corp-finance-tools-specialty-regulatory

name

Corp Finance Tools - Specialty & Regulatory

description

Use the corp-finance-mcp server tools for specialty finance, regulatory, and compliance calculations. Invoke when performing private credit (unitranche, direct lending, syndication), insurance (loss reserving, premium pricing, Solvency II SCR), FP&A (variance analysis, break-even, working capital, rolling forecast), wealth management (retirement planning, tax-loss harvesting, estate planning), restructuring (recovery analysis, distressed debt), real assets (property valuation, project finance), venture capital (dilution, convertible instruments, fund returns), ESG (scoring, climate/carbon, green bonds, SLL), regulatory capital (Basel III, LCR/NSFR, ALM), compliance (MiFID II best execution, GIPS reporting), credit derivatives (CDS pricing, CVA/DVA), convertible bonds (binomial tree pricing, scenario analysis), lease accounting (ASC 842/IFRS 16, sale-leaseback), pension & LDI (funding analysis, liability-driven investing), sovereign risk (bond analysis, country risk), real options (binomial valuation, decision trees), equity research (SOTP, target price), commodity trading (spread analysis, storage economics), treasury management (cash management, hedge effectiveness), infrastructure finance (PPP models, concession valuation), crypto (token valuation, DeFi analysis), municipal bonds (pricing, credit analysis), structured products (notes, exotic), trade finance (LC, supply chain), fund structuring (US onshore, UK/EU, Cayman/BVI offshore, Luxembourg/Ireland), transfer pricing (BEPS/Pillar Two, intercompany pricing), tax treaty (treaty network optimization, holding structures), FATCA/CRS (reporting, entity classification), economic substance (multi-jurisdiction testing), regulatory reporting (AIFMD Annex IV, SEC Form PF, CFTC CPO-PQR), AML compliance (KYC risk scoring, sanctions screening), fund of funds (J-curve, commitment pacing, manager selection, secondaries pricing), bank analytics (NIM analysis, CAMELS rating, CECL provisioning, deposit beta, loan book), carbon markets (credit pricing, ETS compliance, CBAM, offset valuation, shadow carbon price), private wealth (concentrated stock, philanthropic vehicles, wealth transfer, direct indexing, family governance). All computation uses 128-bit decimal precision.

Corp Finance MCP Tools - Specialty & Regulatory

You have access to 94 specialty finance, regulatory, and compliance MCP tools covering private credit, insurance, FP&A, wealth management, restructuring, real assets, venture capital, ESG, regulatory capital, compliance, credit derivatives, convertible bonds, lease accounting, pension & LDI, sovereign risk, real options, equity research, commodity trading, treasury management, infrastructure finance, crypto, municipal bonds, structured products, trade finance, fund structuring, transfer pricing, tax treaty, FATCA/CRS, economic substance, regulatory reporting, AML compliance, fund of funds, bank analytics, carbon markets, and private wealth. All tools return structured JSON with result, methodology, assumptions, warnings, and metadata fields. All monetary math uses rust_decimal (128-bit fixed-point) — never floating-point.

Tool Reference

Private Credit

MCP Tool	Purpose	Key Inputs
unitranche_pricing	Unitranche FOLO split pricing and blended yield	total_commitment, first_out_pct, spreads, OID, fees, borrower metrics
direct_lending	Direct loan modelling (PIK, delayed draw, amortisation)	loan_amount, base_rate, spread, pik_rate, amort_schedule, maturity, credit metrics
syndication_analysis	Loan syndication allocation and arranger economics	facility_size, arranger_hold, syndicate_members, arrangement_fee

Insurance & Actuarial

MCP Tool	Purpose	Key Inputs
loss_reserving	Chain-ladder and Bornhuetter-Ferguson loss reserving	claims_triangle, method (ChainLadder/BF/Both), earned_premium, expected_loss_ratio, tail_factor
premium_pricing	Insurance premium pricing (freq x severity + loadings)	expected_frequency, expected_severity, expense_loading, profit_loading, trend_rates
combined_ratio	Multi-period combined ratio and operating ratio analysis	periods (premium, losses, expenses, investment_income)
solvency_scr	Solvency II Standard Formula SCR calculation	premium_reserve_risk, operational_risk, correlation_matrix, MCR_floor

FP&A

MCP Tool	Purpose	Key Inputs
variance_analysis	Budget vs actual variance with price/volume/mix decomposition	budget/actual revenue_lines, cost_lines, prior_period (optional)
breakeven_analysis	Break-even, DOL, and target volume analysis	selling_price, variable_cost_per_unit, fixed_costs, current_volume, scenarios
working_capital	Working capital efficiency (DSO/DIO/DPO/CCC) and benchmarking	periods (revenue, cogs, receivables, inventory, payables), cost_of_capital
rolling_forecast	Rolling financial forecast with driver-based projections	historical_periods, forecast_periods, revenue_growth_rate, driver_overrides

Wealth Management

MCP Tool	Purpose	Key Inputs
retirement_planning	Retirement planning with 4 withdrawal strategies	current_age, retirement_age, life_expectancy, income, savings, withdrawal_strategy
tax_loss_harvesting	Tax-loss harvesting simulation with wash-sale rules	positions (cost_basis, market_value, holding_days), realized_gains, tax_rates
estate_planning	Estate tax planning with trust analysis and gifting strategy	estate_value, gifts, trusts, life_insurance, exemption, tax_rates

Restructuring

MCP Tool	Purpose	Key Inputs
recovery_analysis	APR waterfall recovery by claim priority	enterprise_value, claims (priority, secured, collateral), DIP facility, admin costs
distressed_debt_analysis	Restructuring plan analysis with fulcrum ID	enterprise_value, exit_ev, capital_structure, proposed_treatments, DIP terms

Real Assets

MCP Tool	Purpose	Key Inputs
property_valuation	Real estate valuation (direct cap, DCF, GRM)	gross_rent, vacancy, opex, cap_rate, holding_period, financing terms, comparables
project_finance_model	Infrastructure project finance with debt sculpting	total_cost, construction/operating periods, revenue, debt (level/sculpted/bullet), DSCR target

Venture Capital

MCP Tool	Purpose	Key Inputs
venture_dilution	Pre/post-money dilution and cap table modelling	rounds (pre_money, investment, option_pool_pct), founders_shares
convertible_instrument	SAFE and convertible note conversion analysis	instrument_type (SAFE/Note), investment, valuation_cap, discount_rate, interest_rate
venture_fund_returns	VC fund return analytics (IRR, TVPI, DPI, J-curve)	fund_size, investments (amount, entry/exit year, exit_multiple), management_fee, carry_rate, hurdle

ESG & Climate

MCP Tool	Purpose	Key Inputs
esg_score	ESG scoring with sector-specific materiality weights	company, sector, environmental/social/governance pillar scores
carbon_footprint	Carbon footprint analysis (Scope 1/2/3)	scope1/2/3 emissions, revenue, sector benchmarks
green_bond	Green bond framework analysis	proceeds_allocation, eligible_categories, impact_metrics
sll_covenants	Sustainability-linked loan covenant testing	kpi_targets, actual_performance, margin_adjustment

Regulatory Capital

MCP Tool	Purpose	Key Inputs
basel_capital	Basel III capital adequacy (CET1, Tier1, Total) with SA risk weights	exposures (asset_class, rating, amount), operational_risk, capital_buffers
lcr_nsfr	Liquidity coverage ratio and net stable funding ratio	hqla_assets, cash_outflows/inflows, available/required_stable_funding
alm_analysis	Asset-liability management (gap, NII sensitivity, EVE)	assets/liabilities by repricing bucket, rate scenarios, beta pass-through

