fungi-identification

name	fungi-identification
locale	wenyan-ultra
source_locale	en
source_commit	82c77053
translator	Julius Brussee homage — caveman
translation_date	2026-04-24
description	Field identification of fungi using morphological features, spore prints, habitat analysis, and seasonal context with a safety-first approach. Covers cap, gill, stem, and spore characteristics, look-alike differentiation, toxicity risk assessment, and the critical rule of absolute certainty before consumption. Use when encountering an unknown fungus, foraging for edible mushrooms and needing to confirm species before consumption, assessing whether fungi in a garden or property are harmful, or differentiating an edible species from a dangerous look-alike.
license	MIT
allowed-tools	Read
metadata	{"author":"Philipp Thoss","version":"1.0","domain":"mycology","complexity":"advanced","language":"natural","tags":"mycology, fungi, mushroom, identification, foraging, safety, spore-print"}

辨菌

用形、孢印、棲、時辨菌。安全至先。

用

• 遇未知菌→辨
• 採食者→食前必確種
• 察庭園菌是否有害
• 練形觀察
• 分可食與致命類

入

• 必：菌標本或現場清觀
• 必：細形觀能（蓋、褶、柄、基）
• 可：本域野外指南
• 可：紙與玻璃杯（孢印）
• 可：刀（切剖）
• 可：手鏡 10x（細節）

行

一：主則

一切辨前，內化菌學絕對則。

CARDINAL RULE:
If you are not 100% certain of the identification, DO NOT EAT IT.

There is no "universal edibility test" for mushrooms.
Some deadly species taste pleasant.
Some deadly species have delayed symptoms (24-72 hours).
Some deadly species have NO antidote.

The cost of a false positive (eating a misidentified mushroom) is
organ failure and death. The cost of a false negative (skipping an
edible mushroom) is a missed meal.

ALWAYS ERR TOWARD CAUTION.

得：主則內化，方進。

敗：此步無失敗模。則未內化→勿進食用辨識。

二：記棲

脈絡先窄範圍，再觸標本。

Habitat Recording:
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Factor             | Record                                   |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Substrate          | Soil, wood (dead/living), dung, leaf      |
|                    | litter, moss, other fungi                |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Tree association   | What trees are within 10m? (Many fungi    |
|                    | are mycorrhizal with specific tree genera)|
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Moisture           | Dry, damp, wet, waterlogged              |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Light              | Full shade, dappled, open                |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Season             | Early spring, late spring, summer, early  |
|                    | autumn, late autumn, winter              |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Altitude           | Lowland, mid-altitude, montane           |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Growth pattern     | Solitary, scattered, clustered, ring,    |
|                    | shelf/bracket                            |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+

得：棲地全記，為種級辨識提供脈絡。

敗：棲地不明（如都市雜種庭）→記所見。棲訊缺→辨識信心降，納入安全評估。

三：察形

標本系統察。

Morphological Checklist:

CAP (Pileus):
- Shape: convex, flat, concave, conical, umbonate, bell-shaped
- Diameter (measure or estimate)
- Surface: smooth, scaly, fibrous, slimy, dry, cracked
- Colour (note if colour changes with age or moisture)
- Margin: smooth, striate, inrolled, appendiculate (veil remnants)

GILLS / PORES / SPINES (Hymenium):
- Type: gills (lamellae), pores (tubes), spines (teeth), smooth
- Attachment: free, adnexed, adnate, decurrent
- Spacing: crowded, close, distant
- Colour (important — note changes with age)
- Bruising: do gills change colour when damaged?

STEM (Stipe):
- Height and diameter
- Shape: equal, tapered, bulbous, club-shaped
- Surface: smooth, fibrous, scaly, reticulate (netted)
- Interior: solid, hollow, stuffed (pithy center)
- Ring (annulus): present/absent, position, persistent/fragile
- Volva (cup at base): present/absent — ALWAYS check by
  carefully excavating the base (Amanita species have a volva)

FLESH (Context):
- Colour when cut
- Colour change on exposure to air (note time to change)
- Texture: firm, brittle, fibrous, gelatinous
- Smell: mushroomy, anise, radish, flour, chlorine, unpleasant
- Taste: (ONLY if species is confirmed non-deadly by an expert;
  for unknown species, DO NOT taste)

SPORE PRINT:
- Remove the stem; place the cap gill-side down on paper
  (half white, half dark paper to see any colour)
- Cover with a glass or bowl to maintain humidity
- Wait 4-12 hours
- Record spore colour: white, cream, pink, brown, purple-brown,
  black, rust-orange