Mapping Attack Paths with BloodHound CE
Legal Notice: This skill is for authorized security testing, red-team engagements, and educational purposes only. Active Directory and Entra ID reconnaissance reveals privilege-escalation chains that lead to full domain/tenant compromise. Use only against environments you own or have explicit written authorization (rules of engagement) to test. Unauthorized use violates the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act and equivalent laws.
Overview
BloodHound Community Edition (CE) is SpecterOps's graph-based attack-path-management platform. It models security principals (users, computers, groups, OUs, GPOs, Entra ID users/groups/apps/roles) as nodes and the permissions, group memberships, sessions, trusts, and ACLs between them as edges. By framing Active Directory and Entra ID as a directed graph, BloodHound turns the question "can this low-privileged account reach Domain Admins / Global Administrator?" into a shortest-path query that finds escalation chains a human reviewer would miss.
BloodHound CE replaced the legacy Neo4j-only BloodHound with a containerized stack: a Go API server, a PostgreSQL relational store, and a Neo4j graph database, all behind a modern web UI and REST API. Data is gathered by two collectors maintained by SpecterOps:
- SharpHound (the CE/.NET collector, run on or against a domain-joined Windows host) gathers on-prem AD: objects, group membership, ACLs, sessions, local-admin rights, trusts, GPOs, certificate services (ADCS), and LAPS readability. It emits a ZIP of JSON.
- AzureHound (a cross-platform Go binary) gathers Entra ID and Azure Resource Manager data via the Microsoft Graph and Azure REST APIs: users, groups, app registrations, service principals, directory roles, subscription/role assignments, and key vaults. It emits a single JSON file.
As of recent CE releases, when both an AD domain and its synced Entra ID tenant are ingested, BloodHound automatically renders Hybrid Attack Paths — chains that cross the on-prem/cloud boundary (for example, an on-prem user synced to a cloud account that holds a privileged Entra role). Mapped to MITRE ATT&CK, the core activity is T1069 – Permission Groups Discovery, supported by T1087 (Account Discovery), T1482 (Domain Trust Discovery), and T1018 (Remote System Discovery).
When to Use
- During an authorized internal penetration test or red-team engagement after obtaining any domain foothold or Entra credentials
- When you need to prioritize escalation routes from owned principals to Tier-0 assets (Domain Admins, Global Administrator)
- When assessing hybrid identity risk where on-prem AD is synced to Entra ID
- During purple-team exercises to validate that detections fire on collection and on path-execution steps
- When producing attack-path evidence and remediation guidance for a defensive client
Prerequisites
Objectives
- Deploy BloodHound CE and authenticate to the web UI and API
- Collect AD data with SharpHound and Entra data with AzureHound
- Ingest both datasets and mark compromised principals as Owned
- Run built-in analysis (Shortest Path to Domain Admins, Kerberoastable accounts, ADCS abuse)
- Author custom Cypher queries for bespoke and hybrid attack paths
- Prioritize and document escalation routes for the engagement report
MITRE ATT&CK Mapping
| ID | Technique | Application in this skill |
|---|
| T1069 | Permission Groups Discovery | Enumerating AD/Entra group memberships and the permissions between principals to build the attack graph |
| T1087 | Account Discovery | SharpHound/AzureHound enumeration of users, computers, and service principals |
| T1482 | Domain Trust Discovery | Collecting and analyzing domain/forest trust relationships as graph edges |
| T1018 | Remote System Discovery | Enumerating domain computers and their relationships (sessions, local admin) |
Workflow
Step 1: Deploy BloodHound CE and log in
Bring up the stack, retrieve the generated password, and reset it on first login.
docker compose up -d
docker compose logs bloodhound 2>&1 | grep -i "Initial Password"
Step 2: Collect on-prem AD data with SharpHound
On a domain-joined Windows host (or via runas/token of a domain user), run the CE collector. -c All gathers every collection method; --outputdirectory controls where the ZIP lands.