Compliance

MCP Tool	Purpose	Key Inputs
best_execution	MiFID II best execution (Perold implementation shortfall TCA)	trades (security, side, decision_price, execution_price, shares, benchmark_price), market_conditions, venue_data
gips_report	GIPS-compliant performance reporting (Modified Dietz, geometric linking)	composite_name, periods (start_value, end_value, external_cash_flows, benchmark_return), accounts, firm_assets, currency

Credit Derivatives

MCP Tool	Purpose	Key Inputs
cds_pricing	Single-name CDS pricing (hazard-rate model)	reference_entity, notional, spread_bps, recovery_rate, risk_free_rate, maturity_years, payment_frequency
cva_calculation	CVA/DVA calculation with netting and collateral	trade_description, expected_exposure_profile, counterparty_default_probability, counterparty_recovery_rate, netting_benefit, collateral_threshold

Convertible Bonds

MCP Tool	Purpose	Key Inputs
convertible_bond_pricing	Convertible bond pricing (CRR binomial tree)	bond_name, face_value, coupon_rate, maturity_years, stock_price, conversion_ratio, stock_volatility, call_price, put_price
convertible_bond_analysis	Convertible scenario analysis (stock/vol/spread sensitivity)	bond_name, face_value, stock_price, conversion_ratio, stock_scenarios, vol_scenarios, spread_scenarios

Lease Accounting

MCP Tool	Purpose	Key Inputs
lease_classification	ASC 842 / IFRS 16 lease classification and measurement	lease_description, standard, lease_term_months, monthly_payment, fair_value_of_asset, useful_life_months, transfer_of_ownership, specialized_asset
sale_leaseback_analysis	Sale-leaseback transaction analysis (gain recognition)	description, standard, asset_carrying_value, sale_price, fair_value, lease_term_months, qualifies_as_sale

Pension & LDI

MCP Tool	Purpose	Key Inputs
pension_funding	Pension funding analysis (PBO, ABO, NPPC)	plan_name, plan_assets, discount_rate, expected_return_on_assets, active/retired_participants, plan_provisions
ldi_strategy	Liability-Driven Investing strategy design	plan_name, liability_pv, liability_duration, plan_assets, current_asset_allocation, available_instruments, target_hedge_ratio

Sovereign Risk

MCP Tool	Purpose	Key Inputs
sovereign_bond_analysis	Sovereign bond pricing, YTM, duration, convexity, spread decomposition, local currency risk	face_value, coupon_rate, maturity_years, sovereign_spread, currency, country, is_local_currency, inflation_rate
country_risk_assessment	Multi-factor sovereign risk scoring, rating equivalent, CRP, implied default probability	country, gdp_growth_rate, inflation_rate, debt_to_gdp, current_account_pct_gdp, fx_reserves_months_imports, political_stability_score, rule_of_law_score

Real Options

MCP Tool	Purpose	Key Inputs
real_option_valuation	Real option valuation (expand, abandon, defer, switch, contract, compound) via CRR binomial tree with Greeks	option_type, underlying_value, exercise_price, volatility, risk_free_rate, time_to_expiry, expansion_factor, contraction_factor
decision_tree_analysis	Decision tree analysis with EMV rollback, EVPI, sensitivity, optimal path identification	nodes (id, name, node_type, value, cost, probability, children), discount_rate, risk_adjustment

Equity Research

MCP Tool	Purpose	Key Inputs
sotp_valuation	Sum-of-the-parts valuation: segment-level multiples, conglomerate discount, football field	company_name, segments (name, revenue, ebitda, method, multiple), net_debt, shares_outstanding, holding_company_discount
target_price	Multi-method target price: PE, PEG, PB, PS, DDM with football field and recommendation	current_price, shares_outstanding, earnings_per_share, earnings_growth_rate, book_value_per_share, peer_multiples, cost_of_equity

Commodity Trading

MCP Tool	Purpose	Key Inputs
commodity_spread	Commodity spread analysis: crack, crush, spark, calendar, location, quality spreads	spread_type, input_prices, output_prices, conversion_ratios, processing_cost, historical_spreads
storage_economics	Commodity storage economics: contango/backwardation, convenience yields, cash-and-carry arbitrage	spot_price, futures_prices, storage_cost_per_unit_month, financing_rate, commodity_name, seasonal_factors

Treasury Management

MCP Tool	Purpose	Key Inputs
cash_management	Corporate cash management: liquidity forecasting, cash pooling, sweep/facility draw	current_cash, operating_cash_flows, minimum_cash_buffer, credit_facility_size/rate, investment_rate, sweep_threshold, dso_days, dpo_days
hedge_effectiveness	Hedge effectiveness testing: dollar offset, regression, IAS 39/IFRS 9 compliance	hedge_type, notional_amount, hedge_notional, hedge_instrument, exposure_changes, hedge_changes, spot_rate, forward_rate, volatility

Infrastructure Finance

MCP Tool	Purpose	Key Inputs
ppp_model	PPP modelling: risk allocation, VfM analysis, PSC comparator, equity IRR, debt sizing	project_name, total_capex, concession_years, revenue_model, annual_availability_payment, senior_debt_pct/rate, equity_pct, discount_rate
concession_valuation	Infrastructure concession valuation: traffic risk, toll escalation, handback, extension option	concession_name, remaining_years, current_annual_revenue, revenue_growth_rate, handback_cost, discount_rate, terminal_value_approach

Crypto & Digital Assets

MCP Tool	Purpose	Key Inputs
token_valuation	Token/protocol valuation (NVT, P/S, FDV, DCF)	network_value, transaction_volume, revenue, supply, discount_rate, comparable_protocols
defi_analysis	DeFi yield analysis (farming, IL, staking, LP)	protocol_name, analysis_type, APR, principal, pool parameters

Municipal Bonds

MCP Tool	Purpose	Key Inputs
muni_bond_pricing	Municipal bond pricing with tax-equivalent yield	face_value, coupon_rate, bond_type, tax_bracket, call schedule
municipal_analysis	Municipal credit analysis (GO, revenue, scoring)	analysis_type, financial_data, debt_ratios, coverage metrics

Structured Products

MCP Tool	Purpose	Key Inputs
structured_note_pricing	Structured note pricing (capital-protected, yield enhancement)	note_type, face_value, maturity, underlying parameters
exotic_product_pricing	Exotic products (autocallable, barrier, digital)	product_type, underlying, barriers, observation schedule

Trade Finance

MCP Tool	Purpose	Key Inputs
letter_of_credit	LC pricing and risk assessment	lc_type, amount, tenor, issuing_bank, risk factors
supply_chain_finance	Supply chain finance (reverse factoring, forfaiting)	analysis_type, invoice parameters, discount rates

Onshore Fund Structures

MCP Tool	Purpose	Key Inputs
us_fund_structure	US onshore fund structure analysis (Delaware LP, LLC, REIT, MLP, BDC, QOZ) with tax analysis, ERISA compliance, investor suitability	structure_type, fund_size, strategy, investor_types, state, target_return, leverage_ratio, erisa_plan_assets_pct, qoz_investment_pct
uk_eu_fund_structure	UK/EU onshore fund structure analysis (UK LP/LLP, OEIC, ACS, SICAV, FCP, KG) with AIFMD passport, VAT analysis, cross-border marketing	structure_type, domicile, fund_size, strategy, investor_types, aifmd_status, marketing_jurisdictions, vat_status

