claude

name	claude
description	Use this skill whenever building, editing, or reviewing user-facing software — web apps, mobile, dashboards, marketing sites, internal tools, design systems, component libraries — or any code change that produces visual output. Triggers on requests to "build a UI", "design a page", "make a component", "improve the look", "polish this", "make it nicer", "make it production-ready", "ship-quality", or whenever you're scaffolding a new app/screen/feature with visible surface area. Encodes opinionated defaults for typography, spacing, color, motion, accessibility, component states, and the code patterns that hold up under real users.
version	1.0.0
triggers	["build a UI","design a page","make a component","improve the look","polish this","make it nicer","make it production-ready","ship-quality","create interface"]
stack	["React","Tailwind CSS","shadcn/ui","TypeScript","Next.js"]

Claude Design & Development Skill

A field guide for producing software that looks and feels professionally designed — not "AI-generated." The job is restraint plus rigor: most decisions are about what to leave out and what to handle when things go wrong.

Read the whole document before starting a non-trivial UI task. For small edits, scan the Pre-Ship Checklist at the end.

---

Table of Contents

1. Operating Principles
2. Visual Language
   • Typography
   • Color System
   • Spacing
   • Layout
   • Borders, Radii & Shadows
   • Iconography
   • Imagery
3. Motion
4. Component Patterns
   • Buttons
   • Forms
   • Tables
   • Modals & Dialogs
   • Empty / Error / Loading States
   • Navigation
   • Toasts & Notifications
5. Accessibility
6. Performance
7. Code Quality
8. Tailwind CSS Patterns
9. Common Patterns
10. Anti-Patterns
11. Pre-Ship Checklist
12. Quick Reference

---

1. Operating Principles

These are load-bearing. Internalize them — they resolve most micro-decisions.

1. Restraint over abundance. Fewer colors, fewer fonts, fewer effects, fewer words. Every element earns its place. When in doubt, remove it.
2. Hierarchy through space and weight, not decoration. Borders, boxes, dividers, and gradients are last resorts. Whitespace and typographic weight are first resorts.
3. Content shapes layout. Don't design empty containers and pour content in. Start from the longest realistic string, the worst-case empty state, the largest realistic dataset.
4. Every interactive element has five states. Default, hover, active, focus-visible, disabled. Async ones add loading and error. Forms add validation. Plan all of them; don't ship only "default."
5. The error/empty/loading states are the product. Demos show happy paths. Real software lives in the unhappy paths. Design them with the same care as the primary view.
6. Accessibility is not a layer. It's structural. Semantic HTML, keyboard reachability, visible focus, sufficient contrast — these are baseline correctness, not polish.
7. Performance is a feature. Slow UI feels broken regardless of how it looks. Budget in the first design pass, not the last.
8. Consistency beats local optimization. A component that's slightly worse but matches the system is better than a one-off that's slightly better.
9. Match the medium. A B2B admin tool should not look like a consumer landing page. A landing page should not look like a Linear clone. Pick a register and hold it.
10. Write the code you'd want to inherit. Boring, predictable, well-named. Cleverness compounds into maintenance debt.

---

2. Visual Language

2.1 Typography

Maximum 2 font families. More creates visual chaos. System font stacks are a legitimate, often correct choice.

Font Pairing Strategy

Headings: Display or sans-serif with personality (multiple weights)
Body:     Highly readable sans-serif or serif

Recommended Pairings

Style	Headings	Body
Modern product	Inter, Geist	Inter, Geist
Editorial	Playfair Display	Source Serif
Startup	Cal Sans, Manrope	Inter
Corporate	Outfit	System UI
Creative	Space Grotesk	DM Sans

Default system stack for product UI:

font-family: ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif;

Type Scale

Use a modular rem-based scale — never arbitrary pixel values:

text-xs   → 12px  → Fine print, labels
text-sm   → 14px  → Secondary text, captions
text-base → 16px  → Body text (minimum for readability)
text-lg   → 18px  → Lead paragraphs
text-xl   → 20px  → Section headers
text-2xl  → 24px  → Card titles
text-3xl  → 30px  → Page sections
text-4xl  → 36px  → Hero subheadings
text-5xl  → 48px  → Hero headings
text-6xl+ → 60px+ → Display (use sparingly)

Typography Rules

Property	Rule
Body size	14–16px product, 16–18px marketing
Minimum	Never below 14px
Line-height	1.5 body, 1.2–1.3 headings, 1.0 labels
Line-length	60–75 chars prose — max-w-prose or max-w-2xl
Weights	2–3 total; avoid weight 300 (looks fragile)
Heading tracking	−0.01em to −0.02em for large headings
Label tracking	+0.05em for small all-caps
Numbers in tables	font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums

// ✅ Proper typography
<p className="text-base leading-relaxed max-w-prose">Body copy</p>
<h1 className="text-5xl font-bold tracking-tight text-balance">Heading</h1>
<span className="text-sm tabular-nums">$1,234.56</span>

