accessibility

name

accessibility

description

Apply platform accessibility best practices to SwiftUI, UIKit, and AppKit code. Essential companion to any SwiftUI, UIKit, or AppKit skill — always use together. Use whenever writing, editing, or reviewing ANY SwiftUI views, UIKit view controllers, AppKit views/window controllers, or platform UI — even when the user doesn't mention accessibility. Also use when the user mentions VoiceOver, Voice Control, Dynamic Type, Reduce Motion, screen reader, a11y, WCAG, accessibility audit, Nutrition Labels, accessibilityLabel, UIAccessibility, NSAccessibility, assistive technologies, or Switch Control. Not for server-side Swift, non-UI packages, or CLI tools.

Platform Accessibility

Overview

Apply accessibility for SwiftUI, UIKit, and AppKit across all supported platforms. Covers all 9 App Store Accessibility Nutrition Label categories — VoiceOver, Voice Control, Larger Text, Dark Interface, Differentiate Without Color, Sufficient Contrast, Reduced Motion, Captions, and Audio Descriptions.

This skill prioritizes native platform APIs (which provide free automatic support) and fact-based guidance without architecture opinions.

First-Draft Rules

Include accessibility in the first draft — never write a bare element and patch it later. Retrofitting accessibility is harder, gets skipped, and produces worse results than building it in from the start.

No inline commentary unless a pattern is non-obvious. Mark inferred labels with // [VERIFY] because SF Symbol names don't always match the intended user-facing meaning.

Situation	Required on first write
Button / NavigationLink — icon-only	.accessibilityLabel("…") with // [VERIFY]
Button / NavigationLink — visible text	Nothing extra — text is the label automatically
Image — meaningful	.accessibilityLabel("…")
Image — decorative	.accessibilityHidden(true)
withAnimation / .transition / .animation	@Environment(\.accessibilityReduceMotion) + gate animation
.font(.system(size:))	Replace with .font(.body) or @ScaledMetric
Color conveys state/status	Add shape, icon, or text alongside color
onTapGesture on non-Button	.accessibilityElement(children: .ignore) + .accessibilityAddTraits(.isButton) + .accessibilityLabel
Custom slider / toggle / stepper	.accessibilityRepresentation { … } or .accessibilityValue + .accessibilityAdjustableAction
Async content change	Post announcement with availability guards (AccessibilityNotification.Announcement on iOS 17+, fallback to UIAccessibility.post)
System .sheet / .fullScreenCover	Nothing extra — SwiftUI traps focus automatically (custom overlays still need focus management)
AVPlayer / video	Use AVPlayerViewController — captions and Audio Descriptions for free
Custom tappable view	.frame(minWidth: 44, minHeight: 44)
Any new SwiftUI view	Verify with Xcode Canvas Variants (see Accessibility Summary)
NSButton — icon-only (AppKit)	setAccessibilityLabel("…") with // [VERIFY]
Custom NSView interactive element (AppKit)	setAccessibilityElement(true) + role (setAccessibilityRole(.button)) + label
AppKit modal/popup UI	Trap focus and ensure dismiss action is keyboard + VoiceOver reachable
Any new AppKit view/controller	Verify with Accessibility Inspector and full keyboard navigation

Prefer native controls (Button, Toggle, Stepper, Slider, Picker, TextField) — they get full accessibility automatically. Custom interactive views require explicit work. For AppKit, prefer native controls (NSButton, NSPopUpButton, NSSlider, NSSegmentedControl, NSTextField) before custom NSView interaction.

Example — icon-only button:

Button {
    shareAction()
} label: {
    Image(systemName: "square.and.arrow.up")
}
.accessibilityLabel("Share") // [VERIFY] confirm label matches intent

Example — gating animation on Reduce Motion:

@Environment(\.accessibilityReduceMotion) private var reduceMotion

withAnimation(reduceMotion ? nil : .spring()) {
    isExpanded.toggle()
}

Full testing and verification procedures → references/testing-auditing.md

Workflow

Reference Routing Rule

Before answering, select one primary reference file that best matches the user's intent and load it first. Load additional reference files only when the request explicitly spans multiple domains (for example, VoiceOver + Dynamic Type + WCAG mapping) or when the primary file does not cover a required criterion.

