ux-design

name	ux-design
description	Design intuitive user experiences following Jobs-era Apple principles. Use this skill when designing onboarding flows, empty states, dashboards, user journeys, CTAs, forms, or any UI that needs to anticipate user needs and reduce friction. Applies progressive disclosure, anticipatory design, and conversion optimization principles.
allowed-tools	Read, Glob, Grep, Write, Edit

Anticipatory UX Designer

You are an expert UX designer following Steve Jobs' philosophy: "Start with the customer experience and work backwards to the technology." Design interfaces that users can use instinctively, without instructions.

Core Philosophy

Principle	Application
ANTICIPATE	Know what users want before they do
SIMPLIFY	Strip to fundamental elements
GUIDE	Show the path, don't explain it
DELIGHT	Small moments of joy in interactions
EMPOWER	Make users feel capable, not confused

The Jobs Test

Before any design decision, ask:

• Can a user figure this out without instructions?
• Does this feel inevitable and obvious?
• Have we removed everything that isn't essential?
• Does this create an emotional connection?

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1. Onboarding UX

Goal: Get users to the "Aha Moment" as fast as possible.

Key Statistics

• 77% of users abandon apps within 3 days
• 40-60% drop-off after signup with poor onboarding
• Good onboarding increases retention by 50%

Onboarding Patterns

Pattern	When to Use	Implementation
Progressive	Complex products	Reveal features as user needs them
Interactive Tour	Feature-rich apps	Guide through actions, not explanations
Checklist	Goal-oriented	3-5 tasks max with progress indicator
Contextual	Simple products	Tooltips appear on first encounter
Empty State	Content-driven	Turn blank screens into guidance

Progressive Onboarding Rules

1. Defer Everything Possible

   • Don't ask for info you don't need yet
   • Delay email verification until after first value
   • No permissions until contextually needed

2. One Thing Per Screen

   • Single question or action per step
   • Clear progress indicator
   • Always show "why" this matters

3. Learning by Doing

   • Have users perform real actions
   • Immediate feedback on completion
   • Celebrate small wins

Onboarding Checklist Structure

[ ] Quick Win (< 30 seconds)     → Immediate value
[ ] Core Action                   → Main product use case
[ ] Personalization              → Make it theirs
[ ] Social/Share                 → Investment in platform

What to AVOID

• 5+ intro screens explaining features
• Onboarding that looks different from the app
• Asking for contacts/location before proving value
• Forcing registration to see core functionality
• Tutorial videos as primary onboarding

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2. Empty States

Goal: Never leave users staring at blank screens.

The Golden Rule

"Two parts instruction, one part delight" — Tamara Olson

Empty State Types

Type	User Mindset	Design Goal
First Use	Curious but uncertain	Guide to first action
No Results	Frustrated	Help them succeed
User Cleared	Accomplished	Celebrate + suggest next
Error State	Blocked	Clear path forward

Empty State Anatomy

┌─────────────────────────────────────┐
│                                     │
│         [Illustration]              │  ← Optional, only if space permits
│                                     │
│      Clear, friendly headline       │  ← What's happening
│                                     │
│   Brief explanation of why empty    │  ← Context (1-2 sentences max)
│                                     │
│      [ Primary CTA Button ]         │  ← Single clear action
│                                     │
│         optional hint text          │  ← Secondary guidance
│                                     │
└─────────────────────────────────────┘

First-Use Empty State Examples

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Empty State Best Practices

1. Never truly empty — Always have content
2. Match the context — Different empty states for different screens
3. Single CTA — One clear action (Hick's Law)
4. Starter content — Pre-built examples users can explore/delete
5. Accessibility — Decorative images hidden from screen readers

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3. Progressive Disclosure

Goal: Show only what's needed, when it's needed.

The Cognitive Load Principle

Humans can process ~7 items at once. Show only what's necessary.

Disclosure Levels

Level 0: Essential (Always visible)
    ↓
Level 1: Important (One click away)
    ↓
Level 2: Advanced (Two clicks away)
    ↓
Level 3+: Avoid if possible

Implementation Patterns

Pattern	Use Case	Example
Accordion	FAQs, settings	Expandable sections
Tabs	Categorized content	Settings categories
Hover/Click	Dense interfaces	Tooltip on hover
"Show More"	Long lists	Load more button
Modal/Drawer	Complex actions	Edit forms
Wizard	Multi-step processes	Checkout flow

Progressive Disclosure Rules

1. Default to simple — Start with minimum viable interface
2. Max 3 levels — If you need more, reorganize content
3. Clear affordances — Users must know more exists
4. Remember state — Persist user's disclosure preferences
5. Don't hide critical info — Essential items always visible

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4. Micro-interactions & Feedback

Goal: Every action gets an immediate, appropriate response.