Offshore Fund Structures

MCP Tool	Purpose	Key Inputs
cayman_fund_structure	Cayman/BVI offshore fund structure (Exempted LP, SPC, Unit Trust, BVI BCA) with master-feeder economics, CIMA registration, economic substance	structure_type, domicile, fund_size, strategy, master_feeder, feeder_jurisdictions, cima_category, economic_substance_activities
lux_ireland_fund_structure	Luxembourg/Ireland fund structure (SICAV-SIF, RAIF, SCSp, ICAV, QIAIF, Section 110) with subscription tax, AIFMD passport, UCITS analysis	structure_type, domicile, fund_size, strategy, regulatory_status, subscription_tax_rate, aifmd_passport, ucits_compliant, target_investors

Transfer Pricing

MCP Tool	Purpose	Key Inputs
beps_compliance	OECD BEPS compliance analysis: CbCR reporting, Pillar Two GloBE 15% minimum tax, functional analysis, profit/substance alignment, risk scoring	entity_name, jurisdictions, revenue_by_jurisdiction, profit_by_jurisdiction, employees_by_jurisdiction, tangible_assets_by_jurisdiction, related_party_transactions, effective_tax_rates
intercompany_pricing	Transfer pricing analysis: CUP, RPM, CPLM, TNMM, Profit Split methods with arm's length range, CFC analysis (Subpart F/GILTI/ATAD), GAAR assessment	transaction_type, related_parties, transaction_value, pricing_method, comparable_data, functional_analysis, cfc_rules_applicable, jurisdiction_pair

Tax Treaty

MCP Tool	Purpose	Key Inputs
treaty_network	Tax treaty network analysis: WHT optimization, treaty conduit routing, LOB/PPT anti-avoidance scoring, entity-specific exemptions	source_jurisdiction, target_jurisdiction, income_type, entity_type, treaty_benefits_claimed, intermediary_jurisdictions, substance_indicators
treaty_structure_optimization	Multi-jurisdiction holding structure optimization: participation exemption, IP box, interest deduction limits, PE risk assessment, substance cost-benefit	parent_jurisdiction, operating_jurisdictions, holding_candidates, income_streams, ip_locations, debt_quantum, substance_requirements, annual_costs

FATCA/CRS

MCP Tool	Purpose	Key Inputs
fatca_crs_reporting	Analyze FATCA/CRS reporting obligations	institution, IGA model, account types, GIIN status
entity_classification	Classify entities under FATCA/CRS	entity type, income/asset ratios, controlling persons

Substance Requirements

MCP Tool	Purpose	Key Inputs
economic_substance	Score economic substance compliance	jurisdiction, entity type, employees, premises, CIGA
jurisdiction_substance_test	Run jurisdiction-specific substance tests	jurisdictions, comparison mode, treaty reliance

Regulatory Reporting

MCP Tool	Purpose	Key Inputs
aifmd_reporting	Generate AIFMD Annex IV report	AUM, funds, leverage, stress tests, liquidity
sec_cftc_reporting	Generate SEC Form PF / CFTC CPO-PQR	regulatory AUM, fund details, counterparties

AML Compliance

MCP Tool	Purpose	Key Inputs
kyc_risk_assessment	Assess KYC/AML risk scoring	customer type, jurisdiction, PEP status, transactions
sanctions_screening	Screen against sanctions lists	entities, lists to check, threshold, transaction details

Fund of Funds

MCP Tool	Purpose	Key Inputs
j_curve_model	J-curve fund lifecycle: cash flow projection, TVPI/DPI/RVPI, PME (Kaplan-Schoar), net/gross IRR, trough analysis	fund_size, vintage_year, investment_period, fund_life, management_fee, carry_rate, hurdle, drawdown_schedule, exit_multiples, public_market_returns
commitment_pacing	Commitment pacing: vintage year allocation, drawdown modeling, NAV projection, over-commitment ratio	target_allocation, total_portfolio, vintage_commitments, drawdown_rates, distribution_rates, nav_growth, rebalancing_frequency
manager_selection	Manager due diligence: performance scoring, persistence analysis, alpha estimation, qualitative rating	manager_name, fund_returns, benchmark_returns, peer_quartiles, team_stability, strategy, operational_dd_scores
secondaries_pricing	Secondaries pricing: NAV discount, unfunded PV, IRR sensitivity at multiple exit multiples, breakeven	fund_nav, unfunded_commitment, remaining_life, expected_distributions, discount_rate, exit_multiple_scenarios
fof_portfolio	Fund of funds portfolio: diversification by strategy/vintage/geography, HHI, constraint monitoring	funds (name, strategy, vintage, geography, nav, commitment), constraints, rebalancing_targets

Bank Analytics

MCP Tool	Purpose	Key Inputs
nim_analysis	Net interest margin analysis: NIM calculation, rate/volume decomposition, asset/liability mix contribution, interest rate gap	interest_income, interest_expense, earning_assets, interest_bearing_liabilities, asset_mix, liability_mix, repricing_buckets, rate_scenarios
camels_rating	CAMELS bank rating: Capital adequacy, Asset quality, Management, Earnings, Liquidity, Sensitivity composite score (1-5)	cet1_ratio, tier1_ratio, total_capital_ratio, npl_ratio, provision_coverage, roa, roe, efficiency_ratio, lcr, nsfr, loan_to_deposit, rate_sensitivity, governance_scores
cecl_provisioning	CECL/IFRS 9 expected credit loss: multi-scenario weighted ECL by segment, stage classification, lifetime vs 12-month provision	loan_segments, pd_by_segment, lgd_by_segment, ead_by_segment, scenarios (base/upside/downside), scenario_weights, stage_classification, methodology (CECL/IFRS9)
deposit_beta	Deposit beta analysis: pass-through rate estimation, cumulative beta, asymmetry analysis (up vs down cycles), repricing lag	deposit_rates_history, policy_rates_history, deposit_types, observation_periods, cycle_direction
loan_book_analysis	Loan book analysis: sector/geography concentration (HHI), NPL analysis, provision adequacy, weighted average rate and maturity	loans (sector, geography, outstanding, rate, maturity, status, provision), benchmark_npl_ratios

Carbon Markets

MCP Tool	Purpose	Key Inputs
carbon_credit_pricing	Carbon credit pricing: forward price via cost-of-carry, vintage discount, registry premium, credit type adjustment	spot_price, risk_free_rate, tenor, vintage_year, registry, credit_type (compliance/voluntary), storage_cost, seasonal_factors
ets_compliance	ETS compliance analysis: allowance surplus/deficit, compliance cost, price volatility, carbon intensity vs benchmark	free_allocation, purchased_allowances, surrendered, verified_emissions, carbon_price_scenarios, sector_benchmark_intensity, revenue
cbam_analysis	EU CBAM analysis: certificate cost per good, net CBAM liability after origin carbon price credit, total exposure	goods (type, quantity, embedded_emissions), eu_ets_price, origin_carbon_prices, origin_jurisdictions, reporting_period
offset_valuation	Carbon offset valuation: quality-adjusted price, permanence/additionality/vintage/certification adjustments, co-benefit premium	base_price, permanence_score, additionality_score, vintage_year, certification_standard, co_benefits (social, biodiversity), project_type
shadow_carbon_price	Shadow carbon price analysis: carbon-adjusted NPV, abatement cost, project ranking with/without carbon pricing, breakeven carbon price	projects (name, npv, annual_emissions, abatement_cost), shadow_price_scenarios, discount_rate, time_horizon

