kamino

name	kamino
description	Complete guide for Kamino Finance - Solana's leading DeFi protocol for lending, borrowing, liquidity management, and leverage trading. Covers klend-sdk (lending), kliquidity-sdk (automated liquidity strategies), scope-sdk (oracle aggregator), multiply/leverage operations, vaults, and obligation orders.

Kamino Finance Development Guide

Build sophisticated DeFi applications on Solana with Kamino Finance - the comprehensive DeFi protocol offering lending, borrowing, automated liquidity management, leverage trading, and oracle aggregation.

Overview

Kamino Finance provides:

• Kamino Lend (K-Lend): Lending and borrowing protocol with isolated markets
• Kamino Liquidity (K-Liquidity): Automated CLMM liquidity management strategies
• Scope Oracle: Oracle price aggregator for reliable pricing
• Multiply/Leverage: Leveraged long/short positions on assets
• Vaults: Yield-generating vault strategies
• Obligation Orders: Automated LTV-based and price-based order execution

CRITICAL: klend-sdk v7+ Requires @solana/kit v2 RPC and Addresses

The Kamino klend-sdk v7+ uses @solana/kit (Web3.js v2) internally. You MUST use:

• v2 RPC: createSolanaRpc(url) from @solana/kit — NOT new Connection(url) from @solana/web3.js
• v2 addresses: address("...") from @solana/kit — NOT new PublicKey("...") from @solana/web3.js

Passing v1 PublicKey objects causes "invalid type: map, expected a string" RPC errors because the v1 PublicKey object gets serialized as {"_bn": {...}} instead of a base58 string.

// ✅ CORRECT — ALL v2 types
import { createSolanaRpc, address, createKeyPairSignerFromBytes } from "@solana/kit";
import bs58 from "bs58";

const rpc = createSolanaRpc(config.preferences.rpcUrl);
const signer = await createKeyPairSignerFromBytes(bs58.decode(config.wallet.privateKey));
const market = await KaminoMarket.load(rpc, address("7u3HeHxYDLhnCoErrtycNokbQYbWGzLs6JSDqGAv5PfF"));

// Action builders also need v2 types:
const action = await KaminoAction.buildDepositTxns(
  market,
  "1000000",                                              // amount as string
  address("EPjFWdd5AufqSSqeM2qN1xzybapC8G4wEGGkZwyTDt1v"), // mint as v2 address (NOT PublicKey)
  signer,                                                    // v2 KeyPairSigner (NOT Keypair.publicKey)
  new VanillaObligation(PROGRAM_ID)
);

// ❌ WRONG — v1 types cause failures everywhere
import { Connection, PublicKey, Keypair } from "@solana/web3.js";
const connection = new Connection(url);                                    // ❌ → "send is not a function"
const market = await KaminoMarket.load(connection, new PublicKey("7u3...")); // ❌ → "invalid type: map"
await KaminoAction.buildDepositTxns(market, "1000000", new PublicKey("EPj..."), keypair.publicKey, ...); // ❌ → "Reserve not found" + "owner.address undefined"

Key rules for Kamino v7:

• KaminoMarket.load() → v2 rpc + v2 address()
• KaminoAction.build*Txns() → mint must be string or address() (NOT PublicKey), owner must be v2 KeyPairSigner (has .address property)
• getReserveByMint() → works with string or address(), NOT PublicKey
• getReserveBySymbol() → works with string (e.g., "USDC")

Quick Start

Installation

IMPORTANT: Kamino SDKs have complex peer dependencies that conflict without --legacy-peer-deps. Always use this flag:

# Lending SDK
npm install @kamino-finance/klend-sdk --legacy-peer-deps

# Liquidity SDK
npm install @kamino-finance/kliquidity-sdk --legacy-peer-deps

# Oracle SDK
npm install @kamino-finance/scope-sdk --legacy-peer-deps

# Required peer dependencies (install @solana/kit for v2 RPC)
npm install @solana/web3.js @solana/kit @coral-xyz/anchor decimal.js --legacy-peer-deps

Environment Setup

# .env file
SOLANA_RPC_URL=https://api.breeze.baby/agent/rpc-mainnet-beta
WALLET_KEYPAIR_PATH=./keypair.json

Kamino Lending (klend-sdk)

The lending SDK enables interaction with Kamino's lending markets for deposits, borrows, repayments, and liquidations.

