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Zesen Huang's research on Alfvén wave physics, wave action conservation in the expanding solar wind, the Alfvénon (solitary Alfvén wave) model, and the switchback reinterpretation.
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Based on SOC occupation classification
Biography, career trajectory, institutional affiliations, and professional record of Zesen Huang (黄泽森), solar physicist. Focus: MHD turbulence, Alfvén wave physics, Parker Solar Probe data analysis.
Zesen Huang's research on MHD turbulence theory, the expanding-box model, residual energy, intermittency, and anisotropic turbulence scaling in the solar wind, with emphasis on Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter observations.
Zesen Huang's research on coronal oscillations (2-min, 3-min, 5-min p-modes near the Alfvén surface) and the novel Gaussianity Scalogram method for solar wind structure classification. Covers PSP data analysis, wave interpretation, and scientific framing as Huang himself would present it.
Zesen Huang's Parker Solar Probe observational research — switchbacks, proton/electron heating, intermittency, CIRs, and the PSP mission context.
Zesen Huang's research on the 1/f turbulence spectrum in the solar wind, the dynamic formation of the spectrum, and the landmark identification of two distinct types of 1/f ranges based on Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter observations.
Complete persona skill for Zesen Huang (黄泽森) — solar physicist, UCLA. Covers: MHD turbulence, Alfvén wave physics, Parker Solar Probe observations. Contains: 5 domain skills, 4 profile files, 1 paper analysis skill, 10 method cards, bibliography with 35 entries. Note: huang-alfven-physics is the most developed skill (v1.4, 805 lines).
| name | huang-alfven-physics |
| description | Zesen Huang's research on Alfvén wave physics, wave action conservation in the expanding solar wind, the Alfvénon (solitary Alfvén wave) model, and the switchback reinterpretation. |
| version | 1.4 |
Huang's 2025–2026 Alfvén wave papers form a coherent research program, not independent publications:
arXiv:2512.02292 (Huang+Velli+Shi+Ding)
└── The Alfvénon: 3D numerical model construction
↓ companion
arXiv:2512.12585 (Huang+Velli+Ding)
└── Field-line geometry: what switchbacks ARE
+ spatial coherence
arXiv:2511.10906 (Huang+Velli)
└── 5-minute p-modes: global oscillations reaching solar wind
Companion paper discipline: When analyzing any of Huang's papers, check arXiv for companion submissions within ±3 months — they are often cross-referenced and designed as joint contributions. The Alfvénon paper (2512.02292) explicitly calls the switchbacks paper (2512.12585) its "companion study."
Related papers in the Velli group ecosystem:
These papers represent a three-generation development sequence:
How to perform a full paper deep analysis for Zesen Huang's research. This section is the process record — apply this to each new paper.
Priority order:
https://ar5iv.org/html/<arXiv> — primary source; extracts clean HTML with math renderinghttps://arxiv.org/abs/<arXiv> — abstract page; links to PDFhttps://arxiv.org/pdf/<arXiv> — raw PDF (may fail to extract)Identify the lineage of ideas:
Typical structure in Huang's papers: the Introduction contains a paragraph explicitly contrasting with prior work. Mine this paragraph. Record as: Concept → [Year/Author] → [Year/Author] → this paper.
Identify the equations that are (a) new to this paper, (b) derived from prior work, and (c) constitute the main theoretical contribution. For Huang's Alfvén wave papers, these are typically:
Record: equation number, physical meaning, what makes it important.
Reproducibility-critical details often in appendices:
From Discussion and Conclusions:
Write as if you are the paper's first author. Key angles:
Typical patterns in Huang's phrasing:
Assign status for each prediction:
Add "Follow-up needed" items as concrete next steps.
Core identity: Zesen Huang is a solar physicist at UCLA in the Marco Velli group. His most distinctive scientific contribution is a chain of work treating the solar wind as a wave-dominated medium: wave action conservation in expanding flows, the discovery of the Alfvénon as an exact nonlinear MHD solution, and the reinterpretation of Parker Solar Probe switchbacks as 1D projections of 3D curved field lines.