Private Wealth

MCP Tool	Purpose	Key Inputs
concentrated_stock	Concentrated stock analysis: collar, exchange fund, prepaid forward, charitable strategies with tax-adjusted after-tax comparison	stock_position (shares, price, cost_basis), strategies (collar, exchange_fund, prepaid_forward, charitable), tax_rates, holding_period, volatility
philanthropic_vehicles	Philanthropic vehicle comparison: CRT, CLT, DAF, private foundation with tax deduction, income stream, and remainder analysis	donation_amount, asset_type, tax_bracket, vehicles (CRT, CLT, DAF, foundation), discount_rate, payout_rate, term_years
wealth_transfer	Wealth transfer planning: estate tax, GST, annual exclusion, GRAT, grantor trust, dynasty trust, ILIT analysis with tax savings	estate_value, gift_amount, trust_types (GRAT, grantor, dynasty, ILIT), section_7520_rate, exemption_used, annual_exclusion_recipients, life_insurance_face
direct_indexing	Direct indexing analysis: tax-loss harvesting opportunities, wash sale compliance, tracking error, after-tax alpha estimation	portfolio_positions (ticker, shares, cost_basis, market_value, acquisition_date), target_index, tax_rates, wash_sale_window, rebalancing_frequency
family_governance	Family governance evaluation: governance score, complexity assessment, structure recommendations, risk identification	family_members, entities (trusts, companies, foundations), jurisdictions, governance_practices, succession_plan, meeting_frequency, documentation_level

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Response Envelope

Every tool returns this structure:

{
  "result": { },
  "methodology": "DCF (FCFF, 2-stage)",
  "assumptions": { },
  "warnings": ["Terminal growth (3.5%) above long-term GDP"],
  "metadata": {
    "version": "0.1.0",
    "computation_time_us": 1200,
    "precision": "rust_decimal_128bit"
  }
}

Always check warnings — they flag suspicious inputs (beta > 3, ERP > 10%, WACC > 20%, too few comps, etc.).

---

Tool Chaining Workflows

Private Credit Analysis

1. unitranche_pricing — price unitranche with FOLO split
   • First-out/last-out economics, blended yield, borrower leverage metrics
2. direct_lending — model direct loan with PIK toggle and delayed draw
   • Amortisation schedules, rate floors, YTM via Newton-Raphson IRR, credit analytics
3. syndication_analysis — analyse loan syndication
   • Pro-rata scaling, arranger economics, participant allocations

Insurance & Actuarial Analysis

1. loss_reserving — estimate IBNR reserves
   • Chain-ladder: volume-weighted age-to-age factors, cumulative development to ultimate
   • Bornhuetter-Ferguson: blends a priori ELR with development for immature years
2. premium_pricing — price insurance premium
   • Frequency x severity, trend projections, expense/profit loadings
3. combined_ratio — analyse underwriting profitability
   • Loss ratio, expense ratio, combined ratio, operating ratio (with investment income)
4. solvency_scr — compute Solvency II capital requirement
   • Premium/reserve risk, operational risk, diversification benefit, MCR floor

FP&A Analysis

1. variance_analysis — analyse budget vs actual
   • Revenue: price/volume/mix decomposition (always sum to total)
   • Cost: favorable/unfavorable by line item
   • YoY comparison with margin expansion in bps
2. breakeven_analysis — compute break-even point
   • Contribution margin, break-even units/revenue, DOL, target volume
   • Scenario analysis with price/cost changes
3. working_capital — analyse working capital efficiency
   • DSO, DIO, DPO, cash conversion cycle, NWC as % of revenue
   • Trend analysis, optimisation recommendations, peer benchmarking
4. rolling_forecast — build driver-based rolling forecast
   • Revenue compounding, COGS/OpEx ratios, FCF projection, CAGR

Wealth Management

1. retirement_planning — plan retirement with accumulation and decumulation phases
   • 4 withdrawal strategies: Constant Dollar, Constant Percentage, Guardrails, RMD
   • Savings gap analysis, real vs nominal values, legacy projection
2. tax_loss_harvesting — simulate TLH opportunities
   • Candidate identification, ST/LT classification, wash-sale 30-day rule
   • Tax savings from offsetting gains, carry-forward of excess losses
3. estate_planning — analyse estate tax and planning strategies
   • Annual exclusion gifts, lifetime exemption usage, 7 trust types
   • Federal/state estate tax, GST tax on skip-person gifts, ILIT exclusion

Restructuring & Distressed Debt

1. recovery_analysis — Absolute Priority Rule (APR) waterfall
   • Claim classes: DIP, admin, secured (1st/2nd lien), senior, sub, mezzanine, equity
   • Collateral deficiency -> unsecured deficiency claim
   • Fulcrum security identification, going-concern vs liquidation analysis
2. distressed_debt_analysis — restructuring plan analysis
   • Treatment types: reinstate, amend, exchange, equity conversion, cash paydown
   • Fulcrum identification with mispricing detection
   • IRR at market price, credit bid value, DIP analysis

Real Assets

1. property_valuation — real estate valuation
   • Direct capitalisation (NOI / cap rate), DCF with exit cap rate, GRM from comparables
   • Leveraged returns: mortgage amortisation, DSCR, cash-on-cash, equity multiple, levered IRR
2. project_finance_model — infrastructure project finance
   • Construction + operating phases with debt sculpting (level/sculpted/bullet)
   • DSCR, LLCR, PLCR coverage ratios
   • Distribution waterfall: CFADS -> senior -> sub -> DSRA -> equity

Venture Capital Analysis

1. venture_dilution — model round-by-round dilution with option pool shuffle
   • Pre-money/post-money, option pool created pre-money (dilutes founders, not investor)
2. convertible_instrument — analyse SAFE or convertible note conversion
   • Cap vs discount (take the more favorable), accrued interest, MFN provisions
3. venture_fund_returns — analyse fund performance
   • J-curve, TVPI/DPI/RVPI, carry above hurdle, loss ratio, portfolio concentration

ESG & Climate Analysis

1. esg_score — compute ESG score with sector-specific materiality
   • 9 sector-specific weighting schemes, 7-level rating bands (AAA->CCC)
2. carbon_footprint — analyse Scope 1/2/3 emissions and intensity
3. green_bond — assess green bond framework alignment
4. sll_covenants — test sustainability-linked loan KPI performance

Regulatory Capital Analysis

1. basel_capital — compute Basel III capital ratios
   • Standardised approach risk weights, operational risk (BIA/SA), CRM via collateral
2. lcr_nsfr — compute liquidity ratios
   • LCR: HQLA with L2 cap (40%), L2B cap (15%), inflow cap (75%)
   • NSFR: ASF/RSF factors by category
3. alm_analysis — asset-liability management
   • Repricing/maturity gap analysis, NII sensitivity, EVE duration of equity

Compliance Analysis

1. best_execution — MiFID II best execution assessment
   • Perold implementation shortfall: decision price vs execution price decomposition
   • Delay cost: market drift between decision and execution
   • Market impact: price movement caused by order execution
   • Timing cost: explicit + implicit cost breakdown
   • Execution quality score: composite rating vs benchmark
   • Venue analysis: execution quality comparison across venues
2. gips_report — GIPS-compliant performance reporting
   • Modified Dietz: time-weighted return with cash flow weighting
   • Geometric linking: chain-link sub-period returns for composite periods
   • Composite dispersion: asset-weighted standard deviation across accounts
   • Risk statistics: Sharpe ratio, Information ratio, tracking error
   • GIPS compliance checklist: mandatory disclosure items verification
   • Annualization: geometric annualization for periods > 1 year
3. Key benchmarks:
   • Implementation shortfall < 25bp: good execution quality
   • Market impact < 10bp: low-impact execution
   • GIPS requires 5+ years of history (or since inception if shorter)
   • Composite dispersion < 200bp: consistent management across accounts

