real-time-features

name	real-time-features
description	Implement real-time functionality using WebSockets, Server-Sent Events (SSE), or long polling. Use when building chat applications, live dashboards, collaborative editing, notifications, or any feature requiring instant updates.

Real-Time Features

Overview

Implement real-time bidirectional communication between clients and servers for instant data synchronization and live updates.

When to Use

• Chat and messaging applications
• Live dashboards and analytics
• Collaborative editing (Google Docs-style)
• Real-time notifications
• Live sports scores or stock tickers
• Multiplayer games
• Live auctions or bidding systems
• IoT device monitoring
• Real-time location tracking

Technologies Comparison

Technology	Direction	Use Case	Browser Support
WebSockets	Bidirectional	Chat, gaming, collaboration	Excellent
SSE	Server → Client	Live updates, notifications	Good (no IE)
Long Polling	Request/Response	Fallback, simple updates	Universal
WebRTC	Peer-to-peer	Video/audio streaming	Good

Implementation Examples

1. WebSocket Server (Node.js)

// server.ts
import WebSocket, { WebSocketServer } from "ws";
import { createServer } from "http";

interface Message {
  type: "join" | "message" | "leave" | "typing";
  userId: string;
  username: string;
  content?: string;
  timestamp: number;
}

interface Client {
  ws: WebSocket;
  userId: string;
  username: string;
  roomId: string;
}

class ChatServer {
  private wss: WebSocketServer;
  private clients: Map<string, Client> = new Map();
  private rooms: Map<string, Set<string>> = new Map();

  constructor(port: number) {
    const server = createServer();
    this.wss = new WebSocketServer({ server });

    this.wss.on("connection", this.handleConnection.bind(this));

    server.listen(port, () => {
      console.log(`WebSocket server running on port ${port}`);
    });

    // Heartbeat to detect disconnections
    this.startHeartbeat();
  }

  private handleConnection(ws: WebSocket): void {
    const clientId = this.generateId();

    console.log(`New connection: ${clientId}`);

    ws.on("message", (data: string) => {
      try {
        const message: Message = JSON.parse(data.toString());
        this.handleMessage(clientId, message, ws);
      } catch (error) {
        console.error("Invalid message format:", error);
      }
    });

    ws.on("close", () => {
      this.handleDisconnect(clientId);
    });

    ws.on("error", (error) => {
      console.error(`WebSocket error for ${clientId}:`, error);
    });

    // Keep connection alive
    (ws as any).isAlive = true;
    ws.on("pong", () => {
      (ws as any).isAlive = true;
    });
  }

  private handleMessage(
    clientId: string,
    message: Message,
    ws: WebSocket,
  ): void {
    switch (message.type) {
      case "join":
        this.handleJoin(clientId, message, ws);
        break;

      case "message":
        this.broadcastToRoom(clientId, message);
        break;

      case "typing":
        this.broadcastToRoom(clientId, message, [clientId]);
        break;

      case "leave":
        this.handleDisconnect(clientId);
        break;
    }
  }

  private handleJoin(clientId: string, message: Message, ws: WebSocket): void {
    const client: Client = {
      ws,
      userId: message.userId,
      username: message.username,
      roomId: "general", // Could be dynamic
    };

    this.clients.set(clientId, client);

    // Add to room
    if (!this.rooms.has(client.roomId)) {
      this.rooms.set(client.roomId, new Set());
    }
    this.rooms.get(client.roomId)!.add(clientId);

    // Notify room
    this.broadcastToRoom(clientId, {
      type: "join",
      userId: message.userId,
      username: message.username,
      timestamp: Date.now(),
    });