// ❌ Avoid
<p className="text-xs">Body text  // Too small
<p className="text-base">Body text // Missing leading-*

Font Implementation (Next.js)

// app/layout.tsx
import { Inter, Playfair_Display } from 'next/font/google'

const inter = Inter({ subsets: ['latin'], variable: '--font-sans' })
const playfair = Playfair_Display({ subsets: ['latin'], variable: '--font-serif' })

export default function RootLayout({ children }) {
  return (
    <html className={`${inter.variable} ${playfair.variable}`}>
      <body className="font-sans">{children}</body>
    </html>
  )
}

// tailwind.config.js
module.exports = {
  theme: {
    extend: {
      fontFamily: {
        sans: ['var(--font-sans)'],
        serif: ['var(--font-serif)'],
      },
    },
  },
}

---

2.2 Color System

Use exactly 3–5 colors total. This constraint forces cohesion.

Required Structure

1 Primary brand color    → CTAs, key actions, brand identity
2–3 Neutrals             → Backgrounds, text, borders (a 9–11 step gray scale)
1–2 Accent / semantic    → Success, warning, danger, info — only when needed

Color Selection Guidelines

Use Case	Recommendation
Primary actions	Saturated, accessible brand color
Backgrounds	Off-whites, soft grays — never pure #fff for large areas
Text	Near-black (#0a0a0a–#1a1a1a), not pure #000
Borders / dividers	Very subtle grays (opacity 10–20%)
Success	Greens in the teal family
Error	Warm reds, never aggressive neon
Warning	Amber / orange tones

• Use OKLCH or HSL for palette construction, not hand-picked hex. Equal perceptual steps look intentional.
• Dark mode is not "invert the colors." It's a separate palette — surfaces get lighter as they get closer to the user (elevation by lightness, not shadow).
• Color is never the only signal. Pair red with an icon, green with a checkmark. ~8% of men have red-green color vision deficiency.

Design Token Structure

Always use semantic CSS variables. Never hardcode color hex values.

:root {
  /* Backgrounds */
  --background: 0 0% 100%;
  --foreground: 0 0% 3.9%;

  /* Surfaces */
  --card: 0 0% 100%;
  --card-foreground: 0 0% 3.9%;

  /* Primary Actions */
  --primary: 0 0% 9%;
  --primary-foreground: 0 0% 98%;

  /* Secondary Actions */
  --secondary: 0 0% 96.1%;
  --secondary-foreground: 0 0% 9%;

  /* Muted Elements */
  --muted: 0 0% 96.1%;
  --muted-foreground: 0 0% 45.1%;

  /* Destructive Actions */
  --destructive: 0 84.2% 60.2%;
  --destructive-foreground: 0 0% 98%;

  /* Borders & Inputs */
  --border: 0 0% 89.8%;
  --input: 0 0% 89.8%;
  --ring: 0 0% 3.9%;

  /* Radius */
  --radius: 0.5rem;
}

// ✅ Semantic tokens
className="bg-background text-foreground border-border"

// ❌ Direct colors
className="bg-white text-black border-gray-200"
className="bg-purple-500 text-pink-400 border-blue-300"

Gradient Rules

• Avoid gradients unless explicitly requested — solid colors read as more intentional.
• If gradients are necessary: analogous colors only, max 2–3 stops, subtle accents never primary elements.

// ✅ Analogous gradient (acceptable accent use)
className="bg-gradient-to-r from-blue-500 to-cyan-500"

// ❌ Clashing temperature gradient (AI tell)
className="bg-gradient-to-r from-pink-500 to-green-500"
className="bg-gradient-to-r from-purple-500 to-pink-500"  // On every CTA

---

2.3 Spacing

Use a spacing scale — never arbitrary pixel values.

4px Base Scale

4px  = p-1  → Tiny gaps (icon padding)
8px  = p-2  → Small gaps (button padding)
12px = p-3  → Compact spacing
16px = p-4  → Standard spacing (most common)
24px = p-6  → Comfortable spacing
32px = p-8  → Section spacing
48px = p-12 → Large section gaps
64px = p-16 → Hero / marketing section spacing
96px = p-24 → Major section dividers

// ✅ Consistent scale
<div className="flex gap-4">
<section className="px-4 py-12 md:px-6 lg:py-24">

// ❌ Arbitrary values
<div style={{ gap: '17px', padding: '23px' }}>

Whitespace is structural, not decorative. Group related elements with tight spacing; separate unrelated groups with generous spacing. The eye should chunk the page without reading it.

---

2.4 Layout

• Mobile-first. Design the 360px experience first, then scale up.