Credit Derivatives Analysis

1. cds_pricing — price a CDS with discrete hazard-rate model
   • Survival probabilities, risky PV01, premium/protection leg PVs
   • Breakeven spread, DV01, jump-to-default exposure
   • Mark-to-market with market spread vs contract spread
2. cva_calculation — compute CVA/DVA for counterparty risk
   • Unilateral CVA (counterparty only) and bilateral CVA (CVA - DVA)
   • Netting benefit reduces gross exposure; collateral threshold caps remaining
   • CVA as running spread in basis points

Convertible Bond Analysis

1. convertible_bond_pricing — price convertible with CRR binomial tree
   • Bond floor (straight debt value), conversion value (stock x ratio)
   • Conversion premium, investment premium, embedded option value
   • Greeks: delta (stock sensitivity), gamma, vega (vol sensitivity), theta (time decay)
   • Call/put provisions: callable CB capped at call price, puttable CB floored at put price
2. convertible_bond_analysis — scenario analysis for convertibles
   • Stock sensitivity: price across range of stock prices
   • Vol sensitivity: value changes with volatility
   • Spread sensitivity: credit spread impact
   • Forced conversion analysis: in-the-money call trigger
   • Income advantage: bond yield vs stock dividend with breakeven years

Lease Accounting Analysis

1. lease_classification — classify under ASC 842 or IFRS 16
   • Five-test classification: ownership transfer, purchase option, specialized asset, 75% economic life, 90% fair value
   • Finance lease: effective interest method for liability, separate depreciation for ROU
   • Operating lease (ASC 842): single straight-line expense
   • IFRS 16: all leases treated as finance (no operating classification for lessee)
   • Full amortization schedule with monthly detail
2. sale_leaseback_analysis — analyse sale-leaseback transactions
   • Qualifying sale: gain/loss with retained right ratio adjustment
   • Failed sale: financing obligation treatment (asset stays on books)
   • Above-FMV: excess deferred as financing component

Pension & LDI Analysis

1. pension_funding — comprehensive DB pension analysis
   • PBO (projected with salary growth) vs ABO (current salaries)
   • Unit credit method with discount factor and salary projection
   • Funded status (assets - PBO), funding ratio (assets / PBO)
   • Service cost, interest cost, expected return on assets, NPPC
   • Minimum required contribution and maximum deductible
   • Liability by age cohort with duration estimates
2. ldi_strategy — design liability-driven investing strategy
   • Duration gap analysis: asset duration vs liability-weighted duration
   • Hedging portfolio construction: instrument selection to match liability duration
   • Immunization assessment: duration + convexity matching
   • Surplus-at-risk: P&L impact from 1% rate shift
   • Glide-path schedule: transition from growth to hedging allocation

Sovereign Risk Analysis

1. sovereign_bond_analysis — analyse sovereign bonds
   • Pricing with sovereign spread decomposition (credit, liquidity, FX risk)
   • YTM, duration, convexity for sovereign securities
   • Local currency risk premium: inflation differential, FX volatility adjustment
   • Cross-currency comparison: USD, EUR, GBP, EM local currency
2. country_risk_assessment — assess sovereign/country risk
   • 12-factor scoring model: GDP growth, inflation, fiscal balance, debt/GDP, current account, FX reserves, political stability, rule of law, external debt, short-term debt/reserves, default history, dollarization
   • Implied credit rating equivalent from composite score
   • Country risk premium (CRP) for use in WACC calculations
   • Default probability estimation from sovereign CDS-equivalent spreads
3. Key benchmarks:
   • AAA sovereign: debt/GDP < 60%, reserves > 6 months imports, no default history
   • EM investment grade: fiscal deficit < 3%, current account deficit < 4%
   • CRP: 0bp (AAA) to 800bp+ (distressed sovereign)

Real Options Analysis

1. real_option_valuation — value real options via CRR binomial tree
   • 6 option types: Expand (scale up), Abandon (exit), Defer (wait), Switch (change mode), Contract (scale down), Compound (option on option)
   • Greeks: delta (sensitivity to underlying), gamma, vega (vol sensitivity), theta (time decay)
   • Expansion factor: underlying x factor if exercised; contraction factor: underlying x factor if contracted
   • Switch cost: cost to switch operating mode; switch value ratio: new mode value as ratio of current
2. decision_tree_analysis — decision tree with EMV rollback
   • Node types: Decision (choose best child), Chance (probability-weighted), Terminal (payoff)
   • Expected Monetary Value (EMV) rollback from terminal nodes to root
   • EVPI (Expected Value of Perfect Information): value of eliminating uncertainty
   • Sensitivity analysis on key probabilities
   • Optimal path identification through the tree
3. Key benchmarks:
   • Real option premium typically 10-30% above static NPV for volatile projects
   • Defer option most valuable when uncertainty high and irreversibility high
   • EVPI > 20% of EMV suggests high value in additional market research

Equity Research Analysis

1. sotp_valuation — sum-of-the-parts valuation
   • 6 valuation methods per segment: EV/EBITDA, P/E, EV/Revenue, EV/EBIT, DCF, NAV-Based
   • Conglomerate discount: holding company discount on total enterprise value
   • Football field: min/base/max range from comparable multiple ranges
   • Per-share equity value: (total EV - net debt - minorities + unconsolidated) / shares
2. target_price — multi-method target price derivation
   • PE, PEG, P/B, P/S, DDM (dividend discount model) valuations simultaneously
   • Peer-relative: median and mean of peer multiples for each method
   • Football field: visual range of all method-derived target prices
   • Recommendation: Strong Buy / Buy / Hold / Sell / Strong Sell based on upside/downside
   • Analyst consensus: incorporate external analyst targets if available
3. Key benchmarks:
   • Conglomerate discount: typically 10-25% for diversified companies
   • SOTP unlocks value when market undervalues high-growth segments
   • Target price spread > 30% across methods = high uncertainty

Commodity Trading Analysis

1. commodity_spread — analyse commodity processing/calendar/location spreads
   • 6 spread types: Crack (oil->products), Crush (soy->meal+oil), Spark (gas->power), Calendar (near vs far), Location (basis), Quality (grade differential)
   • Gross processing margin: output revenue - input cost - processing cost
   • Historical spread analysis: mean, standard deviation, z-score, percentile
   • Risk metrics: VaR, margin at risk, worst-case loss
2. storage_economics — commodity storage and carry analysis
   • Contango/backwardation decomposition across term structure
   • Implied convenience yield at each tenor
   • Cash-and-carry arbitrage: buy spot + store + sell forward; net profit = spread - carry cost
   • Seasonal factors: injection/withdrawal patterns (natural gas, agricultural)
   • Storage capacity utilization and injection/withdrawal rate constraints
3. Key benchmarks:
   • Crack spread (3-2-1): typical $5-20/bbl; negative signals refinery distress
   • Calendar spread z-score > 2: potential mean-reversion opportunity
   • Storage full-carry = spot + finance + storage + insurance; anything above = super-contango