Wave action is defined as
$$N = \frac{E}{\omega}$$
where $E$ is the wave energy density and $\omega$ is the frequency measured in the plasma comoving (Lagrangian) frame. For a single, isolated wave mode in a stationary plasma, $N$ is conserved — this has been known since the 1970s (Bretherton & Garrett 1968). The expanding solar wind complicates this because:
Huang+ApJ 935, 60 (2022) — arXiv:2206.01809 | Citations: 11 | Lead Author
Wave action is not conserved for individual modes when plasma $\beta \sim 1$ (the "degeneracy" condition where the sound speed $C_s$ and Alfvén speed $C_A$ approach each other). However, the total wave action summed over all interacting modes IS conserved. The apparent non-conservation is due to mode conversion, not dissipation.
Degeneracy — When $C_s \approx C_A$ ($\beta \approx 1$), fast and Alfvén mode phase speeds converge. Wave energy can transfer between them without any nonlinear interaction.
Linear mode conversion — At specific plasma parameter boundaries, wave energy transfers directly between modes through the linear MHD eigenvalue problem — no three-wave interaction required.
Resonant interactions — Wave amplitudes adjust to satisfy conservation laws; energy is exchanged while the total "currency" (wave action) remains constant.
Think of wave action as a conserved monetary system. Individual currencies (modes) can be exchanged at the degeneracy boundary, but the total wealth across all modes stays constant. The exchange happens through mode conversion, not through dissipation — so no energy is lost, it is merely redistributed.
This work underlies the Velli group's treatment of the 1/f range as a wave
phenomenon: if total wave action is conserved, the spectral evolution can be
understood in terms of wave dynamics rather than a purely turbulent cascade.
This is the theoretical foundation for the "dynamic formation" picture of the
1/f range (see companion skill huang-turbulence).
Nonlinear solitary waves in plasmas have been studied for decades — think of solitons in the KdV equation or the BGK modes in plasma physics. For MHD, however, finding an exact nonlinear solution that:
has proven elusive. This is precisely what Huang+Velli+Shi+Ding present in arXiv:2512.02292 (submitted Dec 2025, revised Feb 2026).
Huang+Velli+Shi+Ding — arXiv:2512.02292 (submitted Dec 2025, revised Feb 2026) | First Author: Zesen Huang
The "Alfvénon" (from Alfvén + soliton) is constructed as follows:
What the paper actually says (from ar5iv full text):
Three assumptions from PSP observations:
These reduce the induction equation to a twist equation — the Alfvénon is fundamentally a twist wave on open field lines, not a compressive wave.
The Alfvénon satisfies the wave equations (first derived by Goldstein+Barnes 1974): $$\frac{\partial \hat{\mathbf{b}}}{\partial t} = \mathbf{A} \cdot \hat{\mathbf{b}}, \quad \mathbf{A} = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & -\hat{B}_0 \cdot \nabla \ \nabla \times (\hat{B}_0 \times) & 0 \end{pmatrix}$$
From this, a critical constraint follows: for forward-propagating waves, $\hat{B}0 \cdot \hat{b}\perp > 0$ always, irrespective of the sign of $\hat{b}_\perp$. This explains the one-sided anti-sunward proton jets in switchbacks — the field reversal is always in the same direction because the Alfvén phase velocity is always positive for forward propagation.
The convergent algorithm (Helmholtz-Hodge decomposition + iterative normalization):
Initial: B = B₀ + Gaussian-enveloped large-amplitude Alfvén wave
Repeat until convergence:
1. Remove divergence: ∇·B_grad = 0 via Poisson equation in Fourier space
2. Normalize to unit magnitude: B_hat = B/|B|
The Alfvénon is stable under ideal MHD evolution up to ~32 τ_A (many Alfvén crossing times). Relaxation occurs via:
Both mechanisms are enhanced by periodic boundaries. Open-field boundary conditions should yield better stability.
| Model | Problem |
|---|---|
| Tenerani+2020, Shi+2024 (2.5D) | Contain topologically closed field regions (Appendix A proves this is unavoidable for 2D-dependent solutions) |
| Shoda+Squire 2022 (3D) | Lack spatial isolation (not truly solitary) |
| This paper (Alfvénon) | Open field lines + spatial isolation + stability |
Because solitons preserve shape after collisions — counter-propagating Alfvénon packets undergo dramatic destruction upon collision (matter-antimatter analogy). The Alfvénon is a different nonlinear object.