    // Send room state to new user
    this.sendRoomState(clientId);
  }

  private broadcastToRoom(
    senderId: string,
    message: Message,
    exclude: string[] = [],
  ): void {
    const sender = this.clients.get(senderId);
    if (!sender) return;

    const roomClients = this.rooms.get(sender.roomId);
    if (!roomClients) return;

    const payload = JSON.stringify(message);

    roomClients.forEach((clientId) => {
      if (!exclude.includes(clientId)) {
        const client = this.clients.get(clientId);
        if (client && client.ws.readyState === WebSocket.OPEN) {
          client.ws.send(payload);
        }
      }
    });
  }

  private sendRoomState(clientId: string): void {
    const client = this.clients.get(clientId);
    if (!client) return;

    const roomClients = this.rooms.get(client.roomId);
    if (!roomClients) return;

    const users = Array.from(roomClients)
      .map((id) => this.clients.get(id))
      .filter((c) => c && c.userId !== client.userId)
      .map((c) => ({ userId: c!.userId, username: c!.username }));

    client.ws.send(
      JSON.stringify({
        type: "room_state",
        users,
        timestamp: Date.now(),
      }),
    );
  }

  private handleDisconnect(clientId: string): void {
    const client = this.clients.get(clientId);
    if (!client) return;

    // Remove from room
    const roomClients = this.rooms.get(client.roomId);
    if (roomClients) {
      roomClients.delete(clientId);

      // Notify others
      this.broadcastToRoom(clientId, {
        type: "leave",
        userId: client.userId,
        username: client.username,
        timestamp: Date.now(),
      });
    }

    this.clients.delete(clientId);
    console.log(`Client disconnected: ${clientId}`);
  }

  private startHeartbeat(): void {
    setInterval(() => {
      this.wss.clients.forEach((ws: any) => {
        if (ws.isAlive === false) {
          return ws.terminate();
        }
        ws.isAlive = false;
        ws.ping();
      });
    }, 30000);
  }

  private generateId(): string {
    return Math.random().toString(36).substr(2, 9);
  }
}

// Start server
new ChatServer(8080);

2. WebSocket Client (React)

// useWebSocket.ts
import { useEffect, useRef, useState, useCallback } from 'react';

interface UseWebSocketOptions {
  url: string;
  onMessage?: (data: any) => void;
  onOpen?: () => void;
  onClose?: () => void;
  onError?: (error: Event) => void;
  reconnectAttempts?: number;
  reconnectInterval?: number;
}

export const useWebSocket = (options: UseWebSocketOptions) => {
  const {
    url,
    onMessage,
    onOpen,
    onClose,
    onError,
    reconnectAttempts = 5,
    reconnectInterval = 3000
  } = options;

  const [isConnected, setIsConnected] = useState(false);
  const [connectionStatus, setConnectionStatus] = useState<
    'connecting' | 'connected' | 'disconnected' | 'error'
  >('connecting');

  const wsRef = useRef<WebSocket | null>(null);
  const reconnectCountRef = useRef(0);
  const reconnectTimeoutRef = useRef<NodeJS.Timeout>();

  const connect = useCallback(() => {
    try {
      setConnectionStatus('connecting');
      const ws = new WebSocket(url);

      ws.onopen = () => {
        console.log('WebSocket connected');
        setIsConnected(true);
        setConnectionStatus('connected');
        reconnectCountRef.current = 0;
        onOpen?.();
      };

      ws.onmessage = (event) => {
        try {
          const data = JSON.parse(event.data);
          onMessage?.(data);
        } catch (error) {
          console.error('Failed to parse message:', error);
        }
      };

      ws.onerror = (error) => {
        console.error('WebSocket error:', error);
        setConnectionStatus('error');
        onError?.(error);
      };

      ws.onclose = () => {
        console.log('WebSocket disconnected');
        setIsConnected(false);
        setConnectionStatus('disconnected');
        onClose?.();

        // Attempt reconnection
        if (reconnectCountRef.current < reconnectAttempts) {
          reconnectCountRef.current++;
          console.log(
            `Reconnecting... (${reconnectCountRef.current}/${reconnectAttempts})`
          );
          reconnectTimeoutRef.current = setTimeout(() => {
            connect();
          }, reconnectInterval);
        }
      };

      wsRef.current = ws;
    } catch (error) {
      console.error('Failed to connect:', error);
      setConnectionStatus('error');
    }
  }, [url, onMessage, onOpen, onClose, onError, reconnectAttempts, reconnectInterval]);

  const disconnect = useCallback(() => {
    if (reconnectTimeoutRef.current) {
      clearTimeout(reconnectTimeoutRef.current);
    }
    wsRef.current?.close();
    wsRef.current = null;
  }, []);

  const send = useCallback((data: any) => {
    if (wsRef.current?.readyState === WebSocket.OPEN) {
      wsRef.current.send(JSON.stringify(data));
    } else {
      console.warn('WebSocket is not connected');
    }
  }, []);

  useEffect(() => {
    connect();
    return () => {
      disconnect();
    };
  }, [connect, disconnect]);

  return {
    isConnected,
    connectionStatus,
    send,
    disconnect,
    reconnect: connect
  };
};