Treasury Management Analysis

1. cash_management — corporate treasury cash management
   • Month-by-month cash flow simulation over 12-month horizon
   • Sweep logic: excess above threshold invested at money-market rate
   • Facility draw: shortfall below minimum buffer drawn from revolving credit
   • Cash conversion cycle: DSO + DIO - DPO (overall efficiency measure)
   • Liquidity scoring: weighted assessment of cash buffer, facility headroom, CCC
   • Investment income from surplus cash, interest expense from facility draws
2. hedge_effectiveness — hedge accounting effectiveness testing
   • Dollar offset method: hedge change / exposure change (IAS 39: 80-125% range)
   • OLS regression: R-squared and slope for retrospective assessment (IFRS 9: R-squared > 0.80)
   • IAS 39 compliance: both dollar offset within 80-125% AND R-squared > 0.80
   • IFRS 9 compliance: qualitative + quantitative (R-squared > 0.80 sufficient)
   • VaR impact: hedged vs unhedged VaR at specified confidence level
   • Inverse normal via Abramowitz & Stegun approximation for VaR quantile
3. Key benchmarks:
   • Minimum cash buffer: typically 2-3 months operating expenses
   • CCC < 30 days: excellent; 30-60: good; > 90: needs improvement
   • Hedge ratio > 0.95 and R-squared > 0.90 = highly effective hedge

Infrastructure Finance Analysis

1. ppp_model — public-private partnership financial model
   • 3 revenue models: Availability Payment (government pays), Demand-Based (tolls), Mixed
   • Year-by-year projection: revenue, opex, EBITDA, debt service, CFADS, equity distributions
   • Coverage ratios: DSCR (annual), LLCR (loan-life), PLCR (project-life)
   • Value for Money (VfM) score: PPP cost vs Public Sector Comparator
   • Risk allocation matrix: construction, demand, availability, maintenance, financing
   • Equity IRR via Newton-Raphson, project NPV at WACC
2. concession_valuation — infrastructure concession valuation
   • Year-by-year projections through remaining concession life
   • Handback cost provisioning in final years before concession end
   • Extension option value: probability-weighted additional cash flows
   • Equity IRR, project NPV, coverage ratios
   • Comparable metrics: EV/EBITDA, EV/capacity, EV/traffic
3. Key benchmarks:
   • Target equity IRR: 12-18% for infrastructure PPP
   • Minimum DSCR: 1.20x (availability), 1.30x (demand-based)
   • LLCR > 1.40x for investment-grade project finance
   • VfM > 10% typically justifies PPP over traditional procurement

Fund Structuring Analysis

1. us_fund_structure — analyse US onshore structures
   • Delaware LP, LLC (Series), REIT, MLP, BDC, QOZ vehicle types
   • Tax analysis: pass-through vs entity-level taxation, UBTI exposure, state tax nexus
   • ERISA compliance: 25% plan assets test, VCOC/REOC operating company exemptions
   • Investor suitability: taxable, tax-exempt, non-US, sovereign wealth fund
2. uk_eu_fund_structure — analyse UK/EU onshore structures
   • UK LP, LLP, OEIC, ACS; EU SICAV, FCP, KG
   • AIFMD passport analysis: marketing permissions across EU/EEA
   • VAT analysis: management fee exemption, sub-advisory VAT treatment
   • Cross-border marketing: NPPR vs passport, reverse solicitation risks
3. cayman_fund_structure — analyse Cayman/BVI offshore structures
   • Exempted LP, SPC (segregated portfolio), Unit Trust, BVI BCA
   • Master-feeder economics: tax-efficiency for mixed investor base
   • CIMA registration categories: mutual fund, private fund, exempted
   • Economic substance requirements: directed and managed test, CIGA activities
4. lux_ireland_fund_structure — analyse Luxembourg/Ireland structures
   • Luxembourg: SICAV-SIF, RAIF, SCSp; Ireland: ICAV, QIAIF, Section 110
   • Subscription tax: 0.01% (institutional SIF) vs 0.05% (retail)
   • AIFMD passport: full-scope AIFM cross-border marketing
   • UCITS analysis: eligible assets, diversification, leverage limits
5. Key benchmarks:
   • Delaware LP: most common US PE/VC structure, no entity-level tax
   • Cayman Exempted LP: dominant offshore hedge fund vehicle
   • Luxembourg RAIF: fastest setup (no CSSF approval), AIFMD passport via AIFM
   • Ireland ICAV: preferred for US-facing strategies (check-the-box eligible)

Transfer Pricing Analysis

1. beps_compliance — OECD BEPS/Pillar Two compliance
   • CbCR (Country-by-Country Reporting): revenue, profit, tax, employees per jurisdiction
   • Pillar Two GloBE: 15% minimum effective tax rate, top-up tax calculation
   • Functional analysis: functions performed, assets used, risks assumed per entity
   • Profit/substance alignment: profit vs economic activity indicators
   • Risk scoring: low/medium/high BEPS exposure rating
2. intercompany_pricing — transfer pricing method selection and analysis
   • 5 OECD methods: CUP, RPM, CPLM, TNMM, Profit Split
   • Arm's length range: interquartile range from comparable data
   • CFC analysis: Subpart F (US), GILTI (US), ATAD (EU) rule application
   • GAAR assessment: general anti-avoidance rule risk factors
   • Documentation requirements: master file, local file, CbCR thresholds
3. Key benchmarks:
   • Pillar Two GloBE: 15% minimum ETR (effective 2024 for large MNEs)
   • CbCR threshold: EUR 750M consolidated revenue
   • TNMM: most commonly used method for routine service/distribution entities
   • Arm's length range: interquartile (25th-75th percentile) is OECD standard

Tax Treaty Optimization

1. treaty_network — analyse treaty network and WHT optimization
   • WHT rate matrix: dividend, interest, royalty rates by treaty pair
   • Conduit routing: identify optimal intermediary jurisdictions
   • LOB (Limitation on Benefits): qualified person, active trade/business, derivative benefits tests
   • PPT (Principal Purpose Test): anti-avoidance scoring under MLI
   • Entity-specific exemptions: pension funds, sovereign wealth, charities
2. treaty_structure_optimization — multi-jurisdiction holding structure design
   • Participation exemption: dividend/capital gains exemption thresholds per jurisdiction
   • IP box regimes: reduced rates for qualifying IP income (nexus approach)
   • Interest deduction limits: EBITDA-based caps (30% ATAD, 163(j) US)
   • Permanent establishment risk: activity thresholds, dependent agent PE
   • Substance cost-benefit: director fees, office costs, local employees vs tax savings
3. Key benchmarks:
   • Netherlands: 0% participation exemption on dividends and capital gains (5% holding)
   • Luxembourg: 0% participation exemption (10% holding or EUR 1.2M cost)
   • Ireland: 12.5% trading rate, IP box 6.25% (being replaced by Pillar Two)
   • Singapore: 0-5% WHT on dividends (most treaties), no capital gains tax
   • Interest deduction cap: 30% EBITDA is the global standard (BEPS Action 4)

FATCA/CRS Compliance Workflow

1. FATCA reporting assessment: call fatca_crs_reporting with institution and account data
   • IGA model determines reporting path: Model 1 (via local authority), Model 2 (direct to IRS), Non-IGA (30% withholding risk)
   • GIIN registration: mandatory for FFIs, critical for compliance scoring
   • US indicia: birthplace, address, phone, standing instructions, POA
   • Reporting thresholds: $50k individuals, $250k entities
   • CRS: wider vs narrower approach, due diligence by balance
2. Entity classification: call entity_classification with entity details
   • FATCA: FFI > DeemedCompliant > ExemptBeneficialOwner > ActiveNFFE > PassiveNFFE
   • CRS: FinancialInstitution > ActiveNFE > PassiveNFE
   • Passive test: >=50% passive income OR >=50% passive assets
   • Controlling persons: >=25% ownership threshold for passive entities
3. Key benchmarks: Non-IGA 30% withholding; FATCA compliance score >80 = low risk; CRS 100+ jurisdictions; entity classification drives documentation burden