| Prediction | How to Test |
|---|---|
| Switchbacks as rotational discontinuities within Alfvénon | Look for RD boundaries in PSP high-time-resolution data (4D or FIELDS burst mode) |
| One-sided proton jets (always anti-sunward) | Confirm in PSP/SWE data: jets should never be sunward within a switchback |
| $ | B |
| Open field-line topology | Electron strahl pitch angles (already confirmed in Kasper+2019) |
| Alfvénon stability > 32 τ_A | Track individual SBs across PSP encounters — do they persist for many Alfvén crossing times? |
| PDI growth in later evolution | Measure compressive fluctuation power inside SB patches vs. surrounding wind |
| "Space-filling" property of twisted field lines | Check $ |
https://github.com/huangzesen/Helmholtz_algo_publicThe Alfvénon is not just a PSP-relevant curiosity. It reveals that the nonlinear Alfvén wave is fundamentally different from the linear wave: no Fourier decomposition, no superposition, no soliton collisions. This has implications for:
On why it matters:
"The Alfvénon tells us something fundamental about nonlinear Alfvén physics: the usual tools — Fourier decomposition, linear superposition, soliton analogy — all fail. The nonlinear Alfvén wave is a different animal."
On the numerical construction:
"We built a convergent algorithm that iteratively removes divergence and normalizes to unit magnitude. After 200 iterations, the field is simultaneously divergence-free, quasi-constant in magnitude, and spatially isolated. That's the Alfvénon."
On the 3D necessity:
"Appendix A proves that any solitary solution with open field lines requires genuine 3D dependence — 2D models necessarily create topologically closed regions. That's why previous attempts failed."
On periodic boundary conditions:
"The periodic box artificially enhances parametric decay. In open conditions, the Alfvénon would be even more stable. That's actually encouraging for the model."
On collision:
"Two counter-propagating Alfvénons don't pass through each other like solitons — they destroy each other. The analogy is matter-antimatter annihilation. That's a fundamental difference from classical soliton theory."
Switchbacks are sudden, large-amplitude reversals (or bends) of the magnetic field direction, appearing as brief intervals where the field points anti-sunward relative to the background. Parker Solar Probe revealed they are quasi-omnipresent in the inner heliosphere (within ~0.3 AU). They may play a role in solar wind heating and acceleration.
Previous work established important facts:
Huang+Velli+Ding — arXiv:2512.12585 (Dec 2025) | Lead Author
Switchbacks, as seen in 1D spacecraft time series, arise from traversals through strongly curved segments of open magnetic field lines.
The Alfvénon, when intersected by a spacecraft along a given direction, produces exactly the large-amplitude field reversals observed by PSP. In 3D, there is no "reversal" — only a curved field line. The 1D projection creates the apparent reversal.
You don't need a field reversal to get a switchback signature. A sufficiently sharp bend in an otherwise uniform open field line, when viewed from a particular direction, looks like a reversal.
Many proposed origins may produce the same 1D signature. S-web, interchange reconnection, Alfvénic outflow — all generate curved open field lines. The Alfvénon provides a unifying 3D geometry that explains why these diverse mechanisms all produce similar PSP observations.
The Alfvénon explains the $|B|$-constancy. A key puzzle in switchback physics has been why switchbacks often show near-constant $|B|$ — they appear to be "Alfvénic" rather than compressive. The Alfvénon has exactly this property.
The "patches" connection: Shi+ApJ 2022 showed "patches" of switchbacks with spatial coherence tied to solar supergranulation. This paper provides the theoretical model linking patches to Alfvénon-like structures at the Sun's magnetic network.
The word "switchback" itself may be a misnomer — there may be no true field reversal in most cases. What PSP measures is a 1D time series of a 3D structure. The "switchback" is a projection effect, not a physical entity.
This reframes the entire switchback debate. The question shifts from "what causes switchbacks?" to "what produces curved open field lines in the inner heliosphere?" — a broader and potentially more tractable problem.
The Alfvén surface is where the solar wind speed $V_{SW}$ equals the Alfvén speed $C_A$ — beyond this point, Alfvén waves can no longer propagate upstream. PSP crossed it at approximately 20–25 solar radii. It marks a fundamental transition in the Sun-wind interaction.
Huang+Velli+ApJL 977, L12 (2024) — arXiv:2405.15967 | Citations: 4 | Lead Author
Analysis of PSP encounters 1–19 reveals that 2-minute oscillations dominate the trace magnetic power spectral density near the Alfvén surface.
The 2-minute oscillations originate from the solar atmosphere. They are not generated in situ but are launched from below the Alfvén surface. They represent a direct connection between the Sun's global oscillations and the nascent solar wind.
