zod

name	zod
description	Introduced in `zod@4.0`.
metadata	{"source":"llms.txt","source_url":"https://zod.dev/llms-full.txt","generated":"2026-05-04T10:05:50.779Z"}

Zod

Introduced in zod@4.0.

Introduced in zod@4.0.

Available Resources

Primitives

Literals

Strings

String formats

Template literals

Numbers

Integers

BigInts

Booleans

Dates

Enums

Stringbools [#stringbool]

Nullables

Nullish

Unknown

Never

Objects

• spread syntax

  • URL: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Spread_syntax

• a TypeScript limitation

  • URL: https://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript/pull/61505

Recursive objects

Arrays

Tuples

Unions

Exclusive unions (XOR)

Discriminated unions

Intersections

Records

Maps

Sets

Files

Promises

Instanceof

Refinements

Codecs

• stringToNumber

  • URL: /codecs#stringtonumber

• stringToInt

  • URL: /codecs#stringtoint

• stringToBigInt

  • URL: /codecs#stringtobigint

• numberToBigInt

  • URL: /codecs#numbertobigint

• isoDatetimeToDate

  • URL: /codecs#isodatetimetodate

• epochSecondsToDate

  • URL: /codecs#epochsecondstodate

• epochMillisToDate

  • URL: /codecs#epochmillistodate

• jsonCodec

  • URL: /codecs#jsoncodec

• utf8ToBytes

  • URL: /codecs#utf8tobytes

• bytesToUtf8

  • URL: /codecs#bytestoutf8

• base64ToBytes

  • URL: /codecs#base64tobytes

• base64urlToBytes

  • URL: /codecs#base64urltobytes

• hexToBytes

  • URL: /codecs#hextobytes

• stringToURL

  • URL: /codecs#stringtourl

• stringToHttpURL

  • URL: /codecs#stringtohttpurl

• uriComponent

  • URL: /codecs#uricomponent

• stringToBoolean

  • URL: /codecs#stringtoboolean

Pipes

Transforms

Defaults

Prefaults

Catch

Branded types

Readonly

JSON

Functions

Custom

Apply

Defining a schema

Parsing data

Handling errors

Inferring types

How encoding works

Resources

• Total TypeScript Zod Tutorial

  • URL: https://www.totaltypescript.com/tutorials/zod

• Fixing TypeScript's Blindspot: Runtime Typechecking

  • URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rY_XqfSHock

• Validate Environment Variables With Zod

  • URL: https://catalins.tech/validate-environment-variables-with-zod/

API Libraries

Form Integrations

Zod to X

X to Zod

Mocking Libraries

Powered by Zod

Zod Utilities

The error param

Per-parse error customization

Global error customization

Internationalization

Error precedence

z.treeifyError()

z.prettifyError()

z.formatError()

z.flattenError()

Introduction

Features

Installation

Requirements

Ecosystem

• Resources

  • URL: /ecosystem?id=resources

• API Libraries

  • URL: /ecosystem?id=api-libraries

• Form Integrations

  • URL: /ecosystem?id=form-integrations

• Zod to X

  • URL: /ecosystem?id=zod-to-x

• X to Zod

  • URL: /ecosystem?id=x-to-zod

• Mocking Libraries

  • URL: /ecosystem?id=mocking-libraries

• Powered by Zod

  • URL: /ecosystem?id=powered-by-zod

• tRPC

  • URL: https://trpc.io

• React Hook Form

  • URL: https://react-hook-form.com

• zshy

  • URL: https://github.com/colinhacks/zshy

Sponsors

z.fromJSONSchema()

z.toJSONSchema()

Conversion

Registries

Do I need to depend on Zod?

How to configure peer dependencies?

How to support Zod 4?

Do I need to publish a new major version?

How to support Zod 3 and Zod 4 simultaneously?

How to support Zod and Zod Mini simultaneously?

How to accept user-defined schemas?

Registries

Metadata

Custom registries

On deck: Zod 4

Zod's current funding story

The Clerk fellowship

• Auth.js
  • URL: https://authjs.dev/getting-started

OSS, funding models, and trying new things

ZodError

z.coerce updates

.default() updates

z.object()

z.nativeEnum() deprecated

z.array()

z.promise() deprecated

z.function()

.refine()

z.record()

z.intersection()

Internal changes

100x reduction in tsc instantiations

2x reduction in core bundle size

Introducing Zod Mini

Metadata

JSON Schema conversion

Recursive objects

File schemas

Internationalization

Error pretty-printing

Top-level string formats

Template literal types

Number formats

Stringbool

Simplified error customization

Upgraded z.discriminatedUnion()

Multiple values in z.literal()

Refinements live inside schemas

An extensible foundation: zod/v4/core

Wrapping up

Versioning in Zod 4

Why?

Schemas

Internals

Parsing

Checks

Errors

Issues

Tree-shaking

When (not) to use Zod Mini

ZodMiniType

No default locale

Additional Resources (Optional)

Optionals

How to Use This Skill

Reference these resources when working with Zod.