// ✅ Mobile-first
<div className="px-4 md:px-6 lg:px-8">
<div className="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 lg:grid-cols-3">

// ❌ Desktop-first
<div className="px-8 md:px-6 sm:px-4">

Layout Method Priority

1. Flexbox — Navbars, cards, 1D layouts
2. CSS Grid — Complex 2D layouts, bento grids, dashboards
3. Absolute positioning — Only for modals, tooltips, overlays
4. Never use floats

Container Widths

// Standard app container
<div className="mx-auto max-w-7xl px-4 sm:px-6 lg:px-8">

// Narrow content (articles, forms)
<div className="mx-auto max-w-2xl px-4">

// Full-bleed section with contained content
<section className="w-full bg-muted">
  <div className="mx-auto max-w-7xl px-4 py-16">

Responsive Breakpoints

Breakpoint	Width	Use
sm:	640px	Large phones, small tablets
md:	768px	Tablets
lg:	1024px	Small laptops
xl:	1280px	Desktops
2xl:	1536px	Large desktops

• Alignment beats centering. Strong left-edge alignment scans better than centered blocks for content longer than a heading.
• 12-column grid for marketing, 8 or 12 for app shells.

---

2.5 Borders, Radii & Shadows

Pick one radius scale and hold it. Mixing 8px and 10px on the same screen reads as careless.

Radius Scale

0 / 4px (rounded-sm) / 6px (rounded-md) / 8px (rounded-lg) / 12px (rounded-xl) / 16px (rounded-2xl) / full (rounded-full)

Nested radii: inner radius = outer_radius − padding. Otherwise corners look "off."

// ✅ Correct nested radius
<div className="rounded-xl p-4">        // outer: 12px
  <div className="rounded-lg">...</div> // inner: 8px (12 - 4)
</div>

// ❌ Incorrect — both same radius
<div className="rounded-xl p-4">
  <div className="rounded-xl">...</div>
</div>

Shadows

• Don't mix borders and shadows on the same element — pick one.
• Subtle, layered — a single box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.08) looks dated.
• Match shadow color to the surrounding hue, not pure black.
• Most elements need neither border nor shadow — use them only when they earn their visual cost.

---

2.6 Iconography

• One icon set per project. Lucide, Phosphor, Heroicons, Radix Icons — pick one. Mixing sets is immediately visible.
• Consistent stroke weight — 1.5px at 24px size is a good default.
• Size icons to text x-height, not cap height.
• No emoji as UI affordance. Emoji render differently on every OS and look juvenile in product UI.

// ✅
<button aria-label="Close dialog">
  <XIcon className="h-4 w-4" />
</button>

// ❌
<button>❌ Close</button>
<button title="Settings">⚙️</button>

---

2.7 Imagery

• No stock photos unless unavoidable — edit for consistent treatment (duotone, grain).
• Use real product screenshots in marketing. Mockups in laptops/phones look like 2015.
• Optimize: AVIF or WebP, responsive srcset, lazy-load below the fold, declared width/height.

// ✅ Next.js Image component
import Image from 'next/image'

<Image
  src="/hero.jpg"
  alt="Dashboard showing monthly revenue trends"
  width={1200}
  height={600}
  priority              // Above-the-fold only
  className="object-cover"
/>

// Responsive fill
<Image
  src="/photo.jpg"
  alt="Description"
  fill
  sizes="(max-width: 768px) 100vw, (max-width: 1200px) 50vw, 33vw"
  className="object-cover"
/>

---

3. Motion

• Default duration: 150–250ms micro-interactions, 300–400ms layout transitions. Longer feels sluggish.
• Default easing: ease-out entrances, ease-in exits, cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1) for most transitions.
• Animate transforms and opacity, not layout properties. transform/opacity are GPU-accelerated; width/height/top cause reflow.
• Motion communicates causality. A modal scaling up from a button tells users where it came from.
• Respect prefers-reduced-motion. Disable non-essential animations; keep functional ones instantaneous.

// ✅ GPU-accelerated
"transition-transform duration-200 hover:-translate-y-1"
"transition-opacity duration-150 hover:opacity-80"

// ✅ Reduced motion respected
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  * { animation-duration: 0.01ms !important; transition-duration: 0.01ms !important; }
}

// ❌ Layout-causing properties
"transition-all"  // triggers reflow when width/height change

Common animation patterns:

"transition-transform duration-200 hover:-translate-y-1 hover:shadow-lg"  // Hover lift
"active:scale-[0.98] transition-transform"                                  // Button press
"animate-in fade-in slide-in-from-bottom-4 duration-300"                   // Smooth reveal
"animate-pulse"                                                              // Skeleton

No spinning gradients, parallax everything, or scroll-jacking.

---

4. Component Patterns

4.1 Buttons

Variants: primary (one per view), secondary, ghost, destructive.

Sizes: sm (32px height), md (40px), lg (48px). Touch targets must be ≥44px on mobile.