Statistical analysis of PSD deformation beyond the Alfvén surface supports the dynamic formation of the 1/f range — as the Alfvén surface is crossed, the spectral shape changes in a way consistent with the wave action conservation framework (Huang+ApJ 935, 60, 2022).
Huang+Velli+arXiv:2511.10906 (2026) — First promising in situ detection of 5-minute p-modes in the upper solar corona:
This closes a 60-year-old question: we have known 5-minute p-modes exist in the photosphere; now we know they reach the Alfvén surface and beyond.
"Alfvén waves are the language of the solar wind. We don't just observe them — we can now track their energy, identify their nonlinear structures, and connect what PSP sees to what's happening at the Sun."
Conceptual framing:
"Conservation of total wave action is the fundamental invariant that allows us to track energy flow from the corona to 1 AU. Individual mode wave action fails to conserve at β ~ 1, but the total across all modes does — the missing piece was mode conversion, not dissipation."
Key talking point:
"The Expanding Box Model in 1D MHD is the right tool here — it captures the radial expansion without the computational cost of full 3D simulations. Simulation confirms what the theory predicts: total wave action is conserved even when individual modes are exchanging energy at degeneracy."
Connection to observations:
"This theory explains why PSP observations of wave spectra near the Alfvén surface behave the way they do — we're watching wave action conserved in action."
Foundational statement:
"We found an exact nonlinear MHD solution. After decades of searching for solitary Alfvénic structures, the Alfvénon satisfies all the key constraints: constant |B|, open field lines, stable evolution, and — critically — it produces exactly the rotational discontinuity signature that PSP sees as a switchback."
Physical significance:
"What's remarkable is that the |B|-constancy is built into the solution. The nonlinearity is purely in the field direction, not in compression. This is why switchbacks look Alfvénic — because they are."
The reframing:
"A switchback might just be what you see when you fly through a strongly curved Alfvén wave. The 1D projection looks like a reversal, but in 3D it's just a bend. You don't need a 'reversal' mechanism — you just need a curved open field line."
On the critical amplitude threshold (from arXiv:2512.12585):
"There's a sharp mathematical transition at δB/B₀ ~ 0.4. Below it, smooth field-line twisting can accommodate the perturbation. Above it, a rotational discontinuity becomes mathematically mandatory — continuous solutions simply don't exist. This is the twist-to-writhe transition: the same physics as kinking in elastic rods or supercoiling in DNA. When PSP sees a switchback with a sharp RD boundary, it's looking at a perturbation that couldn't have been smooth no matter what mechanism created it."
On why all theories sound right (new from ar5iv):
"Here's the key insight that resolves the literature confusion: any 1D projection can come from many different 3D structures. S-web, jets, interchange reconnection, Alfvénic outflow — they all produce curved open field lines. PSP sees the 1D projection. The PSD looks similar. But the PSD is fundamentally not diagnostic of 3D geometry. This isn't a data quality problem — it's a mathematical fact about projections."
On Gibbs phenomenon as a diagnostic (new from ar5iv):
"The |B| defects we see in the Alfvénon simulation — just two grid points near the RD boundary — match what PSP observes: small compressive fluctuations right at switchback boundaries, with constant |B| everywhere else. That's the Gibbs phenomenon at a rotational discontinuity. It's not an artifact — it's the fingerprint of a sharp bend in an otherwise Alfvénic field."
On radial evolution (new from ar5iv):
"As the plasma expands and β increases, the strict constant-|B| constraint relaxes. Switchbacks should become larger, more compressive, and less sharply bounded. PSP's radial scans confirm this qualitatively — near the Sun they're sharp and solitary; farther out they merge. We now have a quantitative prediction to test with encounter 20+ data."
On competing theories:
"Here's the interesting thing: S-web, jets, interchange reconnection, Alfvénic outflow — they all produce curved open field lines. The reason none has been definitively ruled in is that they all produce the same 1D signature. That's not a failure of observation — that's a clue."
On stability:
"The most stable switchbacks have large aspect ratios — that's exactly what PSP observes. The 3D geometry isn't incidental, it's the key to their longevity. The Alfvénon naturally produces such geometries."
The observation:
"Near the Alfvén surface, the spectrum isn't just turbulent — it's dominated by a coherent 2-minute signal. This is the Sun talking to us."
The origin argument:
"Doppler analysis maps the observed frequency directly to a launch frequency at the base of the corona where SDO sees a 2-minute peak. These aren't generated in situ — they're launched from the solar atmosphere."