Economic Substance Workflow

1. Substance analysis: call economic_substance with entity and jurisdiction data
   • 5-dimension scoring (0-100): personnel (25), premises (20), decision-making (25), expenditure (15), CIGA (15)
   • Cayman/BVI ES Act: CIGA must be in-jurisdiction, IP holding = highest substance bar
   • Luxembourg: no specific law but TP/ATAD substance required
   • Ireland: central management and control test
   • Penalties: CI$10k year 1, CI$100k year 2, strike-off year 3
2. Jurisdiction comparison: call jurisdiction_substance_test with multiple jurisdictions
   • Compare substance costs vs tax savings across jurisdictions
   • Net benefit = tax savings - substance cost, payback ratio analysis
   • Treaty reliance amplifies risk by 30%
3. Key benchmarks: substance score >70 = compliant; annual substance cost EUR 50-150k; typical payback <2 years for well-structured holdings

Regulatory Reporting Workflow

1. AIFMD reporting: call aifmd_reporting with fund and AIFM data
   • Frequency: quarterly (>=EUR 1B), semi-annual (>=EUR 100M), annual (<EUR 100M)
   • Leverage: gross (no netting) vs commitment (hedging allowed); >3x triggers enhanced reporting
   • Stress tests: equity -30%, rates +250bps, FX -20%, credit spreads +400bps
   • Liquidity profile: 7 time buckets (1d through >365d)
2. SEC/CFTC reporting: call sec_cftc_reporting with adviser and fund data
   • Form PF: large (>$1.5B quarterly), small (>$150M annual), exempt (<$150M)
   • Sections 1-4: all advisers (S1), large HF (S2), large liquidity (S3), large PE (S4)
   • CFTC CPO-PQR: large (>$1.5B or pool >$500M), small (below thresholds)
   • Counterparty concentration via HHI
3. Key benchmarks: AIFMD leverage >3x = enhanced; Form PF $1.5B = quarterly; filing deadlines 60d (large quarterly) / 120d (small annual)

AML/KYC Compliance Workflow

1. KYC risk assessment: call kyc_risk_assessment with customer and transaction data
   • FATF 5-dimension scoring (0-100): customer type (25), geographic (25), product (20), transaction (15), source of wealth (15)
   • PEP categories: domestic, foreign, international org, family, close associate
   • Due diligence: SDD (low risk), CDD (standard), EDD (PEPs, high-risk jurisdictions)
   • Red flags: shell company indicators, structuring, jurisdiction mismatch, adverse media
2. Sanctions screening: call sanctions_screening with entities and list selection
   • Fuzzy matching via Levenshtein distance (0-100 score)
   • Lists: OFAC SDN, EU Consolidated, HMT UK, UN UNSC, FATF grey/black
   • Match types: exact (100), strong (>90), possible (70-90), weak (50-70), no match (<50)
   • Country risk: comprehensive embargo, sectoral sanctions, FATF monitoring
3. Key benchmarks: risk score >70 = EDD required; PEP always EDD; match score >70 = manual review; SAR filing 24h (terrorism) / 30d (other)

Fund of Funds Analysis

1. j_curve_model — model PE fund lifecycle cash flows
   • Cash flow projection by vintage year
   • TVPI/DPI/RVPI multiples, PME (Kaplan-Schoar) vs public market
   • J-curve trough: typically year 3-4 for PE, year 2-3 for VC
   • Net vs gross IRR spread
2. commitment_pacing — plan vintage year allocation
   • Drawdown modelling: pace new commitments to smooth exposure
   • NAV projection: forecast portfolio value over time
   • Over-commitment ratio: total commitments / target allocation (typically 1.3-1.6x)
3. manager_selection — evaluate and score fund managers
   • Performance: quartile ranking, persistence, alpha vs benchmark
   • Qualitative: strategy, team stability, operational due diligence
4. secondaries_pricing — value secondary market transactions
   • NAV discount/premium, unfunded commitment PV
   • IRR sensitivity at different exit multiples
   • Breakeven analysis
5. fof_portfolio — portfolio-level diversification analysis
   • By strategy, vintage, geography, sector
   • HHI concentration, constraint monitoring
6. Key benchmarks: PE J-curve trough year 3-4; top-quartile PE TVPI > 2.0x; over-commitment ratio 1.3-1.6x; secondaries NAV discount 5-15% (2024 market); FoF management fee 0.5-1.0% on top of underlying GP fees

Bank Analytics Workflow

1. nim_analysis — analyse bank profitability driver
   • NIM = (interest income - interest expense) / average earning assets
   • Rate/volume decomposition: separate impact of rate changes vs balance changes
   • Asset/liability mix contribution: which products drive NIM?
   • Interest rate gap by repricing bucket
2. camels_rating — composite bank health assessment
   • Capital adequacy (C): CET1, tier 1, total capital ratios
   • Asset quality (A): NPL ratio, provision coverage, write-off rate
   • Management (M): governance, risk management, strategic planning scores
   • Earnings (E): ROA, ROE, efficiency ratio, core earnings stability
   • Liquidity (L): LCR, NSFR, loan-to-deposit ratio
   • Sensitivity (S): interest rate risk, FX exposure, equity risk
   • Composite 1-5 (1=strong, 5=critically deficient)
3. cecl_provisioning — calculate expected credit losses
   • Multi-scenario weighted ECL: base/upside/downside with probability weights
   • Stage classification: Stage 1 (performing, 12-month ECL), Stage 2 (significant increase in credit risk, lifetime ECL), Stage 3 (credit-impaired, lifetime ECL)
   • CECL (US) vs IFRS 9 (international) approach
4. deposit_beta — analyse deposit repricing behavior
   • Pass-through rate: how much of rate hike reaches depositors
   • Cumulative beta: total deposit rate change / total policy rate change
   • Asymmetry: deposit rates rise slower than they fall (up beta < down beta)
   • Repricing lag in months
5. loan_book_analysis — assess loan portfolio quality
   • Sector/geography concentration (HHI)
   • NPL by segment, provision adequacy, WAR (weighted average rate), WAM (weighted average maturity)
6. Key benchmarks: NIM 2.5-3.5% (commercial banks); CAMELS 1-2 = well-capitalized; CECL day-1 impact +20-40% vs incurred loss; deposit beta 40-60% in rate hike cycles; NPL ratio < 2% = healthy

Carbon Markets Workflow

1. carbon_credit_pricing — price carbon credits
   • Forward pricing via cost-of-carry: F = S * (1+r)^T
   • Vintage discount: older credits trade at discount (5-15% per year)
   • Registry premium: Gold Standard, VCS, ACR pricing differentials
   • Credit type: compliance (EU ETS) vs voluntary
2. ets_compliance — assess ETS position
   • Allowance surplus/deficit: free allocation + purchases - surrendered
   • Compliance cost projection at multiple carbon price scenarios
   • Carbon intensity vs sector benchmark
3. cbam_analysis — EU carbon border adjustment
   • Certificate cost: embedded emissions * EU ETS price
   • Credit for carbon price already paid at origin
   • Net CBAM liability = EU certificate cost - origin carbon credit
4. offset_valuation — value carbon offsets with quality adjustments
   • Quality-adjusted price based on permanence, additionality, vintage, certification
   • Co-benefit premium for social/biodiversity co-benefits
5. shadow_carbon_price — internal carbon pricing
   • Carbon-adjusted NPV: base NPV - PV of carbon cost at shadow price
   • Abatement cost curve: marginal cost of emission reduction
   • Breakeven carbon price: price at which project NPV = 0
6. Key benchmarks: EU ETS price EUR 60-100/tCO2; voluntary market EUR 5-50/tCO2; CBAM phases in 2026-2034; shadow carbon price $50-100 (corporate best practice); vintage discount 5-15%/year