All six states are required:

<button className={cn(
  // Default
  "bg-primary text-primary-foreground px-4 py-2 rounded-md font-medium",
  // Hover
  "hover:bg-primary/90",
  // Focus
  "focus:outline-none focus:ring-2 focus:ring-ring focus:ring-offset-2",
  // Active
  "active:scale-[0.98] transition-transform",
  // Disabled
  "disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50",
  // Loading — keep width stable, no layout shift
  isLoading && "cursor-wait"
)}>
  {isLoading ? (
    <><Loader2 className="mr-2 h-4 w-4 animate-spin" />Saving...</>
  ) : (
    'Save changes'
  )}
</button>

Labels: verb + object ("Save changes", "Delete project"). Sentence case in product UI. Icon-only buttons must have aria-label and a tooltip.

---

4.2 Forms

<form className="space-y-6">
  <div className="grid gap-4 sm:grid-cols-2">
    <div className="space-y-2">
      <Label htmlFor="firstName">First name</Label>    {/* Labels above, never placeholders-as-labels */}
      <Input
        id="firstName"
        autoComplete="given-name"                       {/* autocomplete attrs required */}
        placeholder="Jane"
        aria-describedby="firstName-error"
      />
      {errors.firstName && (
        <p id="firstName-error" className="flex items-center gap-1 text-sm text-destructive">
          <AlertCircle className="h-3 w-3" />           {/* Never red color alone */}
          {errors.firstName}
        </p>
      )}
    </div>
  </div>

  <Button type="submit">Submit</Button>                 {/* Keep enabled; validate on submit */}
</form>

Rules:

• Validate on blur, not on every keystroke.
• Don't reset forms on error. Preserve user input.
• Submit buttons stay enabled — disabled submit buttons hide the reason for failure.
• Mark optional fields, not required ones, when most fields are required (and vice versa).
• fieldset + legend for grouped related fields.

---

4.3 Tables

<table>
  <thead className="sticky top-0 bg-background">       {/* Sticky for 10+ rows */}
    <tr>
      <th className="text-left">Name</th>               {/* Left-align text */}
      <th className="text-right">Amount</th>            {/* Right-align numbers */}
      <th className="text-center">Status</th>           {/* Center icons/booleans */}
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    {rows.map((row) => (
      <tr key={row.id} className="hover:bg-muted/50">   {/* Subtle row hover */}
        <td>{row.name}</td>
        <td className="text-right tabular-nums">{row.amount}</td>
        <td className="text-center"><StatusBadge status={row.status} /></td>
      </tr>
    ))}
  </tbody>
</table>

• Empty state designed, not just "No data."
• Sort → filter → pagination priority. Infinite scroll is wrong for tables.
• Don't put primary actions in row hover-only — fails on touch.

---

4.4 Modals & Dialogs

• Use sparingly. Prefer inline editing, side panels, or routes.
• Trap focus inside the modal; restore to trigger on close.
• Esc closes; click-outside closes — unless data could be lost (then confirm).
• Mobile: full-screen bottom sheets, not centered modals.
• One primary action. Label destructive actions specifically: "Delete 12 projects", not "Confirm".

<Dialog>
  <DialogContent>
    <DialogHeader>
      <DialogTitle>Delete project</DialogTitle>
      <DialogDescription>
        This will permanently delete "My Project" and all its data. This action cannot be undone.
      </DialogDescription>
    </DialogHeader>
    <DialogFooter>
      <Button variant="outline" onClick={onClose}>Cancel</Button>
      <Button variant="destructive" onClick={onDelete}>Delete project</Button>
    </DialogFooter>
  </DialogContent>
</Dialog>

---

4.5 Empty / Error / Loading States

Skeletons for predictable-shape content. Spinners for short indeterminate waits. Progress bars for known durations. Never block the entire UI for a single fetch.

// Empty state — explains what, why, and what to do
<div className="flex flex-col items-center justify-center py-12 text-center">
  <InboxIcon className="h-12 w-12 text-muted-foreground/50" />
  <h3 className="mt-4 text-lg font-semibold">No messages yet</h3>
  <p className="mt-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground">
    Messages from your team will appear here.
  </p>
  <Button className="mt-4">Send your first message</Button>
</div>

// Error state — what failed, why if known, what to try
<div className="rounded-md bg-destructive/10 p-4 text-destructive">
  <p className="font-medium text-sm">Failed to load projects</p>
  <p className="mt-1 text-sm opacity-90">{error.message}</p>
  <Button variant="outline" size="sm" className="mt-3" onClick={retry}>Try again</Button>
</div>

// Skeleton loading
<div className="animate-pulse space-y-3">
  <div className="h-4 w-3/4 rounded bg-muted" />
  <div className="h-4 w-1/2 rounded bg-muted" />
  <div className="h-4 w-5/6 rounded bg-muted" />
</div>

// Spinner for actions
<Button disabled>
  <Loader2 className="mr-2 h-4 w-4 animate-spin" />
  Saving...
</Button>

Optimistic UI for actions that almost always succeed (like, favorite, mark read). Revert on failure with a toast. Avoid layout shift when states transition — reserve space for the data shape.