Core Classes

Class	Purpose
KaminoMarket	Load and interact with lending markets
KaminoAction	Build lending transactions (deposit, borrow, repay, withdraw)
KaminoObligation	Manage user obligations (positions)
KaminoReserve	Access reserve configurations and stats
VanillaObligation	Standard obligation type

Initialize Market

import { KaminoMarket } from "@kamino-finance/klend-sdk";
import { createSolanaRpc, address } from "@solana/kit";

// Use v2 RPC — NOT new Connection()
const rpc = createSolanaRpc(config.preferences.rpcUrl);

// Main lending market address — use address(), NOT new PublicKey()
const MAIN_MARKET = address("7u3HeHxYDLhnCoErrtycNokbQYbWGzLs6JSDqGAv5PfF");

// Load market with basic data
const market = await KaminoMarket.load(rpc, MAIN_MARKET);

// Load reserves for detailed data
await market.loadReserves();

// Get specific reserve
const usdcReserve = market.getReserve("USDC");
console.log("Total Deposits:", usdcReserve?.stats.totalDepositsWads.toString());
console.log("LTV:", usdcReserve?.stats.loanToValueRatio);
console.log("Borrow APY:", usdcReserve?.stats.borrowInterestAPY);
console.log("Supply APY:", usdcReserve?.stats.supplyInterestAPY);

// Refresh all data including obligations
await market.refreshAll();

Deposit Collateral

import { KaminoAction, VanillaObligation, PROGRAM_ID } from "@kamino-finance/klend-sdk";
import { Keypair, sendAndConfirmTransaction } from "@solana/web3.js";
import Decimal from "decimal.js";

async function deposit(
  market: KaminoMarket,
  wallet: Keypair,
  tokenSymbol: string,
  amount: Decimal
) {
  // Build deposit transaction
  const kaminoAction = await KaminoAction.buildDepositTxns(
    market,
    amount.toString(),           // Amount in base units
    tokenSymbol,                  // e.g., "USDC", "SOL"
    wallet.publicKey,
    new VanillaObligation(PROGRAM_ID),
    0,                            // Additional compute budget (optional)
    true,                         // Include Ata init instructions
    undefined,                    // Referrer (optional)
    undefined,                    // Current slot (optional)
    "finalized"                   // Commitment
  );

  // Get all instructions
  const instructions = [
    ...kaminoAction.setupIxs,
    ...kaminoAction.lendingIxs,
    ...kaminoAction.cleanupIxs,
  ];

  // Create and send transaction
  const tx = new Transaction().add(...instructions);
  const signature = await sendAndConfirmTransaction(connection, tx, [wallet]);

  return signature;
}

Borrow Assets

async function borrow(
  market: KaminoMarket,
  wallet: Keypair,
  tokenSymbol: string,
  amount: Decimal
) {
  const kaminoAction = await KaminoAction.buildBorrowTxns(
    market,
    amount.toString(),
    tokenSymbol,
    wallet.publicKey,
    new VanillaObligation(PROGRAM_ID),
    0,
    true,
    false,                        // Include deposit for fees (optional)
    undefined,
    undefined,
    "finalized"
  );

  const instructions = [
    ...kaminoAction.setupIxs,
    ...kaminoAction.lendingIxs,
    ...kaminoAction.cleanupIxs,
  ];

  const tx = new Transaction().add(...instructions);
  return await sendAndConfirmTransaction(connection, tx, [wallet]);
}

Repay Loan

async function repay(
  market: KaminoMarket,
  wallet: Keypair,
  tokenSymbol: string,
  amount: Decimal | "max"
) {
  const repayAmount = amount === "max" ? "max" : amount.toString();

  const kaminoAction = await KaminoAction.buildRepayTxns(
    market,
    repayAmount,
    tokenSymbol,
    wallet.publicKey,
    new VanillaObligation(PROGRAM_ID),
    0,
    true,
    undefined,
    "finalized"
  );

  const instructions = [
    ...kaminoAction.setupIxs,
    ...kaminoAction.lendingIxs,
    ...kaminoAction.cleanupIxs,
  ];

  const tx = new Transaction().add(...instructions);
  return await sendAndConfirmTransaction(connection, tx, [wallet]);
}