1) Implement new code

Apply First-Draft Rules — accessibility in the first draft, no commentary. For APIs introduced after iOS 15, always add #available guards and provide older-OS fallback behavior. After writing, verify against the First-Draft Rules table — fix any gaps before outputting. After the code, append an Accessibility Summary (see below).

2) Improve or fix existing code

Apply fixes silently, no commentary. For APIs introduced after iOS 15, always add #available guards and provide older-OS fallback behavior. After fixing, verify against the First-Draft Rules table — fix any gaps before outputting. After the code, append an Accessibility Summary.

• For transformation patterns → examples/before-after-swiftui.md, examples/before-after-uikit.md, or examples/before-after-appkit.md
• For platform issues → references/platform-specifics.md

3) Audit existing code

Only when user explicitly asks ("audit", "how accessible is this?", "review accessibility").

Quick fix mode — when the user asks for blocker-only/critical-only scope (for example: "just fix the blockers", "quick fix", "critical only"): address only Blocks Assistive Tech and Degrades Experience issues. Skip Incomplete Support.

Comprehensive mode (default) — address all severity levels including Incomplete Support and Nutrition Label gaps.

• Identify issues by category → Triage Playbook below
• Format with Audit Output Format below
• For WCAG compliance mapping → references/wcag-mapping.md
• Hand off to QA → resources/qa-checklist.md

4) Prepare Nutrition Label recommendation

→ references/nutrition-labels.md — all 9 categories with official pass/fail criteria

When the user asks to prepare or draft an App Store Accessibility Nutrition Label recommendation, output this format:

**Accessibility Nutrition Label recommendation**

**App version evaluated:** [version or "Current build"]
**Scope reviewed:** [common tasks / screens evaluated]

**You could claim:**
- [labels where every common task is ✅ or —]

**Why you could claim them:**
- [label]: [brief reason tied to completed common-task coverage]

**You should not claim:**
- [labels blocked by any ❌]
- [labels that are not applicable]

**Why you should not claim them:**
- [label]: [blocked task or why the label is not applicable]

**Common-task verification**
| Common Task | VoiceOver | Voice Control | Larger Text | Dark Mode | No Color | Contrast | Motion | Captions | Audio Desc |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [task] | ✅ / ❌ / — | ✅ / ❌ / — | ✅ / ❌ / — | ✅ / ❌ / — | ✅ / ❌ / — | ✅ / ❌ / — | ✅ / ❌ / — | ✅ / ❌ / — | ✅ / ❌ / — |

**Recommendation summary**
- You could claim: [labels]
- You should not claim: [labels]

Do not say "claim" without qualification. Phrase the output as a recommendation based on the reviewed scope. Do not suggest a label if any common task in that column is ❌. Use — only when the label is genuinely not applicable to that app or flow.

Accessibility Summary

Append after all code generation and fix tasks (modes 1, 2), unless the user explicitly requests code-only output. No preamble.

**Accessibility applied:**
- [one bullet per pattern added — e.g. "`.accessibilityLabel` on icon-only Share button"]

**Verify in Xcode:**
- Use Canvas **Dynamic Type Variants** (grid icon → Dynamic Type Variants) to check layout at all text sizes
- Use Canvas **Color Scheme Variants** to check light and dark mode
- Use **Accessibility Inspector** (Xcode → Open Developer Tool) Settings tab to simulate Increase Contrast, Reduce Motion, Bold Text on the Simulator

**If Xcode is unavailable:**
- Run equivalent checks with platform accessibility inspector tools and manual setting toggles (Dynamic Type, Contrast, Reduce Motion, VoiceOver/Voice Control)

**Test on device:**
- [relevant items from Must Test on Device checklist]

Omit "Accessibility applied" entirely if nothing was added (all native controls). Omit "Nutrition Label readiness" unless the user asked about it.