# Full collection
.\SharpHound.exe -c All --outputdirectory C:\Temp
# Stealthier LDAP-only collection (no host touch for sessions/local-admin)
.\SharpHound.exe -c DCOnly --outputdirectory C:\Temp
# Looped session collection to map logged-on Tier-0 users over time
.\SharpHound.exe -c Session --loop --loopduration 02:00:00 --outputdirectory C:\Temp
From Linux, the Python collector (bloodhound-ce-python) is an alternative when you only have credentials and network access:
pip install bloodhound-ce
bloodhound-ce-python -u 'jdoe' -p 'Passw0rd!' -d corp.local -ns 10.0.0.10 -c All --zip
Step 3: Collect Entra ID / Azure data with AzureHound
Run AzureHound list with credentials, a JWT, or a refresh token, writing a single JSON file.
./azurehound list -u "user@corp.com" -p "$PASSWORD" -t "corp.com" -o entra.json
./azurehound list --jwt "$JWT" -o entra.json
./azurehound list --refresh-token "$REFRESH_TOKEN" -t "<tenant-id>" -o entra.json
Step 4: Ingest data into BloodHound CE
Upload the SharpHound ZIP and the AzureHound JSON through Administration -> File Ingest, or POST to the API.
TOKEN=$(curl -s http://localhost:8080/api/v2/login \
-H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
-d '{"login_method":"secret","username":"admin","secret":"<password>"}' \
| python -c "import sys,json;print(json.load(sys.stdin)['data']['session_token'])")
JOB=$(curl -s -X POST http://localhost:8080/api/v2/file-upload/start \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" | python -c "import sys,json;print(json.load(sys.stdin)['data']['id'])")
curl -s -X PUT "http://localhost:8080/api/v2/file-upload/$JOB" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" -H 'Content-Type: application/zip' \
--data-binary @C:/Temp/BloodHound.zip
curl -s -X POST "http://localhost:8080/api/v2/file-upload/$JOB/end" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN"
Step 5: Mark owned principals
In the UI, search for each compromised account/computer, open the node, and toggle Mark as Owned. Owned principals seed pathfinding queries ({owned:true}).
Step 6: Run built-in analysis queries
Open the Cypher tab or use the pre-built queries in the search panel:
- Shortest Path to Domain Admins
- Kerberoastable accounts with a path to high value
- AS-REP roastable users
- Principals with DCSync rights
- ADCS misconfigurations (ESC1-ESC8 edges in CE)
- Computers with unconstrained delegation
Step 7: Author custom Cypher for bespoke paths
Use Cypher for paths the built-ins do not cover, including hybrid AD-to-Entra chains.
// Shortest path from any owned principal to Domain Admins
MATCH p=shortestPath((n {owned:true})-[*1..]->(g:Group))
WHERE g.objectid ENDS WITH "-512"
RETURN p
// Kerberoastable users (SPN set) with a path to Domain Admins
MATCH (u:User {hasspn:true})
MATCH p=shortestPath((u)-[*1..]->(g:Group))
WHERE g.objectid ENDS WITH "-512"
RETURN p
// Principals who can DCSync the domain
MATCH (n)-[:MemberOf*0..]->()-[:DCSync|GetChanges|GetChangesAll*1..]->(d:Domain)
RETURN n.name, d.name
// ACL abuse from owned principals (GenericAll/WriteDacl/WriteOwner/ForceChangePassword)
MATCH p=(n {owned:true})-[:GenericAll|GenericWrite|WriteDacl|WriteOwner|ForceChangePassword*1..]->(t)
RETURN p
// Hybrid: on-prem user synced to an Entra account holding a privileged directory role
MATCH p=(u:User)-[:SyncedToEntraUser]->(:AZUser)-[:AZHasRole|AZGlobalAdmin*1..]->(r)
RETURN p
Step 8: Prioritize and document
Rank paths by hop count, stealth (avoid noisy edges like HasSession requiring host touch), and tooling availability. Record each path with the principals, edges, required actions, and a remediation note (e.g., remove the abusable ACL, tier the account).
Tools and Resources
Key Edge / Path Types
| Edge / Path | Meaning | Escalation example |
|---|
| MemberOf | Group membership | Nested group reaches Domain Admins |
| GenericAll / WriteDacl | Full/ACL control over an object | Reset a privileged user's password |
| ForceChangePassword | Can reset another principal's password | Take over a Tier-0 account |
| HasSession | A user is logged into a computer | Steal a DA token from a compromised host |
| ADCSESC1..ESC8 | Certificate services misconfig | Enroll a cert as a privileged principal |
| SyncedToEntraUser / AZGlobalAdmin | Hybrid identity edges | On-prem foothold -> cloud Global Admin |
Validation Criteria
