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performing-web-application-vulnerability-triage Triage web application vulnerability findings from DAST/SAST scanners using OWASP risk rating methodology to separate true positives from false positives and prioritize remediation.
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name performing-web-application-vulnerability-triage description Triage web application vulnerability findings from DAST/SAST scanners using OWASP risk rating methodology to separate true positives from false positives and prioritize remediation. domain cybersecurity subdomain vulnerability-management tags ["web-application","vulnerability-triage","owasp","dast","sast","burp-suite","zap","false-positive","risk-rating"] version 1.0 author mahipal license Apache-2.0 nist_csf ["ID.RA-01","ID.RA-02","ID.IM-02","ID.RA-06"]
Performing Web Application Vulnerability Triage
Overview
Web application vulnerability triage is the process of reviewing findings from DAST (Dynamic Application Security Testing) and SAST (Static Application Security Testing) tools to validate true positives, dismiss false positives, assign risk ratings using the OWASP Risk Rating Methodology, and prioritize remediation. Effective triage reduces alert fatigue and focuses development teams on the vulnerabilities that matter most.
When to Use
When conducting security assessments that involve performing web application vulnerability triage
When following incident response procedures for related security events
When performing scheduled security testing or auditing activities
When validating security controls through hands-on testing
Prerequisites
DAST scan results (OWASP ZAP, Burp Suite, Acunetix)
SAST scan results (Semgrep, SonarQube, Checkmarx, Snyk Code)
Python 3.9+ with requests, beautifulsoup4
Burp Suite Professional or OWASP ZAP for manual validation
DefectDojo or similar for finding management
OWASP Risk Rating Methodology
Risk Calculation
Risk = Likelihood x Impact
Likelihood Factors (0-9 scale)
Factor Group Factor Description Threat Agent Skill Level How technically skilled is the attacker? Threat Agent Motive How motivated is the attacker? Threat Agent Opportunity What resources/access are needed? Threat Agent Size How large is the potential threat agent group? Vulnerability Ease of Discovery How easy is it to find the vulnerability? Vulnerability Ease of Exploit How easy is it to exploit? Vulnerability Awareness How well known is the vulnerability? Vulnerability Intrusion Detection How likely is exploitation to be detected?
Impact Factors (0-9 scale)
Technical Confidentiality How much data could be disclosed? Technical Integrity How much data could be corrupted? Technical Availability How much service could be lost? Technical Accountability Can actions be traced to attacker? Business Financial Damage Revenue loss, regulatory fines Business Reputation Damage Brand trust erosion Business Non-compliance Regulatory violation exposure Business Privacy Violation PII/PHI exposure volume
Risk Matrix Low Impact (0-3) Medium Impact (3-6) High Impact (6-9) High Likelihood (6-9) Medium High Critical Medium Likelihood (3-6) Low Medium High Low Likelihood (0-3) Note Low Medium
Triage Process
Step 1: Categorize by OWASP Top 10 OWASP_TOP_10_2021 = {
"A01" : "Broken Access Control" ,
"A02" : "Cryptographic Failures" ,
"A03" : "Injection" ,
"A04" : "Insecure Design" ,
"A05" : "Security Misconfiguration" ,
"A06" : "Vulnerable and Outdated Components" ,
"A07" : "Identification and Authentication Failures" ,
"A08" : "Software and Data Integrity Failures" ,
"A09" : "Security Logging and Monitoring Failures" ,
"A10" : "Server-Side Request Forgery" ,
}
CWE_TO_OWASP = {
"CWE-79" : "A03" ,
"CWE-89" : "A03" ,
"CWE-78" : "A03" ,
"CWE-352" : "A01" ,
"CWE-22" : "A01" ,
"CWE-200" : "A02" ,
"CWE-327" : "A02" ,
"CWE-287" : "A07" ,
"CWE-918" : "A10" ,
"CWE-502" : "A08" ,
"CWE-611" : "A05" ,
}
Step 2: Validate True vs False Positives def triage_finding (finding ):
"""Classify finding as true_positive, false_positive, or needs_review."""