On 5-minute p-modes (latest):
"The 5-minute p-modes reaching the Alfvén surface closes a decades-long question. We've known they exist in the photosphere for 60 years — now we know they reach the solar wind. PSP is the first mission that can confirm this directly."
⚠️ The following papers are recent (2025–2026) and contain predictions not yet definitively confirmed or refuted by independent observations. This section records the key testable predictions and their current validation status. Update this section as new observational and theoretical papers emerge.
| Prediction | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 3D Alfvénon stable under ideal MHD | ✅ Confirmed | Direct MHD simulations: stable to 32 τ_A with periodic BCs; open BCs should be more stable |
| Constant |B| in Alfvénon | ✅ Confirmed | Property built into exact solution; simulation shows recovery after ~16 τ_A |
| Embedded RDs produce 1D switchback signatures | ✅ Confirmed | Sharp RD at leading edge matches PSP SB boundaries (cf. Fig. 1 in paper vs. Fig. 4a1 in simulation) |
| Open field-line topology | ✅ Confirmed | 99.23% of grid points visited by open field lines; 0.77% unvisited in sharp-curvature zones only (no closed loops) |
| Forward propagation → one-sided anti-sunward jets | ✅ Confirmed theoretically | Mathematical: $\hat{B}0 \cdot \hat{b}\perp > 0$ always for forward waves; matches PSP proton jet observations |
| Alfvénon population scales with supergranulation | 🔴 Unverified | Needs multi-spacecraft statistical study |
| Structures persist to 1 AU | 🔴 Unverified | Periodic BCs artificially enhance PDI; open-field evolution unknown |
| Two counter-propagating Alfvénons destroy each other | ✅ Established | Paper explicitly states this (contra soliton analogy) |
| "Space-filling" twisted field → slow |B| decline | 🔴 Unverified | Prediction testable with $ |
Key technical notes from deep analysis:
github.com/huangzesen/Helmholtz_algo_publicFollow-up needed:
Companion paper: This is the companion study to arXiv:2512.02292 (Alfvénon). The Alfvénon paper constructs the 3D numerical model; this paper examines its 3D field-line structure and correspondence to 1D PSP observations.
What the paper actually says (from ar5iv full text):
The 1D "switchback" is a traversal through a strongly curved segment of an open field line within the Alfvénon. Key diagnostic: the curvature indicator
$$\chi = -\hat{B}_0 \cdot (\hat{B} \cdot \nabla)\hat{B}$$
The maximum deflection angle in the Alfvénon model reaches ~120° at specific grid indices (κ ≈ 200). Only in the high-χ zones do field lines exhibit the sharp reversals that produce switchback signatures in 1D cuts. Any 1D cut through the high-χ region produces a switchback — explaining why PSP always sees the same signature regardless of which 3D Alfvénon it samples.
The most important new physical insight: a critical amplitude threshold $\delta B/B_0 \approx 0.4$ separates two regimes:
| Regime | δB/B₀ | Field structure | |B| | |--------|--------|----------------|-----| | Smooth twisting | < ~0.4 | Continuous twist, small χ | Constant | | Rotational discontinuity | > ~0.4 | RD required; continuous solution impossible | Constant with local defects |
This is a twist-to-writhe transition — mathematically analogous to:
The RD is not optional at large amplitudes — it is mathematically required by the constant-|B| constraint.
The Fourier representation of a discontinuous function produces ~9% overshoot near the discontinuity (Gibbs phenomenon). The convergent algorithm enforces constant |B| simultaneously, resulting in:
Different 1D spacecraft cuts through the same Alfvénon produce different apparent SB profiles. This resolves the paradox that S-web, jets, interchange reconnection, and Alfvénic outflow all seem consistent with PSP data — they all produce curved open field lines; PSP sees only the 1D projection.
The model predicts that as the plasma expands and β increases:
This is consistent with PSP observations: near the Sun SBs are sharp and solitary; farther out they merge and grow. This is a testable quantitative prediction for PSP encounter 20+ radial data.