---

4.6 Navigation

• Top nav for marketing and shallow apps; side nav for apps with >5 sections.
• Active state must be unmistakable — not just a slight color shift.
• Breadcrumbs when hierarchy is ≥3 deep.
• Mobile: bottom tab bar (3–5 items) for primary, hamburger for secondary only.

<header className="sticky top-0 z-50 w-full border-b bg-background/95 backdrop-blur supports-[backdrop-filter]:bg-background/60">
  <div className="mx-auto flex h-16 max-w-7xl items-center justify-between px-4 sm:px-6 lg:px-8">
    <Link href="/" className="flex items-center gap-2 font-bold">
      <Logo className="h-8 w-8" />Brand
    </Link>

    <nav className="hidden items-center gap-6 md:flex" aria-label="Main navigation">
      <Link href="/features" className="text-sm font-medium text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:text-foreground">
        Features
      </Link>
      <Link href="/pricing" className="text-sm font-medium text-muted-foreground transition-colors hover:text-foreground">
        Pricing
      </Link>
    </nav>

    <div className="flex items-center gap-4">
      <Button variant="ghost" size="sm" className="hidden sm:flex">Sign in</Button>
      <Button size="sm">Get started free</Button>
    </div>
  </div>
</header>

---

4.7 Toasts & Notifications

• Toasts are for transient confirmation, not for errors requiring action.
• 4–6 second auto-dismiss. Position consistently — top-right or bottom-right, never both.
• Stack, don't queue. Multiple toasts visible; new ones push old ones up.
• Include undo for destructive actions. "Deleted. Undo" beats a confirmation modal.

// ✅ Destructive action toast with undo
toast({
  title: "Project deleted",
  description: "\"My Project\" has been permanently deleted.",
  action: <ToastAction altText="Undo deletion" onClick={undoDelete}>Undo</ToastAction>,
})

// ❌ Error that requires action (use inline error instead)
toast({ title: "Payment failed", description: "Update your card." })

---

5. Accessibility

These are baseline correctness, not polish.

Semantic HTML

// ✅
<main>
  <header>
    <nav aria-label="Main navigation">...</nav>
  </header>
  <article>
    <h1>Page Title</h1>
    <section aria-labelledby="section-id">
      <h2 id="section-id">Section</h2>
    </section>
  </article>
  <footer>...</footer>
</main>

// ❌
<div className="header">
  <div className="nav">
  <div className="main">

Focus Management

// ✅ Visible focus — use :focus-visible not :focus to avoid showing on click
"focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-ring focus-visible:ring-offset-2"

// Skip link
<a
  href="#main-content"
  className="sr-only focus:not-sr-only focus:absolute focus:top-4 focus:left-4 focus:z-50"
>
  Skip to content
</a>

// ❌ Never remove focus without replacement
className="focus:outline-none"  // keyboard users cannot see where they are

Keyboard & ARIA

// ✅ Naturally focusable
<button onClick={handleClick}>Click me</button>

// ❌ Not keyboard accessible
<div onClick={handleClick}>Click me</div>

// ✅ Icon-only button
<button aria-label="Close dialog">
  <XIcon className="h-4 w-4" aria-hidden="true" />
</button>

// ✅ Live region for dynamic content
<div aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true">{statusMessage}</div>

Non-negotiable checklist

• One <h1> per page; don't skip heading levels
• All inputs have <label> or aria-label
• tabindex never > 0
• alt="" on decorative images (still required; omitting alt is not the same)
• Color contrast ≥ 4.5:1 body, ≥ 3:1 large text — verified with a tool, not eyeballed
• prefers-reduced-motion respected
• Page works at 200% zoom without horizontal scroll

---

6. Performance

These are floors, not ceilings.

Metric	Target
First Contentful Paint	< 1.0s on fast 4G
Largest Contentful Paint	< 2.5s
Cumulative Layout Shift	< 0.1
Interaction to Next Paint	< 200ms
JS bundle (initial route)	< 170KB compressed

Code Splitting

// Dynamic imports for heavy components
import dynamic from 'next/dynamic'

const HeavyChart = dynamic(() => import('@/components/heavy-chart'), {
  loading: () => <ChartSkeleton />,
  ssr: false,
})

Data Fetching

// ✅ Server Components for static/initial data
async function ProductList() {
  const products = await getProducts()
  return <ProductGrid products={products} />
}

// ✅ SWR / TanStack Query for client-side data
function UserProfile() {
  const { data, error, isLoading } = useSWR('/api/user', fetcher)
  if (isLoading) return <ProfileSkeleton />
  if (error) return <ErrorState />
  return <Profile user={data} />
}

// ❌ Never fetch in useEffect
useEffect(() => {
  fetch('/api/data').then(...)  // race conditions, no caching, no deduplication
}, [])

Practical rules:

• Server-render or static-render marketing pages — SPAs for marketing are almost always wrong.
• Code-split by route. Don't ship the admin panel to the login page.
• Defer third-party scripts. Analytics, chat widgets, A/B tools — load after interactive.
• font-display: swap — no web fonts blocking render.
• Measure, don't guess. Lighthouse on every PR for marketing; bundle analyzer for product.