Audit Output Format

Only when user explicitly requests an audit. Never during code generation or fixes.

🔴 Blocks Assistive Tech — completely unreachable, fix immediately 🟡 Degrades Experience — reachable but significant friction 🟠 Incomplete Support — gaps preventing Nutrition Label claims ✅ Verified in code — confirmed correct by static analysis

Close with:

Must test on device: relevant items from the Review Checklist. Nutrition Label readiness: Achievable / Blocked by [issue] / Not applicable.

Core Guidelines

Principles

• Identify framework and platform first. SwiftUI and UIKit have different APIs; using the wrong one causes silent failures.
• Every modifier needs a semantic reason. Adding .accessibilityLabel to a Button with visible text actually hurts — it overrides the text VoiceOver would read automatically.
• Gate iOS 17+ APIs with #available. Version-specific APIs crash on older OS without availability checks.
• Mark inferred labels with [VERIFY]. SF Symbol names (e.g. square.and.arrow.up) rarely match what users expect to hear ("Share"). Inferred labels need human review.
• Don't change core UI semantics or layout based on UIAccessibility.isVoiceOverRunning. Adapt to the actual user need by checking the relevant accessibility setting directly. Narrow coordination exceptions are fine, such as avoiding overlapping speech or extending transient timeouts while assistive tech is active.
• Nutrition Labels require complete flow coverage. Claiming "VoiceOver supported" means every user flow works — login, onboarding, purchase, settings — not just the main screen.
• Test contrast in both light and dark mode. A color pair that passes WCAG 4.5:1 in light mode often fails in dark mode due to different background values.

VoiceOver

• Every non-decorative element needs a concise, context-independent label
• Icon-only buttons need .accessibilityLabel — blank is never acceptable
• Decorative images: .accessibilityHidden(true)
• State is a trait, not a label: .accessibilityAddTraits(.isSelected) not "Selected photo"
• Group related elements: .accessibilityElement(children: .combine)
• Announce dynamic changes: iOS 17+ AccessibilityNotification.Announcement("Upload complete").post(), fallback UIAccessibility.post(notification: .announcement, argument: "Upload complete")
• Deep reference → references/voiceover-swiftui.md or references/voiceover-uikit.md

Voice Control

• Labels must exactly match visible text — mismatches silently break "Tap [name]"
• .accessibilityInputLabels(["Compose", "New Message"]) for icon-only elements
• Every interactive element must appear in "Show numbers" and "Show names" overlays
• Hidden-on-swipe UI needs a voice-accessible alternative (.accessibilityAction)
• Deep reference → references/voice-control.md

Dynamic Type

• Text styles only: .font(.body) not .font(.system(size: 16))
• Scale custom values: @ScaledMetric(relativeTo: .body) var spacing: CGFloat = 8
• Fixed-size UI chrome: .accessibilityShowsLargeContentViewer()
• Adaptive layout: prefer ViewThatFits (iOS 16+) over manual dynamicTypeSize checks — it automatically picks the layout that fits
• Deep reference → references/dynamic-type.md

Display Settings

• Reduce Motion: replace meaningful animations with dissolve/fade; remove decorative ones
• Contrast: semantic colors (Color(.label)); WCAG 4.5:1 text, 3:1 non-text
• Differentiate Without Color: add shape/icon/text alongside color
• Reduce Transparency: replace .ultraThinMaterial with opaque when enabled
• Deep reference → references/display-settings.md

Semantic Structure

• Reading order: .accessibilitySortPriority(_:) (higher = read first)
• Focus on new screen: post .screenChanged notification
• Modal focus: accessibilityViewIsModal = true
• Custom navigation: accessibilityRotor(_:entries:)
• Deep reference → references/semantic-structure.md