Withdraw Collateral

async function withdraw(
  market: KaminoMarket,
  wallet: Keypair,
  tokenSymbol: string,
  amount: Decimal | "max"
) {
  const withdrawAmount = amount === "max" ? "max" : amount.toString();

  const kaminoAction = await KaminoAction.buildWithdrawTxns(
    market,
    withdrawAmount,
    tokenSymbol,
    wallet.publicKey,
    new VanillaObligation(PROGRAM_ID),
    0,
    true,
    undefined,
    "finalized"
  );

  const instructions = [
    ...kaminoAction.setupIxs,
    ...kaminoAction.lendingIxs,
    ...kaminoAction.cleanupIxs,
  ];

  const tx = new Transaction().add(...instructions);
  return await sendAndConfirmTransaction(connection, tx, [wallet]);
}

Get User Obligations

// Get single vanilla obligation for user
const obligation = await market.getUserVanillaObligation(wallet.publicKey);

if (obligation) {
  console.log("Deposits:", obligation.state.deposits);
  console.log("Borrows:", obligation.state.borrows);
  console.log("Health Factor:", obligation.refreshedStats.borrowLimit);
}

// Get all obligations for user
const allObligations = await market.getAllUserObligations(wallet.publicKey);

// Get obligations for specific reserve
const reserveObligations = await market.getAllUserObligationsForReserve(
  wallet.publicKey,
  usdcReserve
);

// Check if reserve is part of obligation
const isReserveInObligation = market.isReserveInObligation(
  obligation,
  usdcReserve
);

Liquidation

async function liquidate(
  market: KaminoMarket,
  liquidator: Keypair,
  obligationOwner: PublicKey,
  repayTokenSymbol: string,
  withdrawTokenSymbol: string,
  repayAmount: Decimal
) {
  const kaminoAction = await KaminoAction.buildLiquidateTxns(
    market,
    repayAmount.toString(),
    repayTokenSymbol,
    withdrawTokenSymbol,
    obligationOwner,
    liquidator.publicKey,
    new VanillaObligation(PROGRAM_ID),
    0,
    true,
    "finalized"
  );

  const instructions = [
    ...kaminoAction.setupIxs,
    ...kaminoAction.lendingIxs,
    ...kaminoAction.cleanupIxs,
  ];

  const tx = new Transaction().add(...instructions);
  return await sendAndConfirmTransaction(connection, tx, [liquidator]);
}

Leverage/Multiply Operations

Kamino supports leveraged positions through the multiply feature.

Open Leveraged Position

import {
  getLeverageDepositIxns,
  getLeverageWithdrawIxns,
  calculateLeverageMultiplier
} from "@kamino-finance/klend-sdk/leverage";

async function openLeveragedPosition(
  market: KaminoMarket,
  wallet: Keypair,
  collateralToken: string,
  borrowToken: string,
  depositAmount: Decimal,
  targetLeverage: number  // e.g., 2x, 3x
) {
  // Calculate parameters for target leverage
  const leverageParams = await calculateLeverageMultiplier(
    market,
    collateralToken,
    borrowToken,
    depositAmount,
    targetLeverage
  );

  // Build leverage deposit instructions
  const { instructions, lookupTables } = await getLeverageDepositIxns(
    market,
    wallet.publicKey,
    collateralToken,
    borrowToken,
    depositAmount,
    leverageParams,
    new VanillaObligation(PROGRAM_ID)
  );

  // Execute transaction with address lookup tables
  const tx = new VersionedTransaction(/* ... */);
  return await sendAndConfirmTransaction(connection, tx, [wallet]);
}

Close Leveraged Position

async function closeLeveragedPosition(
  market: KaminoMarket,
  wallet: Keypair,
  collateralToken: string,
  borrowToken: string
) {
  const { instructions, lookupTables } = await getLeverageWithdrawIxns(
    market,
    wallet.publicKey,
    collateralToken,
    borrowToken,
    "max",  // Withdraw full position
    new VanillaObligation(PROGRAM_ID)
  );

  const tx = new VersionedTransaction(/* ... */);
  return await sendAndConfirmTransaction(connection, tx, [wallet]);
}

Obligation Orders

Automate actions based on LTV or price thresholds.

