cloudflare-cron-triggers

name	cloudflare-cron-triggers
description	Cloudflare Cron Triggers for scheduled Workers execution. Use for periodic tasks, scheduled jobs, or encountering handler not found, invalid cron expression, timezone errors.
metadata	{"keywords":["cloudflare cron","cron triggers","scheduled workers","scheduled handler","periodic tasks","background jobs","scheduled tasks","cron expression","wrangler crons","scheduled event","green compute","workflow triggers","maintenance tasks","scheduled() handler","ScheduledController","UTC timezone"]}
license	MIT

Cloudflare Cron Triggers

Status: Production Ready ✅ Last Updated: 2025-11-25 Dependencies: cloudflare-worker-base (for Worker setup) Latest Versions: wrangler@4.81.0, @cloudflare/workers-types@4.20260408.0

---

Quick Start (5 Minutes)

1. Add Scheduled Handler to Your Worker

src/index.ts:

export default {
  async scheduled(
    controller: ScheduledController,
    env: Env,
    ctx: ExecutionContext
  ): Promise<void> {
    console.log('Cron job executed at:', new Date(controller.scheduledTime));
    console.log('Triggered by cron:', controller.cron);

    // Your scheduled task logic here
    await doPeriodicTask(env);
  },
};

Why this matters:

• Handler must be named exactly scheduled (not scheduledHandler or onScheduled)
• Must be exported in default export object
• Must use ES modules format (not Service Worker format)

2. Configure Cron Trigger in Wrangler

wrangler.jsonc:

{
  "name": "my-scheduled-worker",
  "main": "src/index.ts",
  "compatibility_date": "2025-10-23",
  "triggers": {
    "crons": [
      "0 * * * *"  // Every hour at minute 0
    ]
  }
}

CRITICAL:

• Cron expressions use 5 fields: minute hour day-of-month month day-of-week
• All times are UTC only (no timezone conversion)
• Changes take up to 15 minutes to propagate globally

3. Test Locally

# Enable scheduled testing
bunx wrangler dev --test-scheduled

# In another terminal, trigger the scheduled handler
curl "http://localhost:8787/__scheduled?cron=0+*+*+*+*"

# View output in wrangler dev terminal

Testing tips:

• /__scheduled endpoint is only available with --test-scheduled flag
• Can pass any cron expression in query parameter
• Python Workers use /cdn-cgi/handler/scheduled instead

4. Deploy

npm run deploy
# or
bunx wrangler deploy

After deployment:

• Changes may take up to 15 minutes to propagate
• Check dashboard: Workers & Pages > [Your Worker] > Cron Triggers
• View past executions in Logs tab

---

When to Load References

Load immediately when user mentions:

• cron-expressions-reference.md → "cron syntax", "schedule format", "expression", "minute hour day", "every X minutes"
• common-patterns.md → "examples", "use cases", "patterns", "real-world", "database cleanup", "report generation", "how to"
• integration-patterns.md → "implement", "Hono", "multiple triggers", "bindings", "workflows", "error handling"
• wrangler-config.md → "configuration", "wrangler.jsonc", "multiple crons", "environment-specific", "dev staging production"
• testing-guide.md → "test", "local development", "__scheduled", "unit test", "curl", "debugging"

Load proactively when:

• Building new scheduled task → Load integration-patterns.md
• Configuring wrangler.jsonc → Load wrangler-config.md
• Debugging cron expression → Load cron-expressions-reference.md
• Testing locally → Load testing-guide.md
• Looking for examples → Load common-patterns.md

---

Cron Expression Syntax

Five-Field Format

* * * * *
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ └─── Day of Week (0-6, Sunday=0)
│ │ │ └───── Month (1-12)
│ │ └─────── Day of Month (1-31)
│ └───────── Hour (0-23)
└─────────── Minute (0-59)

Special Characters

Character	Meaning	Example
*	Every	* * * * * = every minute
,	List	0,30 * * * * = every hour at :00 and :30
-	Range	0 9-17 * * * = every hour from 9am-5pm
/	Step	*/15 * * * * = every 15 minutes