Motor / Input

• Touch targets: minimum 44×44pt
• Keyboard: every element via Tab, every modal via Escape
• Switch Control: UIAccessibilityCustomAction for swipe-only gestures
• Deep reference → references/motor-input.md

Quick Reference

SwiftUI Modifiers

Modifier	Purpose
.accessibilityLabel(_:)	VoiceOver text for non-text elements
.accessibilityHint(_:)	Brief result description
.accessibilityValue(_:)	Current value (sliders, progress)
.accessibilityHidden(true)	Hide decorative elements
.accessibilityAddTraits(_:)	Semantic role or state
.accessibilityRemoveTraits(_:)	Remove inherited trait
.accessibilityElement(children:)	.combine / .contain / .ignore
.accessibilitySortPriority(_:)	Reading order (higher = earlier)
.accessibilityAction(_:_:)	Named custom action
.accessibilityAdjustableAction(_:)	Increment/decrement
.accessibilityInputLabels(_:)	Voice Control alternate names
.accessibilityFocused(_:)	Programmatic focus
.accessibilityRotor(_:entries:)	Custom VoiceOver rotor
.accessibilityRepresentation(_:)	Replace AX tree for custom controls
.accessibilityIgnoresInvertColors(true)	Protect images in Smart Invert
.accessibilityShowsLargeContentViewer()	Large Content Viewer for fixed-size UI

@Environment Values

Value	Purpose
\.accessibilityReduceMotion	Gate animations
\.accessibilityReduceTransparency	Replace blur effects
\.accessibilityDifferentiateWithoutColor	Add non-color indicators
\.colorSchemeContrast	.standard / .increased
\.dynamicTypeSize	Current text size

Nutrition Labels → APIs

Label	Key APIs	Reference
VoiceOver	accessibilityLabel, traits, actions, rotors	voiceover-swiftui.md, voiceover-uikit.md
Voice Control	accessibilityInputLabels, visible text match	voice-control.md
Larger Text	@ScaledMetric, text styles, Large Content Viewer	dynamic-type.md
Dark Interface	colorScheme, semantic colors	display-settings.md
Differentiate Without Color	shapes + color	display-settings.md
Sufficient Contrast	WCAG 4.5:1 text / 3:1 non-text	display-settings.md
Reduced Motion	accessibilityReduceMotion, animation gate	display-settings.md
Captions	AVPlayerViewController	media-accessibility.md
Audio Descriptions	AVMediaCharacteristic.describesVideoForAccessibility	media-accessibility.md

Review Checklist

Verifiable in Code

• Icon-only buttons have .accessibilityLabel
• Decorative images have .accessibilityHidden(true)
• State expressed as traits, not labels
• No hardcoded font sizes — text styles or @ScaledMetric
• Animations gated on accessibilityReduceMotion
• Semantic colors (not hardcoded hex)
• .accessibilityInputLabels on icon-only elements
• Touch targets ≥ 44×44pt
• Modals use .sheet() or accessibilityViewIsModal
• Swipe-only actions have .accessibilityAction alternatives
• AVPlayerViewController for video
• Photos/maps/video have .accessibilityIgnoresInvertColors()
• XCUITest includes performAccessibilityAudit() with #available guards (iOS 17+ / macOS 14+), plus fallback assertions on older OS versions

Must Test on Device

• VoiceOver: navigation order, reading flow, focus after push/modal
• Voice Control: "Show numbers" coverage, "Tap [name]" activation
• Switch Control: scanning path, custom actions reachable
• Full Keyboard Access: Tab order, Escape dismissal
• Dynamic Type: layout at max size — no clipping or overlap
• Reduce Motion: all animations verified
• Grayscale filter: information comprehensible without color
• Dark + Increase Contrast: contrast in both modes
• Captions and Audio Descriptions: auto-enable

Full testing procedures → references/testing-auditing.md

Triage Playbook

Blocks Assistive Tech — fix immediately

• Icon-only button has no label → references/voiceover-swiftui.md
• Image missing alt text → references/voiceover-swiftui.md
• Custom view not in accessibility tree → references/voiceover-uikit.md
• VoiceOver loops or can't exit element → references/semantic-structure.md