// Usage in component
const ChatComponent: React.FC = () => {
  const [messages, setMessages] = useState<any[]>([]);

  const { isConnected, send } = useWebSocket({
    url: 'ws://localhost:8080',
    onMessage: (data) => {
      if (data.type === 'message') {
        setMessages(prev => [...prev, data]);
      }
    },
    onOpen: () => {
      send({
        type: 'join',
        userId: 'user123',
        username: 'John Doe',
        timestamp: Date.now()
      });
    }
  });

  const sendMessage = (content: string) => {
    send({
      type: 'message',
      userId: 'user123',
      username: 'John Doe',
      content,
      timestamp: Date.now()
    });
  };

  return (
    <div>
      <div>Status: {isConnected ? 'Connected' : 'Disconnected'}</div>
      <div>
        {messages.map((msg, i) => (
          <div key={i}>{msg.username}: {msg.content}</div>
        ))}
      </div>
    </div>
  );
};

3. Server-Sent Events (SSE)

// server.ts - SSE endpoint
import express from "express";

const app = express();

interface Client {
  id: string;
  res: express.Response;
}

class SSEManager {
  private clients: Client[] = [];

  addClient(id: string, res: express.Response): void {
    // Set SSE headers
    res.setHeader("Content-Type", "text/event-stream");
    res.setHeader("Cache-Control", "no-cache");
    res.setHeader("Connection", "keep-alive");
    res.setHeader("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*");

    this.clients.push({ id, res });

    // Send initial connection event
    this.sendToClient(id, {
      type: "connected",
      clientId: id,
      timestamp: Date.now(),
    });

    console.log(`Client ${id} connected. Total: ${this.clients.length}`);
  }

  removeClient(id: string): void {
    this.clients = this.clients.filter((client) => client.id !== id);
    console.log(`Client ${id} disconnected. Total: ${this.clients.length}`);
  }

  sendToClient(id: string, data: any): void {
    const client = this.clients.find((c) => c.id === id);
    if (client) {
      client.res.write(`data: ${JSON.stringify(data)}\n\n`);
    }
  }

  broadcast(data: any, excludeId?: string): void {
    const message = `data: ${JSON.stringify(data)}\n\n`;
    this.clients.forEach((client) => {
      if (client.id !== excludeId) {
        client.res.write(message);
      }
    });
  }

  sendEvent(event: string, data: any): void {
    const message = `event: ${event}\ndata: ${JSON.stringify(data)}\n\n`;
    this.clients.forEach((client) => {
      client.res.write(message);
    });
  }
}

const sseManager = new SSEManager();

app.get("/events", (req, res) => {
  const clientId = Math.random().toString(36).substr(2, 9);

  sseManager.addClient(clientId, res);

  req.on("close", () => {
    sseManager.removeClient(clientId);
  });
});

// Simulate real-time updates
setInterval(() => {
  sseManager.broadcast({
    type: "update",
    value: Math.random() * 100,
    timestamp: Date.now(),
  });
}, 5000);

app.listen(3000, () => {
  console.log("SSE server running on port 3000");
});

// client.ts - SSE client
class SSEClient {
  private eventSource: EventSource | null = null;
  private reconnectAttempts = 0;
  private maxReconnectAttempts = 5;

  connect(
    url: string,
    handlers: {
      onMessage?: (data: any) => void;
      onError?: (error: Event) => void;
      onOpen?: () => void;
    },
  ): void {
    this.eventSource = new EventSource(url);

    this.eventSource.onopen = () => {
      console.log("SSE connected");
      this.reconnectAttempts = 0;
      handlers.onOpen?.();
    };

    this.eventSource.onmessage = (event) => {
      try {
        const data = JSON.parse(event.data);
        handlers.onMessage?.(data);
      } catch (error) {
        console.error("Failed to parse SSE data:", error);
      }
    };

    this.eventSource.onerror = (error) => {
      console.error("SSE error:", error);
      handlers.onError?.(error);

      if (this.reconnectAttempts < this.maxReconnectAttempts) {
        this.reconnectAttempts++;
        setTimeout(() => {
          console.log("Reconnecting to SSE...");
          this.connect(url, handlers);
        }, 3000);
      }
    };