Common Patterns

# Every minute
* * * * *

# Every 5 minutes
*/5 * * * *

# Every 15 minutes
*/15 * * * *

# Every hour at minute 0
0 * * * *

# Every hour at minute 30
30 * * * *

# Every 6 hours
0 */6 * * *

# Every day at midnight (00:00 UTC)
0 0 * * *

# Every day at noon (12:00 UTC)
0 12 * * *

# Every day at 3:30am UTC
30 3 * * *

# Every Monday at 9am UTC
0 9 * * 1

# Every weekday at 9am UTC
0 9 * * 1-5

# Every Sunday at midnight UTC
0 0 * * 0

# First day of every month at midnight UTC
0 0 1 * *

# Twice a day (6am and 6pm UTC)
0 6,18 * * *

# Every 30 minutes during business hours (9am-5pm UTC, weekdays)
*/30 9-17 * * 1-5

CRITICAL: UTC Timezone Only

• All cron triggers execute on UTC time
• No timezone conversion available
• Convert your local time to UTC manually
• Example: 9am PST = 5pm UTC (next day during DST)

---

ScheduledController Interface

interface ScheduledController {
  readonly cron: string;           // The cron expression that triggered this execution
  readonly type: string;           // Always "scheduled"
  readonly scheduledTime: number;  // Unix timestamp (ms) when scheduled
}

Properties

controller.cron (string)

The cron expression that triggered this execution.

export default {
  async scheduled(controller: ScheduledController, env: Env): Promise<void> {
    console.log(`Triggered by: ${controller.cron}`);
    // Output: "Triggered by: 0 * * * *"
  },
};

Use case: Differentiate between multiple cron schedules (see Multiple Cron Triggers pattern).

controller.type (string)

Always returns "scheduled" for cron-triggered executions.

if (controller.type === 'scheduled') {
  // This is a cron-triggered execution
}

controller.scheduledTime (number)

Unix timestamp (milliseconds since epoch) when this execution was scheduled to run.

export default {
  async scheduled(controller: ScheduledController): Promise<void> {
    const scheduledDate = new Date(controller.scheduledTime);
    console.log(`Scheduled for: ${scheduledDate.toISOString()}`);
    // Output: "Scheduled for: 2025-10-23T15:00:00.000Z"
  },
};

Note: This is the scheduled time, not the actual execution time. Due to system load, actual execution may be slightly delayed (usually <1 second).

---

Execution Context

export default {
  async scheduled(
    controller: ScheduledController,
    env: Env,
    ctx: ExecutionContext  // ← Execution context
  ): Promise<void> {
    // Use ctx.waitUntil() for async operations that should complete
    ctx.waitUntil(logToAnalytics(env));
  },
};

ctx.waitUntil(promise: Promise<any>)

Extends the execution context to wait for async operations to complete after the handler returns.

Use cases:

• Logging to external services
• Analytics tracking
• Cleanup operations
• Non-critical background tasks

export default {
  async scheduled(controller: ScheduledController, env: Env, ctx: ExecutionContext): Promise<void> {
    // Critical task - must complete before handler exits
    await processData(env);

    // Non-critical tasks - can complete in background
    ctx.waitUntil(sendMetrics(env));
    ctx.waitUntil(cleanupOldData(env));
    ctx.waitUntil(notifySlack({ message: 'Cron completed' }));
  },
};

Important: First waitUntil() that fails will be reported as the status in dashboard logs.

---

Integration Patterns

6 production-ready cron patterns:

1. Standalone Worker with Cron - Single scheduled function for background tasks (database cleanup, report generation)
2. Hono + Cron Combination - HTTP endpoints + scheduled tasks in one Worker, sharing bindings and reducing costs
3. Multiple Cron Triggers - Different schedules for different tasks using controller.cron to route execution
4. Accessing Bindings - Use D1, KV, R2, AI, Vectorize, Queues, Workflows, Durable Objects in scheduled functions
5. Integrating with Workflows - Trigger complex, long-running multi-step workflows on schedule
6. Error Handling Best Practices - Comprehensive error handling with retry logic, alerting (Slack/email), failure logging, and monitoring

Load references/integration-patterns.md for complete implementations with code examples, configuration details, and best practices.