Because χ is computed via symmetric difference quotients, its theoretical maximum is $\chi_{\max} = 2/\Delta x$ (grid spacing). Large χ values reliably identify RDs in the solution. This provides a prescription for PSP data analysis: compute a local curvature metric analogous to χ from the magnetic field time series to identify RD boundaries algorithmically.
| Prediction | How to Test |
|---|---|
| χ > threshold → RD → SB | Compute χ-like metric from PSP burst-mode data; correlate high-χ events with SB boundaries |
| δB/B₀ threshold ~0.4 determines RD presence | Test in PSP data: do SBs with δB/B₀ < 0.4 lack sharp RDs? |
| SBs grow with distance (β increases) | PSP encounter 20+ radial scan: track SB width vs. heliocentric distance |
| RD boundaries are the Alfvénon edges | Use high-time-resolution magnetometer data to confirm RD at SB boundaries |
| Patch statistics reflect Alfvénon population | Shi+2022 patch timescales should correlate with Alfvénon formation rate at supergranulation scale |
The key mathematical point: any 1D time series is a projection. Two very different 3D structures can produce identical 1D PSDs. Therefore, the PSD alone is not diagnostic of the 3D geometry. This is not a limitation of PSP data quality — it is a fundamental mathematical fact. Only multi-point measurements (PSP + Solar Orbiter) can constrain 3D geometry.
No standalone GitHub repo is mentioned for this paper; it builds entirely on the Alfvénon algorithm from the companion paper (github.com/huangzesen/Helmholtz_algo_public). Interactive visualizations (Fig. 1 3D contour) are in supplementary materials.
[Integrated above — see Section 3 body]
| Prediction | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Switchbacks = 1D projections of 3D curved field lines | ✅ Confirmed | Proof via χ isosurfaces; any 1D cut through high-χ zone → SB |
| Constant |B| within switchbacks | ✅ Confirmed | Maintained except at RD grid points; Gibbs phenomenon creates 2-point defects |
| Critical amplitude threshold δB/B₀ ~ 0.4 for RD | ✅ From theory | Analogous to twist-to-writhe transition; requires verification in PSP data |
| Multiple origins produce same 1D signature | ✅ Confirmed | Mathematical fact about projections, not just physical consistency |
| Large aspect-ratio geometry is preferred | ✅ Confirmed | Alfvénon naturally produces elongated RD structures |
| 1D PSD signatures are not diagnostic of 3D geometry | ✅ Mathematical fact | Fundamental: different 3D structures → identical 1D PSD |
| χ metric identifies RD boundaries | ✅ Theoretical | Prescription for PSP data analysis algorithm |
| SBs grow/spread with distance (β ↑) | 🔴 Unverified | PSP encounter 20+ radial scan needed |
| Electron strahl PADs confirm open topology | ✅ Confirmed | Kasper+2019 already shows this; consistent with Alfvénon model |
Follow-up needed:
| Prediction | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 3.1–3.2 mHz peaks at 9.9 R☉ (~6σ) | ✅ Reported | First in situ detection by Huang+Velli |
| 5-minute p-modes reach Alfvén surface | ✅ Reported | Closes decades-old question |
| Wave trains last ~35 minutes | ✅ Observed | Consistent with coherent wave packet propagation |
| Global solar oscillations couple to solar wind | ✅ Strong evidence | Consistent with SDO/AIA base-corona spectra |
Follow-up needed:
| Result | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Total wave action conserved (β~1 degeneracy) | ✅ Established | Peer-reviewed ApJ 935, 60 (2022) |
| Three mode conversion mechanisms | ✅ Established | Widely cited framework |
| 1D EBM validates theory | ✅ Established | Standard methodology in field |
| Citation | arXiv | Topic |
|---|---|---|
| Huang+ApJ 935, 60 (2022) | 2206.01809 | Wave action conservation; lead |
| Huang+Velli+ApJL 977, L12 (2024) | 2405.15967 | 2-minute oscillations; lead |
| Huang+Velli+arXiv (2026) | 2511.10906 | 5-minute p-modes; lead |
| Huang+Velli+Shi+Ding+arXiv (2026) | 2512.02292 | Solitary Alfvén waves (Alfvénon); lead |
| Huang+Velli+Ding+arXiv (2025) | 2512.12585 | What are Switchbacks?; lead |
| Shi+ApJ 934, 152 (2022) | 2206.03807 | Switchback patches; co-author |
| Shi+Velli+ApJL 964, L28 (2024) | 2401.11334 | 3D switchback simulations; co-author |
Skill authored: 2026-04-25. v1.4: added Companion Paper Network section and Deep Analysis Meta-Method (7-step process record). See also Literature Tracking section for prediction status on all papers.