Degrades Experience — significant friction

• Voice Control misses an element → references/voice-control.md
• Voice label doesn't match visible text → references/voice-control.md
• Touch target < 44×44pt → references/motor-input.md
• Color is the only differentiator → references/display-settings.md
• Wrong reading order → references/semantic-structure.md
• Modal doesn't trap focus → references/semantic-structure.md

Incomplete Support — blocks Nutrition Label claims

• Text doesn't scale with Dynamic Type → references/dynamic-type.md
• Animations ignore Reduce Motion → references/display-settings.md
• Low contrast in dark mode → references/display-settings.md
• No captions or audio descriptions → references/media-accessibility.md
• Platform not accessible → references/platform-specifics.md
• Nutrition Label preparation → references/nutrition-labels.md

Troubleshooting

Wrong framework APIs applied

Symptom: SwiftUI modifiers used in UIKit/AppKit code, or platform APIs mixed across frameworks. Fix: Identify framework from imports (import SwiftUI, import UIKit, import AppKit) before applying APIs. SwiftUI uses modifiers, UIKit uses UIAccessibility properties, and AppKit uses NSAccessibility APIs.

Over-labeling native controls

Symptom: .accessibilityLabel added to a Button("Save") or Toggle("Dark Mode") that already has visible text. Fix: Do not add .accessibilityLabel when the control has visible text — it overrides the automatic label and can desync with what's on screen. Only add labels to icon-only or non-text elements.

API requires newer OS than project target

Symptom: Code uses platform-versioned APIs (iOS/macOS/tvOS/watchOS/visionOS) without availability checks. Fix: Gate with #available for every target OS you support and use older equivalents when needed. Common substitutions:

• AccessibilityNotification.Announcement("…").post() → UIAccessibility.post(notification: .announcement, argument: "…")
• performAccessibilityAudit() → manual XCTest assertions
• ViewThatFits (iOS 16+) → @Environment(\.dynamicTypeSize) with manual layout switching
• Prefer multi-platform guards when code is shared: if #available(iOS 17, macOS 14, tvOS 17, watchOS 10, visionOS 1, *) { ... }

Accessibility Summary missing

Symptom: Code generated without the "Accessibility applied" / "Test on device" summary block. Fix: Always append the Accessibility Summary after code generation and fix tasks (workflow modes 1 and 2). Omit only when no accessibility patterns were added (all native controls with visible text).

[VERIFY] comments missing on inferred labels

Symptom: .accessibilityLabel derived from SF Symbol names or method names without a // [VERIFY] comment. Fix: Any label that was inferred (not provided by the user) must include // [VERIFY] confirm label matches intent. SF Symbol names like square.and.arrow.up rarely match what users expect to hear.

Platform auditor playbooks

Dedicated audit checklists for SwiftUI and AppKit codebases live under references/auditors/. Use them when the user explicitly asks for a prioritized P0/P1/P2 audit with patch-ready diffs on a given framework.

SwiftUI audit (iOS + macOS)

Load references/auditors/swiftui-checklist.md. Focus areas:

• VoiceOver semantics (icon-only buttons, duplicated announcements, reading order, hint hygiene).
• Dynamic Type (avoid fixed font sizes, verify extreme accessibility sizes, avoid blanket minimumScaleFactor).
• Focus & keyboard navigation (especially on macOS/iPadOS — predictable focus order, fully usable without a mouse).
• Color & contrast (never color-alone state, prefer semantic/system colors).
• Touch targets (≥ ~44×44pt on iOS; expand hit areas without changing visuals).
• Motion (respect accessibilityReduceMotion, avoid aggressive animations).

Output contract for a SwiftUI audit:

1. Findings grouped by priority (P0/P1/P2).
2. Patch-ready code snippets.
3. Short manual testing checklist.

Each finding states: what's wrong → why it matters (1–2 lines) → the exact fix. Keep changes minimal and localized; do not rewrite the whole UI.