fp_indicators = [
"Content-Security-Policy header not set" ,
"X-Content-Type-Options header missing" ,
"Cookie without SameSite attribute" ,
]
for indicator in fp_indicators:
if indicator.lower() in finding.get("title" , "" ).lower():
if finding.get("severity" , "" ).lower() in ("info" , "low" ):
return "false_positive" , "Common informational finding"
if finding.get("evidence" ) and finding.get("confidence" , "" ).lower() == "certain" :
return "true_positive" , "Scanner confirmed exploitation"
if finding.get("source" ) == "sast" :
if finding.get("cwe" ) in ["CWE-89" , "CWE-78" , "CWE-79" ]:
return "needs_review" , "Injection finding requires manual code review"
return "needs_review" , "Requires manual validation"
Step 3: Risk Score Calculation def calculate_risk_score (finding, app_context ):
"""Calculate OWASP risk rating for a web application finding."""
likelihood = {
"skill_level" : 6 if finding["cwe" ] in ["CWE-89" , "CWE-79" ] else 4 ,
"motive" : 7 ,
"opportunity" : 7 if finding.get("authenticated" ) == False else 4 ,
"size" : 9 if finding.get("internet_facing" ) else 4 ,
"ease_of_discovery" : 8 if finding.get("scanner_detected" ) else 5 ,
"ease_of_exploit" : 7 if finding.get("exploit_available" ) else 4 ,
"awareness" : 6 ,
"intrusion_detection" : 3 if app_context.get("waf_enabled" ) else 8 ,
}
impact = {
"confidentiality" : 9 if "data_exposure" in finding.get("tags" , []) else 5 ,
"integrity" : 9 if finding["cwe" ] in ["CWE-89" , "CWE-78" ] else 4 ,
"availability" : 7 if "dos" in finding.get("tags" , []) else 2 ,
"accountability" : 3 if app_context.get("logging_enabled" ) else 7 ,
"financial" : 7 if app_context.get("processes_payments" ) else 3 ,
"reputation" : 6 if app_context.get("customer_facing" ) else 2 ,
"compliance" : 8 if app_context.get("pci_scope" ) else 3 ,
"privacy" : 9 if app_context.get("handles_pii" ) else 2 ,
}
likelihood_score = sum (likelihood.values()) / len (likelihood)
impact_score = sum (impact.values()) / len (impact)
risk_score = likelihood_score * impact_score
if risk_score >= 42 :
risk_level = "Critical"
elif risk_score >= 24 :
risk_level = "High"
elif risk_score >= 12 :
risk_level = "Medium"
elif risk_score >= 3 :
risk_level = "Low"
else :
risk_level = "Note"
return {
"likelihood_score" : round (likelihood_score, 1 ),
"impact_score" : round (impact_score, 1 ),
"risk_score" : round (risk_score, 1 ),
"risk_level" : risk_level,
}
Step 4: Generate Triage Report
python3 scripts/process.py \
--input zap_results.json \
--format zap \
--app-context app_config.json \
--output triage_report.json
Manual Validation Techniques
SQL Injection Validation # Test parameter with single quote
GET /search?q=test' HTTP/1.1
# Test with boolean-based payload
GET /search?q=test' AND 1=1-- HTTP/1.1
GET /search?q=test' AND 1=2-- HTTP/1.1
# Time-based verification
GET /search?q=test'; WAITFOR DELAY '0:0:5'-- HTTP/1.1
XSS Validation # Reflected XSS test
GET /search?q=<script>alert(document.domain)</script> HTTP/1.1
# Check if output is encoded
GET /search?q="><img src=x onerror=alert(1)> HTTP/1.1
# DOM-based XSS
GET /page#<img src=x onerror=alert(1)> HTTP/1.1
References 