LTV-Based Orders

import {
  createLtvBasedOrder,
  LtvOrderType
} from "@kamino-finance/klend-sdk/obligation_orders";

// Create order to repay when LTV exceeds threshold
async function createLtvOrder(
  market: KaminoMarket,
  wallet: Keypair,
  targetLtv: number,  // e.g., 0.8 for 80%
  repayToken: string,
  repayAmount: Decimal
) {
  const orderIx = await createLtvBasedOrder(
    market,
    wallet.publicKey,
    new VanillaObligation(PROGRAM_ID),
    {
      type: LtvOrderType.REPAY_ON_HIGH_LTV,
      triggerLtv: targetLtv,
      repayToken,
      repayAmount: repayAmount.toString(),
    }
  );

  const tx = new Transaction().add(orderIx);
  return await sendAndConfirmTransaction(connection, tx, [wallet]);
}

Price-Based Orders

import {
  createPriceBasedOrder,
  PriceOrderType
} from "@kamino-finance/klend-sdk/obligation_orders";

// Create stop-loss order
async function createStopLossOrder(
  market: KaminoMarket,
  wallet: Keypair,
  tokenSymbol: string,
  triggerPrice: Decimal,
  action: "repay" | "withdraw"
) {
  const orderIx = await createPriceBasedOrder(
    market,
    wallet.publicKey,
    new VanillaObligation(PROGRAM_ID),
    {
      type: PriceOrderType.STOP_LOSS,
      tokenSymbol,
      triggerPrice: triggerPrice.toString(),
      action,
    }
  );

  const tx = new Transaction().add(orderIx);
  return await sendAndConfirmTransaction(connection, tx, [wallet]);
}

Kamino Liquidity (kliquidity-sdk)

Automated liquidity management for concentrated liquidity positions on Orca, Raydium, and Meteora.

Initialize SDK

import { Kamino } from "@kamino-finance/kliquidity-sdk";
import { Connection, clusterApiUrl } from "@solana/web3.js";

const connection = new Connection(clusterApiUrl("mainnet-beta"));
const kamino = new Kamino("mainnet-beta", connection);

Fetch Strategies

// Get all strategies
const strategies = await kamino.getStrategies();

// Get strategy by address
const strategy = await kamino.getStrategyByAddress(
  new PublicKey("strategy_address")
);

// Get strategy by kToken mint
const strategyByMint = await kamino.getStrategyByKTokenMint(
  new PublicKey("ktoken_mint")
);

// Get strategies with filters
const filteredStrategies = await kamino.getAllStrategiesWithFilters({
  strategyType: "NON_PEGGED",   // NON_PEGGED, PEGGED, STABLE
  status: "LIVE",               // LIVE, STAGING, DEPRECATED
  tokenA: new PublicKey("..."), // Filter by token A
  tokenB: new PublicKey("..."), // Filter by token B
});

Strategy Types

Type	Description	Example Pairs
NON_PEGGED	Uncorrelated assets	SOL-BONK, SOL-USDC
PEGGED	Loosely correlated	BSOL-JitoSOL, mSOL-SOL
STABLE	Price-stable	USDC-USDT, USDH-USDC

Get Strategy Data

// Get share price
const sharePrice = await kamino.getStrategySharePrice(strategy);
console.log("Share Price:", sharePrice.toString());

// Get share data
const shareData = await kamino.getStrategyShareData(strategy);
console.log("Total Shares:", shareData.totalShares);
console.log("Token A per Share:", shareData.tokenAPerShare);
console.log("Token B per Share:", shareData.tokenBPerShare);

// Get token amounts per share
const tokenAmounts = await kamino.getTokenAAndBPerShare(strategy);
console.log("Token A:", tokenAmounts.tokenA);
console.log("Token B:", tokenAmounts.tokenB);