---

7. Code Quality

Architecture

• Component composition over prop explosion. >7 props → split it. Prefer <Card><Card.Header /><Card.Body /></Card> over <Card title body footer ... />.
• Co-locate: component, styles, tests, and stories live together. Don't shard by file type.
• Boundaries: UI components are pure (props in, JSX out). Data fetching and side effects belong in hooks/services, not in render.
• State at lowest common ancestor. Global state is a last resort, not a default.
• Server state ≠ client state. Use TanStack Query, SWR, or RTK Query for fetched data.

File Structure

app/
├── (marketing)/          # Route groups for layouts
│   ├── page.tsx
│   └── pricing/
├── (dashboard)/
│   ├── layout.tsx
│   └── dashboard/
└── api/[feature]/route.ts

components/
├── ui/                   # Base primitives (don't modify)
├── [feature]/            # Feature-specific components
├── layout/               # Layout components
└── shared/               # Shared components

hooks/
└── use-[feature].ts
lib/
├── utils.ts
└── validations.ts        # Zod schemas

Naming Conventions

Type	Convention	Example
Components	PascalCase	FeatureCard
Files	kebab-case	feature-card.tsx
Hooks	use prefix	useFeature.ts
Booleans	question form	isLoading, hasAccess, canEdit
Event handler props	on prefix	onClick, onSubmit
Event handler impls	handle prefix	handleSubmit, handleClick
Constants	SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE	MAX_FILE_SIZE
CSS variables	kebab-case	--primary-color

TypeScript

// ✅ Discriminated union for state
type State =
  | { status: 'idle' }
  | { status: 'loading' }
  | { status: 'error'; error: Error }
  | { status: 'success'; data: User[] }

// ✅ strict: true, no any
const config: Config = value as unknown as Config  // narrow with unknown first

// ❌ Never
const data: any = response

• strict: true — no exceptions.
• Types co-located with code, not in a global types.ts dumping ground.
• as const for literal arrays and tuples that should be inferred precisely.

Import Organization

// 1. React / Next.js
import { useState } from 'react'
import Image from 'next/image'

// 2. Third-party libraries
import { motion } from 'framer-motion'
import { z } from 'zod'

// 3. Internal components
import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'

// 4. Internal utilities / hooks
import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'

// 5. Types
import type { Feature } from '@/types'

Edge Cases

Handle each, explicitly: network failures, timeouts, partial data, empty arrays, null/undefined, race conditions, double-clicks, slow connections, offline. The set of bugs that ships is roughly the set of edge cases not designed for.

// ✅ Error boundary per feature region
<ErrorBoundary fallback={<SidebarError />}>
  <Sidebar />
</ErrorBoundary>

// ❌ One global error boundary — a failed sidebar blanks the page
<ErrorBoundary fallback={<BlankPage />}>
  <App />
</ErrorBoundary>

What Not to Build

• No premature abstractions. Three similar lines is fine; wait for the fourth.
• No feature flags for code in a single PR.
• No utils.ts dumping grounds with more than ~5 functions.
• No half-implemented features — either it works end-to-end or it isn't merged.
• No // TODO without a ticket reference or owner.

---

8. Tailwind CSS Patterns

Class Organization

Order classes consistently for readability:

className={cn(
  // 1. Layout (display, position, sizing)
  "flex items-center justify-between",
  "relative w-full max-w-md",

  // 2. Spacing (margin, padding, gap)
  "p-4 gap-2",

  // 3. Typography
  "text-sm font-medium",

  // 4. Colors & Backgrounds
  "bg-background text-foreground",

  // 5. Borders & Shadows
  "rounded-lg border shadow-sm",

  // 6. Transitions & Animations
  "transition-colors duration-200",

  // 7. States (hover, focus, active)
  "hover:bg-accent focus-visible:ring-2",

  // 8. Responsive overrides
  "md:p-6 lg:flex-row",

  // 9. Conditional classes
  className
)}

Common Utility Patterns

// Centering
"flex items-center justify-center"
"grid place-items-center"

// Card
"rounded-lg border bg-card p-6 shadow-sm"

// Interactive element
"cursor-pointer transition-colors hover:bg-accent"

// Focus ring (accessibility)
"focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-ring focus-visible:ring-offset-2"

// Truncation
"truncate"           // Single line
"line-clamp-2"       // Multi-line

// Aspect ratios
"aspect-video"       // 16:9
"aspect-square"      // 1:1

// Overlay / modal backdrop
"bg-background/80 backdrop-blur-sm"

// Dividers
"divide-y divide-border"

// Screen reader only
"sr-only"