---

Wrangler Configuration

Add cron triggers to wrangler.jsonc in the triggers.crons array. Each trigger requires a cron expression. Supports multiple crons (Free: 3 max, Paid: higher limits) and environment-specific configurations for dev/staging/production deployments.

Load references/wrangler-config.md for complete configuration examples including multiple triggers, environment-specific schedules, timezone handling, and removal procedures.

---

Testing & Development

Test scheduled functions locally using the /__scheduled endpoint by running bunx wrangler dev --test-scheduled, then triggering handlers with curl "http://localhost:8787/__scheduled?cron=0+*+*+*+*" (use + instead of spaces in cron expressions).

Load references/testing-guide.md for complete testing strategies, local development setup, unit testing examples, integration testing patterns, and production monitoring techniques.

---

Green Compute

Run cron triggers only in data centers powered by renewable energy.

Enable Green Compute

Via Dashboard:

1. Go to Workers & Pages
2. In Account details section, find Compute Setting
3. Click Change
4. Select Green Compute
5. Click Confirm

Applies to:

• All cron triggers in your account
• Reduces carbon footprint
• No additional cost
• May introduce slight delays in some regions

How it works:

• Cloudflare routes cron executions to green-powered data centers
• Uses renewable energy: wind, solar, hydroelectric
• Verified through Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) and Renewable Energy Credits (RECs)

---

Known Issues Prevention

This skill prevents 6 documented issues:

Issue #1: Cron Changes Not Propagating

Error: Cron triggers updated in wrangler.jsonc but not executing

Source: Cloudflare Docs - Cron Triggers

Why It Happens:

• Changes to cron triggers take up to 15 minutes to propagate globally
• Cloudflare network needs time to update edge nodes
• No instant propagation like regular deploys

Prevention:

• Wait 15 minutes after deploy before expecting execution
• Check dashboard: Workers & Pages > [Worker] > Cron Triggers
• Use wrangler triggers deploy for trigger-only changes

# If you only changed triggers (not code), use:
bunx wrangler triggers deploy

# Wait 15 minutes, then verify in dashboard

---

Issue #2: Handler Does Not Export

Error: Handler does not export a 'scheduled' method

Source: Common deployment error

Why It Happens:

• Handler not named exactly scheduled
• Handler not exported in default export object
• Using Service Worker format instead of ES modules

Prevention:

// ❌ Wrong: Incorrect handler name
export default {
  async scheduledHandler(controller, env, ctx) { }
};

// ❌ Wrong: Not in default export
export async function scheduled(controller, env, ctx) { }

// ✅ Correct: Named 'scheduled' in default export
export default {
  async scheduled(controller, env, ctx) { }
};

---

Issue #3: UTC Timezone Confusion

Error: Cron runs at wrong time

Source: User expectation vs. reality

Why It Happens:

• All cron triggers run on UTC time only
• No timezone conversion available
• Users expect local timezone

Prevention:

Convert your local time to UTC manually:

// Want to run at 9am PST (UTC-8)?
// 9am PST = 5pm UTC (17:00)
{
  "triggers": {
    "crons": ["0 17 * * *"]  // 9am PST = 5pm UTC
  }
}

// Want to run at 6pm EST (UTC-5)?
// 6pm EST = 11pm UTC (23:00)
{
  "triggers": {
    "crons": ["0 23 * * *"]  // 6pm EST = 11pm UTC
  }
}

// Remember: DST changes affect conversion!
// PST is UTC-8, PDT is UTC-7

Tools:

• Time Zone Converter
• Cron Expression Generator

---

Issue #4: Invalid Cron Expression

Error: Cron doesn't execute, no error shown

Source: Silent validation failure

Why It Happens:

• Invalid cron syntax silently fails
• Validation happens at deploy, but may not be obvious
• Common mistakes: wrong field order, invalid ranges

Prevention:

# ❌ Wrong: Too many fields (6 fields instead of 5)
"crons": ["0 0 * * * *"]  # Has seconds field - not supported

# ❌ Wrong: Invalid minute range
"crons": ["65 * * * *"]  # Minute must be 0-59

# ❌ Wrong: Invalid day of week
"crons": ["0 0 * * 7"]  # Day of week is 0-6 (use 0 for Sunday)

# ✅ Correct: 5 fields, valid ranges
"crons": ["0 0 * * 0"]  # Sunday at midnight UTC

Validation:

• Use Crontab Guru to validate expressions
• Check wrangler deploy output for errors
• Test locally with --test-scheduled

---

Issue #5: Missing ES Modules Format

Error: Worker must use ES modules format

Source: Legacy Service Worker format

Why It Happens:

• Scheduled handler requires ES modules format
• Old Service Worker format not supported
• Mixed format in codebase

Prevention:

// ❌ Wrong: Service Worker format
addEventListener('scheduled', (event) => {
  event.waitUntil(handleScheduled(event));
});

// ✅ Correct: ES modules format
export default {
  async scheduled(controller, env, ctx) {
    await handleScheduled(controller, env, ctx);
  },
};

---

Issue #6: CPU Time Limits Exceeded

Error: CPU time limit exceeded

Source: Long-running scheduled tasks

Why It Happens:

• Default CPU limit: 30 seconds
• Long-running tasks exceed limit
• No automatic timeout extension

Prevention:

Option 1: Increase CPU limit in wrangler.jsonc

{
  "limits": {
    "cpu_ms": 300000  // 5 minutes (max for Standard plan)
  }
}

Option 2: Use Workflows for long-running tasks

// Instead of long task in cron:
export default {
  async scheduled(controller, env, ctx) {
    // Trigger Workflow that can run for hours
    await env.MY_WORKFLOW.create({
      params: { task: 'long-running-job' },
    });
  },
};

Option 3: Break into smaller chunks

export default {
  async scheduled(controller, env, ctx) {
    // Process in batches
    const batch = await getNextBatch(env.DB);

    for (const item of batch) {
      await processItem(item);
    }

    // If more work, send to Queue for next batch
    const hasMore = await hasMoreWork(env.DB);
    if (hasMore) {
      await env.MY_QUEUE.send({ type: 'continue-processing' });
    }
  },
};

---

Always Do ✅

1. Use exact handler name - Must be scheduled, not scheduledHandler or variants
2. Use ES modules format - Export in default object, not addEventListener
3. Convert to UTC - All cron times are UTC, convert from local timezone
4. Wait 15 minutes - Cron changes take up to 15 min to propagate
5. Test locally first - Use wrangler dev --test-scheduled
6. Validate cron syntax - Use Crontab Guru
7. Handle errors gracefully - Log, alert, and optionally re-throw
8. Use ctx.waitUntil() - For non-critical async operations
9. Consider Workflows - For tasks that need >30 seconds CPU time
10. Monitor executions - Check dashboard logs regularly

---

Never Do ❌

1. Never assume local timezone - All crons run on UTC
2. Never use 6-field cron expressions - Cloudflare uses 5-field format (no seconds)
3. Never rely on instant propagation - Changes take up to 15 minutes
4. Never use Service Worker format - Must use ES modules format
5. Never forget error handling - Uncaught errors fail silently
6. Never run CPU-intensive tasks without limit increase - Default 30s limit
7. Never use day-of-week 7 - Use 0 for Sunday (0-6 range only)
8. Never deploy without testing - Always test with --test-scheduled first
9. Never ignore execution logs - Dashboard shows past failures
10. Never hardcode schedules for testing - Use environment-specific configs

---

Common Use Cases

Load references/common-patterns.md for 10 real-world cron patterns including database cleanup, API data collection, daily reports generation, cache warming, monitoring & health checks, data synchronization, backup automation, sitemap generation, webhook processing, and scheduled notifications.

---

TypeScript Types

// Scheduled event controller
interface ScheduledController {
  readonly cron: string;
  readonly type: string;
  readonly scheduledTime: number;
}

// Execution context
interface ExecutionContext {
  waitUntil(promise: Promise<any>): void;
  passThroughOnException(): void;
}

// Scheduled handler
export default {
  async scheduled(
    controller: ScheduledController,
    env: Env,
    ctx: ExecutionContext
  ): Promise<void>;
}

---

Limits & Pricing

Limits

Feature	Free Plan	Paid Plan
Cron triggers per Worker	3	Higher (check docs)
CPU time per execution	10 ms (avg)	30 seconds (default), 5 min (max)
Wall clock time	30 seconds	15 minutes
Memory	128 MB	128 MB