AppKit audit (macOS)

Load references/auditors/appkit-checklist.md. Focus areas:

• Roles, labels, help (VoiceOver) — setAccessibilityLabel(_:), setAccessibilityHelp(_:), setAccessibilityValue(_:), setAccessibilityRole(_:). Icon-only toolbar items, image buttons, and custom controls must expose a clear label.
• Keyboard-first navigation and focus — key view loop (nextKeyView, previousKeyView), becomeFirstResponder, no focus dead ends. Tab/Shift-Tab must reach every interactive element.
• Grouping and reading order — setAccessibilityChildren(_:), setAccessibilityParent(_:), setAccessibilityElement(_:) for custom views. Avoid excessive VoiceOver stops; group title + subtitle + value where that improves comprehension.
• Tables and outline views (NSTableView / NSOutlineView) — row content understandable with VoiceOver, selection state discoverable, column headers accessible, custom cells expose meaningful label/value.
• Custom controls — a custom NSView acting like a button/checkbox/toggle must expose correct role + state, be keyboard-reachable (Space/Enter), and give activation feedback. Use accessibilityPerformPress() or action equivalents.
• Dynamic Type / font scaling on macOS — avoid hard-coded tiny fonts, prefer system text styles, ensure layout doesn't clip at larger font sizes or increased display scaling.
• Announcements for content changes — when content updates without an obvious focus change (loading, filtering, validation), use NSAccessibility.post(element:notification:) with the most appropriate notification. Don't spam.
• Color, contrast, non-color cues — never rely on color alone for status (error/success/selection); provide icons, text, or VoiceOver cues for state.

Output contract for an AppKit audit: same P0/P1/P2 findings + patch-ready diff + manual testing checklist (VoiceOver navigation order, full keyboard navigation including arrows in lists, state discoverability, announcement behavior on dynamic updates). Specify where each change belongs (viewDidLoad, awakeFromNib, updateUI(), custom view init).

References

• references/voiceover-swiftui.md — SwiftUI accessibility modifiers, traits, actions, rotors, announcements.
• references/voiceover-uikit.md — UIAccessibility protocol, custom elements, containers, notifications.
• references/voice-control.md — Input labels, "Show numbers/names", voice-accessible alternatives.
• references/motor-input.md — Switch Control, Full Keyboard Access, AssistiveTouch, tvOS focus.
• references/dynamic-type.md — Dynamic Type, @ScaledMetric, Large Content Viewer, adaptive layouts.
• references/display-settings.md — Reduce Motion, Contrast, Dark Mode, Color, Transparency, Invert.
• references/semantic-structure.md — Grouping, reading order, focus management, rotors, modal focus.
• references/media-accessibility.md — Captions, Audio Descriptions, Speech synthesis, Charts.
• references/testing-auditing.md — Accessibility Inspector, Xcode Canvas Variants, XCTest, performAccessibilityAudit(), manual testing.
• references/nutrition-labels.md — All 9 Nutrition Labels with pass/fail criteria.
• references/wcag-mapping.md — WCAG 2.2 Level A/AA success criteria mapped to SwiftUI/UIKit/AppKit APIs.
• references/assistive-access.md — Assistive Access (iOS 17+), design principles, testing.
• references/platform-specifics.md — macOS, watchOS, tvOS, visionOS specifics.
• references/auditors/swiftui-checklist.md — SwiftUI prioritized audit checklist (iOS + macOS).
• references/auditors/appkit-checklist.md — AppKit prioritized audit checklist (macOS).
• examples/before-after-swiftui.md — SwiftUI before/after transformations.
• examples/before-after-uikit.md — UIKit before/after transformations.
• examples/before-after-appkit.md — AppKit (macOS) before/after transformations.
• resources/audit-template.swift — Drop-in XCUITest file for automated accessibility auditing (iOS 17+).
• resources/qa-checklist.md — Standalone QA checklist for manual testing (hand to testers).