    // Custom event listeners
    this.eventSource.addEventListener("custom-event", (event: any) => {
      console.log("Custom event:", JSON.parse(event.data));
    });
  }

  disconnect(): void {
    this.eventSource?.close();
    this.eventSource = null;
  }
}

// Usage
const client = new SSEClient();
client.connect("http://localhost:3000/events", {
  onMessage: (data) => {
    console.log("Received:", data);
  },
  onOpen: () => {
    console.log("Connected to server");
  },
});

4. Socket.IO (Production-Ready)

// server.ts
import { Server } from "socket.io";
import { createServer } from "http";

const httpServer = createServer();
const io = new Server(httpServer, {
  cors: {
    origin: process.env.CLIENT_URL || "http://localhost:3000",
    methods: ["GET", "POST"],
  },
  pingTimeout: 60000,
  pingInterval: 25000,
});

// Middleware
io.use((socket, next) => {
  const token = socket.handshake.auth.token;
  if (isValidToken(token)) {
    next();
  } else {
    next(new Error("Authentication error"));
  }
});

io.on("connection", (socket) => {
  console.log(`User connected: ${socket.id}`);

  // Join room
  socket.on("join-room", (roomId: string) => {
    socket.join(roomId);
    socket.to(roomId).emit("user-joined", {
      userId: socket.id,
      timestamp: Date.now(),
    });
  });

  // Handle messages
  socket.on("message", (data) => {
    const roomId = Array.from(socket.rooms)[1]; // First is own ID
    io.to(roomId).emit("message", {
      ...data,
      userId: socket.id,
      timestamp: Date.now(),
    });
  });

  // Typing indicator
  socket.on("typing", (isTyping: boolean) => {
    const roomId = Array.from(socket.rooms)[1];
    socket.to(roomId).emit("user-typing", {
      userId: socket.id,
      isTyping,
    });
  });

  socket.on("disconnect", () => {
    console.log(`User disconnected: ${socket.id}`);
  });
});

httpServer.listen(3001);

function isValidToken(token: string): boolean {
  // Implement token validation
  return true;
}

Best Practices

✅ DO

• Implement reconnection logic with exponential backoff
• Use heartbeat/ping-pong to detect dead connections
• Validate and sanitize all messages
• Implement authentication and authorization
• Handle connection limits and rate limiting
• Use compression for large payloads
• Implement proper error handling
• Monitor connection health
• Use rooms/channels for targeted messaging
• Implement graceful shutdown

❌ DON'T

• Send sensitive data without encryption
• Keep connections open indefinitely without cleanup
• Broadcast to all users when targeted messaging suffices
• Ignore connection state management
• Send large payloads frequently
• Skip message validation
• Forget about mobile/unstable connections
• Ignore scaling considerations

Performance Optimization

// Message batching
class MessageBatcher {
  private queue: any[] = [];
  private timer: NodeJS.Timeout | null = null;
  private batchSize = 10;
  private batchDelay = 100;

  constructor(private sendFn: (messages: any[]) => void) {}

  add(message: any): void {
    this.queue.push(message);

    if (this.queue.length >= this.batchSize) {
      this.flush();
    } else if (!this.timer) {
      this.timer = setTimeout(() => this.flush(), this.batchDelay);
    }
  }

  private flush(): void {
    if (this.queue.length > 0) {
      this.sendFn(this.queue.splice(0));
    }
    if (this.timer) {
      clearTimeout(this.timer);
      this.timer = null;
    }
  }
}

Resources

• WebSocket API (MDN)
• Socket.IO Documentation
• Server-Sent Events
• ws - WebSocket Library