nextjs

name	nextjs
description	Next.js App Router patterns: Server Components, Server Actions, route handlers, middleware, parallel routes, ISR

Next.js Skill

When to activate

• Building a Next.js application using the App Router
• Deciding between Server Components and Client Components
• Writing Server Actions for form submissions and mutations
• Setting up route handlers (API endpoints in App Router)
• Implementing authentication with NextAuth or a JWT pattern
• Configuring middleware for redirects and auth guards
• Optimizing data fetching with React cache() and unstable_cache
• Using parallel routes, intercepting routes, or route groups

When NOT to use

• Pages Router projects — the patterns differ significantly
• Pure SPAs with no server rendering (use Vite + React)
• NestJS or Express backends — use NestJS skill
• Static sites with no dynamic data (use Astro)

Instructions

App Router directory structure

app/
├── (auth)/              # Route group — no URL segment
│   ├── login/
│   │   └── page.tsx
│   └── layout.tsx       # Auth-specific layout
├── (dashboard)/
│   ├── dashboard/
│   │   ├── page.tsx     # Server Component by default
│   │   └── loading.tsx  # Suspense boundary UI
│   └── layout.tsx
├── api/
│   └── webhooks/
│       └── stripe/
│           └── route.ts # Route Handler
├── layout.tsx           # Root layout (required)
└── page.tsx             # Home page
components/
├── ui/                  # Presentational (can be server or client)
└── forms/               # Always client components (useState/events)
lib/
├── auth.ts
├── db.ts
└── actions/             # Server Actions
    └── user.ts

Server vs. Client Components

// Server Component (default) — runs on server, never sent to client
// Can: await fetch, read DB, access env vars
// Cannot: useState, useEffect, browser APIs, event handlers
export default async function UserProfile({ id }: { id: string }) {
  const user = await db.user.findUnique({ where: { id } })
  return <div>{user.name}</div>
}

// Client Component — add 'use client' directive
'use client'
import { useState } from 'react'

export function LikeButton({ initialCount }: { initialCount: number }) {
  const [count, setCount] = useState(initialCount)
  return <button onClick={() => setCount(c => c + 1)}>{count} likes</button>
}

Rule: default to Server Components. Add 'use client' only when you need interactivity, browser APIs, or React hooks.

Data fetching patterns

// Server Component — direct async/await, no useEffect, no useState
export default async function PostList() {
  const posts = await db.post.findMany({ where: { published: true } })
  return <ul>{posts.map(p => <li key={p.id}>{p.title}</li>)}</ul>
}

// Deduplication — React cache() wraps a function so multiple components
// calling it in one render share one fetch
import { cache } from 'react'
export const getUser = cache(async (id: string) => {
  return db.user.findUnique({ where: { id } })
})

// Static generation with revalidation
async function getProducts() {
  const res = await fetch('https://api.example.com/products', {
    next: { revalidate: 3600 }, 
  })
   res.()
}

Server Actions

// lib/actions/user.ts
'use server'
import { revalidatePath } from 'next/cache'
import { z } from 'zod'

const UpdateSchema = z.object({
  name: z.string().min(1),
})

export async function updateUser(formData: FormData) {
  const parsed = UpdateSchema.safeParse({ name: formData.get('name') })
  if (!parsed.success) return { error: parsed.error.flatten() }

  await db.user.update({ where: { id: getCurrentUserId() }, data: parsed.data })
  revalidatePath('/dashboard/profile')
  return { success: true }
}

// In a Server Component:
export default function ProfileForm({ user }: { user: User }) {
   (
    
  )
}

Route Handlers

// app/api/webhooks/stripe/route.ts
import { NextRequest, NextResponse } from 'next/server'
import Stripe from 'stripe'

export async function POST(req: NextRequest) {
  const body = await req.text()
  const sig = req.headers.get('stripe-signature')!

  let event: Stripe.Event
  try {
    event = stripe.webhooks.constructEvent(body, sig, process.env.STRIPE_WEBHOOK_SECRET!)
  } catch {
    return NextResponse.json({ error: 'Invalid signature' }, { status: 400 })
  }

  if (event.type === 'checkout.session.completed') {
    await handleCheckoutCompleted(event.data.object)
  }

  return NextResponse.json({ received:  })
}

Middleware

// middleware.ts (root level)
import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'
import type { NextRequest } from 'next/server'

export function middleware(request: NextRequest) {
  const token = request.cookies.get('auth-token')
  if (!token && request.nextUrl.pathname.startsWith('/dashboard')) {
    return NextResponse.redirect(new URL('/login', request.url))
  }
  return NextResponse.next()
}

export const config = {
  matcher: ['/dashboard/:path*', '/api/protected/:path*'],
}

Parallel and intercepting routes

app/
├── @modal/          # Parallel route — renders alongside main content
│   └── (.)photo/    # Intercepting route — intercepts /photo/[id]
│       └── [id]/
│           └── page.tsx
├── photo/
│   └── [id]/
│       └── page.tsx
└── layout.tsx       # Accepts { children, modal } as props

Error and loading boundaries

// app/dashboard/loading.tsx — shown during Suspense
export default function Loading() {
  return <DashboardSkeleton />
}

// app/dashboard/error.tsx — error boundary for this segment
'use client'
export default function Error({ error, reset }: { error: Error; reset: () => void }) {
  return (
    <div>
      <p>{error.message}</p>
      <button onClick={reset}>Retry</button>
    </div>
  )
}

Environment variables

• NEXT_PUBLIC_* — exposed to the browser
• All others — server-only (never accessible in Client Components)
• Never import a server-only env var inside a Client Component — it returns undefined silently

Example

User: Add a paginated blog posts page at /blog that fetches from PostgreSQL, with a "New Post" modal that opens at /blog/new but doesn't navigate away from the posts list.

Expected output:

• app/blog/page.tsx — Server Component, fetches posts with db.post.findMany, renders <PostList> + <Link href="/blog/new">
• app/@modal/(.)blog/new/page.tsx — Intercepting route showing a <NewPostModal> Client Component
• app/blog/new/page.tsx — Full-page fallback for direct navigation
• app/layout.tsx — Updated to accept modal parallel route slot and render it alongside children
• lib/actions/post.ts — createPost Server Action with Zod validation + revalidatePath('/blog')

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