Responsive Patterns

// Stack to row
<div className="flex flex-col gap-4 md:flex-row">

// Grid columns
<div className="grid grid-cols-1 gap-6 sm:grid-cols-2 lg:grid-cols-3">

// Conditional show/hide
<div className="hidden md:block">   {/* Show on md+ */}
<div className="md:hidden">         {/* Hide on md+ */}

// Responsive text
<h1 className="text-3xl md:text-4xl lg:text-5xl">

// Responsive spacing
<section className="py-12 md:py-16 lg:py-24">

---

9. Common Patterns

Hero Section

<section className="relative overflow-hidden py-24 md:py-32 lg:py-40">
  <div className="mx-auto max-w-7xl px-4 sm:px-6 lg:px-8">
    <div className="mx-auto max-w-3xl text-center">
      <h1 className="text-balance text-4xl font-bold tracking-tight md:text-5xl lg:text-6xl">
        Your compelling headline here
      </h1>
      <p className="mt-6 text-pretty text-lg text-muted-foreground md:text-xl">
        Supporting text that elaborates on the headline.
      </p>
      <div className="mt-8 flex flex-col gap-4 sm:flex-row sm:justify-center">
        <Button size="lg">Start free trial</Button>
        <Button size="lg" variant="outline">See how it works</Button>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>
</section>

Feature Grid

<section className="py-16 md:py-24">
  <div className="mx-auto max-w-7xl px-4 sm:px-6 lg:px-8">
    <div className="mx-auto max-w-2xl text-center">
      <h2 className="text-3xl font-bold md:text-4xl">Features</h2>
      <p className="mt-4 text-muted-foreground">Everything you need to succeed.</p>
    </div>
    <div className="mt-12 grid gap-8 sm:grid-cols-2 lg:grid-cols-3">
      {features.map((feature) => (
        <FeatureCard key={feature.id} {...feature} />
      ))}
    </div>
  </div>
</section>

Bento Grid

<div className="grid gap-4 md:grid-cols-2 lg:grid-cols-3">
  {/* Large feature */}
  <div className="md:col-span-2 lg:row-span-2 rounded-xl border bg-card p-8">
    <h3 className="text-2xl font-bold">Main Feature</h3>
  </div>

  {/* Standard items */}
  <div className="rounded-xl border bg-card p-6">
    <h3 className="font-semibold">Feature 2</h3>
  </div>

  {/* Wide item */}
  <div className="md:col-span-2 rounded-xl border bg-card p-6">
    <h3 className="font-semibold">Wide Feature</h3>
  </div>
</div>

Card Grid

<div className="grid gap-6 sm:grid-cols-2 lg:grid-cols-3">
  {items.map((item) => (
    <Card key={item.id} className="group overflow-hidden">
      <div className="aspect-video overflow-hidden">
        <Image
          src={item.image}
          alt={item.title}
          fill
          className="object-cover transition-transform group-hover:scale-105"
        />
      </div>
      <CardHeader>
        <CardTitle>{item.title}</CardTitle>
        <CardDescription>{item.description}</CardDescription>
      </CardHeader>
      <CardFooter>
        <Button variant="ghost" className="ml-auto gap-1">
          Learn more <ArrowRight className="h-4 w-4" />
        </Button>
      </CardFooter>
    </Card>
  ))}
</div>

Form Layout

<form className="space-y-6">
  <div className="grid gap-4 sm:grid-cols-2">
    <div className="space-y-2">
      <Label htmlFor="firstName">First name</Label>
      <Input id="firstName" autoComplete="given-name" placeholder="Jane" />
    </div>
    <div className="space-y-2">
      <Label htmlFor="lastName">Last name</Label>
      <Input id="lastName" autoComplete="family-name" placeholder="Smith" />
    </div>
  </div>

  <div className="space-y-2">
    <Label htmlFor="email">Email</Label>
    <Input id="email" type="email" autoComplete="email" placeholder="[e-mail]" />
    <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">We'll never share your email.</p>
  </div>

  <Button type="submit" className="w-full sm:w-auto">
    Create account
  </Button>
</form>

Component Template

import { cn } from "@/lib/utils"

interface FeatureCardProps {
  title: string
  description: string
  icon?: React.ReactNode
  variant?: "default" | "highlighted"
  className?: string
}

export function FeatureCard({
  title,
  description,
  icon,
  variant = "default",
  className,
}: FeatureCardProps) {
  return (
    <div
      className={cn(
        "rounded-lg border p-6 transition-colors",
        variant === "default" && "bg-card hover:bg-accent",
        variant === "highlighted" && "bg-primary text-primary-foreground",
        className
      )}
    >
      {icon && <div className="mb-4 text-muted-foreground">{icon}</div>}
      <h3 className="font-semibold text-lg">{title}</h3>
      <p className="mt-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground">{description}</p>
    </div>
  )
}

---

10. Anti-Patterns

If your output exhibits any of these, users will recognize it as machine-produced and trust the rest less.

