Categories Summary

Category	Vulnerability Numbers	Key Controls
Injection	1-13	Parameterized queries, input validation, output encoding
Authentication	14-23, 85-86	MFA, session management, account lockout
Data Exposure	24-27	Encryption at rest/transit, access controls, DLP
Misconfiguration	28-36	Secure defaults, hardening, patching
XML	37-39, 65	Disable external entities, limit expansion
Access Control	40-44	RBAC, least privilege, authorization checks
Deserialization	45-47	Avoid untrusted data, integrity validation
API Security	48-51, 75	OAuth, rate limiting, input validation
Communication	52-55	TLS 1.2+, certificate validation, HTTPS
Client-Side	56-60	CSP, X-Frame-Options, safe DOM
DoS	61-65	Rate limiting, DDoS protection, resource limits
SSRF	66, 87-88	URL whitelisting, egress filtering
Mobile/IoT	76-84	Encryption, authentication, secure storage
Business Logic	74, 92-97	Threat modeling, logic testing
Zero-Day	98-100	Defense in depth, threat intelligence

Critical Security Headers

Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'self'; script-src 'self'
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
X-Frame-Options: DENY
X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains
Referrer-Policy: strict-origin-when-cross-origin
Permissions-Policy: geolocation=(), microphone=()

OWASP Top 10 Mapping

OWASP 2021	Related Vulnerabilities
A01: Broken Access Control	40-44, 23, 74
A02: Cryptographic Failures	24-25, 53-55
A03: Injection	1-13, 37-39
A04: Insecure Design	74, 92-97
A05: Security Misconfiguration	26-36
A06: Vulnerable Components	34, 98-100
A07: Auth Failures	14-23, 85-86
A08: Data Integrity	45-47
A09: Logging Failures	73
A10: SSRF	66, 87-88

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Constraints and Limitations

• Vulnerability definitions represent common patterns; specific implementations vary
• Mitigations must be adapted to technology stack and architecture
• New vulnerabilities emerge continuously; reference should be updated
• Some vulnerabilities overlap across categories (e.g., IDOR appears in multiple contexts)
• Effectiveness of mitigations depends on proper implementation
• Automated scanners cannot detect all vulnerability types (especially business logic)

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Troubleshooting

Common Assessment Challenges

Challenge	Solution
False positives in scanning	Manual verification, contextual analysis
Business logic flaws missed	Manual testing, threat modeling, abuse case analysis
Encrypted traffic analysis	Proxy configuration, certificate installation
WAF blocking tests	Rate adjustment, IP rotation, payload encoding
Session handling issues	Cookie management, authentication state tracking
API discovery	Swagger/OpenAPI enumeration, traffic analysis

Vulnerability Verification Techniques

Vulnerability Type	Verification Approach
Injection	Payload testing with encoded variants
XSS	Alert boxes, cookie access, DOM inspection
CSRF	Cross-origin form submission testing
SSRF	Out-of-band DNS/HTTP callbacks
XXE	External entity with controlled server
Access Control	Horizontal/vertical privilege testing
Authentication	Credential rotation, session analysis

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References

• OWASP Top 10 Web Application Security Risks
• CWE/SANS Top 25 Most Dangerous Software Errors
• OWASP Testing Guide
• OWASP Application Security Verification Standard (ASVS)
• NIST Cybersecurity Framework
• Source: Kumar MS - Top 100 Web Vulnerabilities

When to Use

This skill is applicable to execute the workflow or actions described in the overview.