Pricing

Cron triggers use Standard Workers pricing:

• Workers Paid Plan: $5/month required
• Requests: $0.30 per million requests (after 10M free)
• CPU Time: $0.02 per million CPU-ms (after 30M free)

Cron execution = 1 request

Example:

• Cron runs every hour (24 times/day)
• 30 days × 24 executions = 720 executions/month
• Average 50ms CPU time per execution

Cost:

• Requests: 720 (well under 10M free)
• CPU time: 720 × 50ms = 36,000ms (under 30M free)
• Total: $5/month (just subscription)

High frequency example:

• Cron runs every minute (1440 times/day)
• 30 days × 1440 = 43,200 executions/month
• Still under free tier limits
• Total: $5/month

---

Troubleshooting

Issue: Cron not executing

Possible causes:

1. Changes not propagated yet (wait 15 minutes)
2. Invalid cron expression
3. Handler not exported correctly
4. Worker not deployed

Solution:

# Re-deploy
bunx wrangler deploy

# Wait 15 minutes

# Check dashboard
# Workers & Pages > [Worker] > Cron Triggers

# Check logs
# Workers & Pages > [Worker] > Logs > Real-time Logs

---

Issue: Handler executes but fails

Possible causes:

1. Uncaught error in handler
2. CPU time limit exceeded
3. Missing environment bindings
4. Network timeout

Solution:

export default {
  async scheduled(controller, env, ctx) {
    try {
      await yourTask(env);
    } catch (error) {
      // Log detailed error
      console.error('Handler failed:', {
        error: error.message,
        stack: error.stack,
        cron: controller.cron,
        time: new Date(controller.scheduledTime),
      });

      // Send alert
      ctx.waitUntil(sendAlert(error));

      // Re-throw to mark as failed
      throw error;
    }
  },
};

Check logs in dashboard for error details.

---

Issue: Wrong execution time

Cause: UTC vs. local timezone confusion

Solution:

Convert your desired local time to UTC:

// Want 9am PST (UTC-8)?
// 9am PST = 5pm UTC (17:00)

{
  "triggers": {
    "crons": ["0 17 * * *"]
  }
}

Tools:

• World Clock Converter
• Remember DST changes (PST vs PDT)

---

Issue: Local testing not working

Possible causes:

1. Missing --test-scheduled flag
2. Wrong endpoint (should be /__scheduled)
3. Python Worker (use /cdn-cgi/handler/scheduled)

Solution:

# Correct: Start with flag
bunx wrangler dev --test-scheduled

# In another terminal
curl "http://localhost:8787/__scheduled?cron=0+*+*+*+*"

---

Production Checklist

Before deploying cron triggers to production:

• Cron expression validated on Crontab Guru
• Handler named exactly scheduled in default export
• ES modules format used (not Service Worker)
• Local timezone converted to UTC
• Error handling implemented with logging
• Alerts configured for failures
• CPU limits increased if needed (limits.cpu_ms)
• Environment bindings tested
• Tested locally with --test-scheduled
• Deployment tested in staging environment
• Waited 15 minutes after deploy for propagation
• Verified execution in dashboard logs
• Monitoring and alerting configured
• Documentation updated with schedule details

---

Related Documentation

• Cloudflare Cron Triggers: https://developers.cloudflare.com/workers/configuration/cron-triggers/
• Scheduled Handler API: https://developers.cloudflare.com/workers/runtime-apis/handlers/scheduled/
• Cron Trigger Examples: https://developers.cloudflare.com/workers/examples/cron-trigger/
• Multiple Cron Triggers: https://developers.cloudflare.com/workers/examples/multiple-cron-triggers/
• Wrangler Triggers Command: https://developers.cloudflare.com/workers/wrangler/commands/#triggers
• Workers Pricing: https://developers.cloudflare.com/workers/platform/pricing/
• Workflows Integration: https://developers.cloudflare.com/workflows/
• Crontab Guru (validator): https://crontab.guru/
• Time Zone Converter: https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/converter.html

---

Last Updated: 2025-10-23 Version: 1.0.0 Maintainer: Claude Skills Maintainers | [e-mail]