Color Mistakes

// ❌ Too many colors
className="bg-purple-500 text-pink-400 border-blue-300 shadow-green-200"

// ❌ Direct colors instead of tokens
className="bg-white text-black"

// ❌ Purple/pink gradient on every CTA (the AI tell)
className="bg-gradient-to-r from-purple-500 to-pink-500"

// ❌ Clashing temperature gradient
className="bg-gradient-to-r from-pink-500 to-green-500"

// ✅ Semantic tokens, solid colors
className="bg-primary text-primary-foreground"

Typography Mistakes

// ❌ Too many fonts
<h1 className="font-display">
<p className="font-body">
<span className="font-accent">       // 3+ families
<code className="font-mono">

// ❌ Body text too small
<p className="text-xs">Body copy</p>

// ❌ Missing line-height
<p className="text-base">            // Default leading is too tight

// ❌ Text alignment: justify on web
<p className="text-justify">         // Creates uneven rivers of space

// ✅
<p className="text-base leading-relaxed max-w-prose">

Layout Mistakes

// ❌ Desktop-first responsive
className="w-1/3 sm:w-1/2 xs:w-full"

// ❌ Floats
className="float-left"

// ❌ space-* utilities (less composable than gap)
className="space-y-4"

// ✅ Mobile-first with gap
className="flex flex-col gap-4 md:flex-row"

Component Mistakes

// ❌ Monolithic page files (500+ lines)
// ❌ Hardcoded values instead of props or tokens
<div style={{ padding: '23px', color: '#1a1a1a' }}>
// ❌ Missing key props
items.map(item => <Card>{item.name}</Card>)
// ❌ Fetching in useEffect
useEffect(() => { fetch('/api/data').then(...) }, [])

// ✅ Split into components, use tokens, proper keys, server state library

Accessibility Mistakes

// ❌
<div onClick={handleClick}>Click me</div>     // Not keyboard accessible
<img src="/photo.jpg" />                       // Missing alt text
<span className="text-red-500">Error</span>   // Color-only indication
<button className="focus:outline-none">        // No focus replacement

// ✅
<button onClick={handleClick}>Click me</button>
<img src="/photo.jpg" alt="Team meeting in conference room" />
<span className="flex items-center gap-2 text-destructive">
  <AlertCircle className="h-4 w-4" aria-hidden="true" />
  Error message
</span>
<button className="focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-ring">

Visual Anti-patterns (the AI tells)

• Purple→pink gradient on every CTA
• Glassmorphism on every surface simultaneously
• Decorative emoji in headings, buttons, or section labels
• Three floating abstract shapes behind the hero headline
• "Trusted by" logo bars with five generic SaaS logos
• Feature grids of 6 cards, each with a gradient icon and one-line description
• Animated gradient, blob, or particle backgrounds
• Every component wrapped in a Card with shadow + border + gradient
• Buttons that say "Get Started" with no specifics
• Tooltips on obvious icons ("Settings" on a gear)

---

11. Pre-Ship Checklist

Before Writing Code

1. What's the longest realistic user name? Widest dataset? Sketch with real strings, not "Lorem ipsum."
2. What is the one primary action on this screen? If you can't pick one, the screen does too much.
3. List every state this screen can be in — don't skip unhappy paths.
4. Sketch responsive behavior at 360px width.

Before Shipping

• Empty, loading, error, success states exist and look intentional
• Keyboard reachable; focus visible; tab order is logical
• Works at 320px width and at 200% zoom
• Color contrast passes AA on all text (verified, not eyeballed)
• No layout shift during load (CLS < 0.1)
• No console errors or warnings
• No any, no orphaned // TODO, no console.log left in
• Lighthouse ≥ 90 Performance and Accessibility for marketing pages
• Tested in Safari (it's still the IE of 2026)
• Tested with prefers-reduced-motion and prefers-color-scheme: dark
• Real content — no Lorem ipsum, no placeholder images

---

12. Quick Reference

Category	Rule
Type	2 families max; 14–16px body; 1.5 line-height; 65ch max-width; tabular nums for numbers
Color	3–5 colors; semantic tokens; OKLCH/HSL palette; verify AA contrast
Space	4px scale; whitespace > borders for hierarchy
Radius	One scale; nested radius = outer − padding
Motion	150–250ms; ease-out; transform/opacity only; respect reduced-motion
Buttons	One primary per view; ≥44px touch; all six states designed
Forms	Labels above inputs; validate on blur; preserve input on error; autocomplete attrs
States	Empty / loading / error / success — design all four for every async surface
A11y	Semantic HTML; :focus-visible; keyboard reachable; AA contrast; alt text
Perf	LCP < 2.5s; CLS < 0.1; INP < 200ms; SSR marketing; code-split by route
Code	TS strict; no any; composition > props; lift state lowest; server-state library
Test	Behavior not implementation; every bug → regression test

When in doubt: simpler, quieter, more accessible, more honest about what it does. That is the difference between "looks designed" and is designed.