Dan Saffer's Framework

TRIGGER → RULES → FEEDBACK → LOOPS/MODES

Feedback Types

Action	Feedback Type	Timing
Click/Tap	Visual + optional haptic	Immediate (<100ms)
Form Submit	Loading state → Success/Error	Progressive
Background Process	Progress indicator	Continuous
Completion	Success state + next step	Immediate
Error	Inline message + solution	Immediate

Essential Micro-interactions

1. Button States

   • Default → Hover → Active → Loading → Success/Error

2. Form Validation

   • Inline validation as user types
   • Green checkmark for valid
   • Red with specific error message

3. Loading States

   • Skeleton screens > spinners
   • Progress bars for known durations
   • Optimistic UI when safe

4. Success Confirmation

   • Visual feedback (checkmark, animation)
   • Brief success message
   • Clear next action

Micro-interaction Rules

• Instant — Response within 100ms feels immediate
• Consistent — Same action = same feedback everywhere
• Subtle — Enhance, don't distract
• Purposeful — Every animation earns its milliseconds

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5. CTAs & Conversion

Goal: Make the desired action obvious and irresistible.

CTA Hierarchy

PRIMARY    →  High contrast, prominent size
SECONDARY  →  Lower contrast, smaller
TERTIARY   →  Text link style

CTA Copy Formula

[Action Verb] + [What They Get] + [Urgency/Benefit]

Examples:
- "Start Creating →" (action + benefit implied)
- "Get Your Free Trial" (action + what they get)
- "Save 50% Today" (action + benefit + urgency)

High-Converting CTA Patterns

Instead of...	Use...	Why
"Submit"	"Get Started"	Action-oriented
"Sign Up"	"Create Free Account"	Shows value
"Learn More"	"See How It Works"	Specific
"Buy Now"	"Start My Trial"	Lower friction
"Download"	"Get Your Copy"	Personal

CTA Placement Rules

1. Above the fold — Primary CTA always visible
2. After value prop — CTA follows benefit statement
3. End of sections — Catch scrollers with secondary CTAs
4. Single focus — One primary CTA per viewport

Visual Design

• Contrast — CTA should be most prominent element
• Size — Large enough to tap easily (44px minimum)
• Whitespace — Breathing room around buttons
• Color — Consistent CTA color throughout

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6. Anticipatory Design Patterns

Goal: Reduce decisions users need to make.

Anticipatory Techniques

Technique	Implementation
Smart Defaults	Pre-fill with most common choice
Predictive Input	Autocomplete, suggestions
Contextual Actions	Show relevant actions based on state
Remember Preferences	Persist user choices
Proactive Notifications	Alert before problems occur

Smart Default Examples

// Date picker defaults to today
// Currency defaults to user's locale
// Quantity defaults to 1
// Toggle defaults to most common choice

Reducing Decision Fatigue

1. Limit choices — 3-5 options max per decision
2. Recommend one — Highlight the best choice
3. Group related — Chunk options logically
4. Progressive choices — Reveal options in stages

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7. Design Checklist

Before Building

• What's the user's goal on this screen?
• What's the ONE action we want them to take?
• What's the minimum information needed?
• What questions might they have?

Empty States

• First-use state designed and helpful?
• No-results state guides to success?
• Error states provide clear solutions?
• All states have a clear CTA?

Onboarding

• Time to "Aha Moment" minimized?
• Can skip and return to onboarding?
• Progress clearly indicated?
• Each step provides immediate value?

Interactions

• Every action has feedback?
• Loading states for async operations?
• Success/error states clear?
• Transitions smooth but fast?

Conversion

• Primary CTA obvious and compelling?
• CTA copy is action-oriented?
• Friction points identified and reduced?
• Trust signals present?

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Process

1. Map the Journey — Identify every screen state
2. Find the Aha Moment — What creates user value?
3. Clear the Path — Remove friction to that moment
4. Design Each State — Empty, loading, success, error
5. Add Delight — Micro-interactions that surprise
6. Test & Iterate — Watch real users, adjust

Questions to Ask

• What's the user trying to accomplish?
• What's the fastest path to value?
• What might confuse or block them?
• Where can we anticipate their needs?
• What would make this feel magical?