Private Wealth Workflow

1. concentrated_stock — manage single-stock risk
   • Hedging strategies: costless collar (cap upside, floor downside), prepaid forward (monetize without sale), exchange fund (diversify tax-free)
   • Charitable strategies: donor-advised fund, charitable remainder trust
   • Tax-adjusted after-tax comparison across strategies
2. philanthropic_vehicles — compare giving vehicles
   • CRT (Charitable Remainder Trust): income stream to donor, remainder to charity
   • CLT (Charitable Lead Trust): income to charity, remainder to heirs
   • DAF (Donor-Advised Fund): immediate deduction, grant over time
   • Private foundation: maximum control, 5% minimum distribution
   • Compare: tax deduction, income stream, administrative cost, control
3. wealth_transfer — estate and gift tax planning
   • Federal estate tax, GST tax, annual exclusion gifting
   • GRAT (Grantor Retained Annuity Trust): transfer appreciation above hurdle rate
   • Dynasty trust: multi-generational tax-exempt wealth transfer
   • ILIT: life insurance outside estate
4. direct_indexing — tax-efficient portfolio management
   • Tax-loss harvesting opportunities across individual stock positions
   • Wash sale compliance: 30-day rule monitoring
   • Tracking error vs target index
   • After-tax alpha: TLH benefit in basis points
5. family_governance — evaluate family office governance
   • Governance score across 5 dimensions
   • Complexity assessment: number of entities, jurisdictions, family members
   • Structure recommendations and risk identification
6. Key benchmarks: concentrated stock > 10% of NW = significant risk; GRAT annuity rate = Section 7520 rate + 1-2%; TLH adds 50-150bps annually; family governance score > 70 = well-governed; DAF minimum $5-25k initial contribution

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CLI Equivalent

The same calculations are available via the cfa binary:

cfa unitranche --input unitranche.json --output table

cfa direct-lending --input loan.json --output table

cfa syndication --input syndication.json --output json

cfa loss-reserving --input triangle.json --output table

cfa premium-pricing --input premium.json --output json

cfa combined-ratio --input ratio.json --output table

cfa solvency-scr --input scr.json --output table

cfa variance --input variance.json --output table

cfa breakeven --input breakeven.json --output json

cfa working-capital --input wc.json --output table

cfa rolling-forecast --input forecast.json --output table

cfa retirement --input retirement.json --output table

cfa tax-loss-harvest --input tlh.json --output json

cfa estate-plan --input estate.json --output table

cfa recovery --input recovery.json --output table

cfa distressed-debt --input distressed.json --output table

cfa property-valuation --input property.json --output table

cfa project-finance --input project.json --output table

cfa venture-dilution --input rounds.json --output table

cfa convertible-instrument --input safe.json --output json

cfa venture-fund-returns --input fund.json --output table

cfa esg-score --input esg.json --output table

cfa carbon-footprint --input carbon.json --output json

cfa green-bond --input green.json --output json

cfa sll-covenants --input sll.json --output table

cfa basel-capital --input capital.json --output table

cfa lcr-nsfr --input liquidity.json --output table

cfa alm --input alm.json --output table

cfa best-execution --input execution.json --output table

cfa gips-report --input gips.json --output json

cfa cds-pricing --input cds.json --output table

cfa cva-calculation --input cva.json --output json

cfa convertible-pricing --input cb.json --output table

cfa convertible-analysis --input cb_analysis.json --output json

cfa lease-classification --input lease.json --output table

cfa sale-leaseback --input slb.json --output json

cfa pension-funding --input pension.json --output table

cfa ldi-strategy --input ldi.json --output json

cfa sovereign-bond --input sovereign.json --output table

cfa country-risk --input country.json --output json

cfa real-option --input option.json --output table

cfa decision-tree --input tree.json --output json

cfa sotp --input sotp.json --output table

cfa target-price --input equity.json --output json

cfa commodity-spread --input spread.json --output table

cfa storage-economics --input storage.json --output json

cfa cash-management --input treasury.json --output table

cfa hedge-effectiveness --input hedge.json --output json

cfa ppp-model --input ppp.json --output table

cfa concession --input concession.json --output json

cfa token-valuation --input token.json --output json

cfa defi-analysis --input defi.json --output json

cfa muni-bond --input muni.json --output table

cfa muni-analysis --input muni_analysis.json --output table

cfa structured-note --input note.json --output json

cfa exotic-product --input exotic.json --output json

cfa letter-of-credit --input lc.json --output table

cfa supply-chain-finance --input scf.json --output json

cfa us-fund-structure --input us_fund.json --output table

cfa uk-eu-fund-structure --input uk_eu_fund.json --output table

cfa cayman-fund-structure --input cayman_fund.json --output table

cfa lux-ireland-fund-structure --input lux_ireland_fund.json --output table

cfa beps-compliance --input beps.json --output table

cfa intercompany-pricing --input tp.json --output json

cfa treaty-network --input treaty.json --output table

cfa treaty-structure-optimization --input structure.json --output json

cfa fatca-crs-reporting --input fatca.json --output json

cfa entity-classification --input entity.json --output json

cfa economic-substance --input substance.json --output table

cfa jurisdiction-substance-test --input jurisdictions.json --output table

cfa aifmd-reporting --input aifmd.json --output json

cfa sec-cftc-reporting --input sec.json --output json

cfa kyc-risk-assessment --input kyc.json --output table

cfa sanctions-screening --input screening.json --output json

cfa j-curve --input jcurve.json --output table

cfa commitment-pacing --input pacing.json --output json

cfa manager-selection --input manager.json --output table

cfa secondaries-pricing --input secondaries.json --output json

cfa fof-portfolio --input fof.json --output table

cfa nim-analysis --input nim.json --output table

cfa camels-rating --input camels.json --output json

cfa cecl-provisioning --input cecl.json --output table

cfa deposit-beta --input beta.json --output json

cfa loan-book --input loanbook.json --output table

cfa carbon-pricing --input carbon.json --output table

cfa ets-compliance --input ets.json --output json

cfa cbam --input cbam.json --output table

cfa offset-valuation --input offset.json --output json

cfa shadow-carbon --input shadow.json --output table

cfa concentrated-stock --input stock.json --output table

cfa philanthropic-vehicles --input philanthropy.json --output json

cfa wealth-transfer --input transfer.json --output table

cfa direct-indexing --input indexing.json --output json

cfa family-governance --input governance.json --output table

Output formats: --output json (default), --output table, --output csv, --output minimal.

Pipe support: cat data.json | cfa credit-metrics --output table

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Input Conventions

• Rates as decimals: 5% = 0.05, never 5
• Money as raw numbers: $1M = 1000000, not "$1M"
• Currency: specify with currency field (default: USD)
• Dates: ISO 8601 format ("2026-01-15")
• Weights must sum to 1.0: debt_weight + equity_weight = 1.0

Error Handling

Tools return structured errors for:

• InvalidInput: field-level validation (e.g., negative beta, weights not summing to 1.0)
• FinancialImpossibility: terminal growth >= WACC, negative enterprise value
• ConvergenceFailure: IRR/XIRR Newton-Raphson didn't converge (reports iterations and last delta)
• InsufficientData: too few data points for statistical calculations
• DivisionByZero: zero interest expense for coverage ratios, etc.

Always validate tool error responses and report them clearly to the user.