// Get strategy price range
const range = await kamino.getStrategyRange(strategy);
console.log("Lower Price:", range.lowerPrice);
console.log("Upper Price:", range.upperPrice);
console.log("Current Price:", range.currentPrice);

Deposit to Strategy

import Decimal from "decimal.js";

async function depositToStrategy(
  kamino: Kamino,
  wallet: Keypair,
  strategyAddress: PublicKey,
  tokenAAmount: Decimal,
  tokenBAmount: Decimal,
  slippage: Decimal  // e.g., new Decimal(0.01) for 1%
) {
  const strategy = await kamino.getStrategyByAddress(strategyAddress);

  // Build deposit instructions
  const depositIxs = await kamino.deposit(
    strategy,
    wallet.publicKey,
    tokenAAmount,
    tokenBAmount,
    slippage
  );

  // Create transaction with extra compute budget
  const tx = kamino.createTransactionWithExtraBudget();
  tx.add(...depositIxs);

  await kamino.assignBlockInfoToTransaction(tx);

  return await sendAndConfirmTransaction(connection, tx, [wallet]);
}

Single Token Deposit

async function singleTokenDeposit(
  kamino: Kamino,
  wallet: Keypair,
  strategyAddress: PublicKey,
  tokenAmount: Decimal,
  isTokenA: boolean,  // true for Token A, false for Token B
  slippage: Decimal
) {
  const strategy = await kamino.getStrategyByAddress(strategyAddress);

  const depositIxs = await kamino.singleTokenDeposit(
    strategy,
    wallet.publicKey,
    tokenAmount,
    isTokenA,
    slippage
  );

  const tx = kamino.createTransactionWithExtraBudget();
  tx.add(...depositIxs);

  await kamino.assignBlockInfoToTransaction(tx);

  return await sendAndConfirmTransaction(connection, tx, [wallet]);
}

Withdraw from Strategy

async function withdrawFromStrategy(
  kamino: Kamino,
  wallet: Keypair,
  strategyAddress: PublicKey,
  shareAmount: Decimal,  // Number of shares to withdraw
  slippage: Decimal
) {
  const strategy = await kamino.getStrategyByAddress(strategyAddress);

  const withdrawIxs = await kamino.withdraw(
    strategy,
    wallet.publicKey,
    shareAmount,
    slippage
  );

  const tx = kamino.createTransactionWithExtraBudget();
  tx.add(...withdrawIxs);

  await kamino.assignBlockInfoToTransaction(tx);

  return await sendAndConfirmTransaction(connection, tx, [wallet]);
}

// Withdraw all shares
async function withdrawAllShares(
  kamino: Kamino,
  wallet: Keypair,
  strategyAddress: PublicKey,
  slippage: Decimal
) {
  const strategy = await kamino.getStrategyByAddress(strategyAddress);

  const withdrawIxs = await kamino.withdrawAllShares(
    strategy,
    wallet.publicKey,
    slippage
  );

  const tx = kamino.createTransactionWithExtraBudget();
  tx.add(...withdrawIxs);

  await kamino.assignBlockInfoToTransaction(tx);

  return await sendAndConfirmTransaction(connection, tx, [wallet]);
}

Collect Fees & Rewards

async function collectFeesAndRewards(
  kamino: Kamino,
  wallet: Keypair,
  strategyAddress: PublicKey
) {
  const strategy = await kamino.getStrategyByAddress(strategyAddress);

  const collectIxs = await kamino.collectFeesAndRewards(
    strategy,
    wallet.publicKey
  );

  const tx = kamino.createTransactionWithExtraBudget();
  tx.add(...collectIxs);

  await kamino.assignBlockInfoToTransaction(tx);

  return await sendAndConfirmTransaction(connection, tx, [wallet]);
}

Get Pool Information

// Get supported DEXes
const dexes = kamino.getSupportedDexes();
// Returns: ["ORCA", "RAYDIUM", "METEORA"]

// Get fee tiers for DEX
const feeTiers = kamino.getFeeTiersForDex("ORCA");

// Get pools for token pair
const orcaPools = await kamino.getOrcaPoolsForTokens(tokenAMint, tokenBMint);
const raydiumPools = await kamino.getRaydiumPoolsForTokens(tokenAMint, tokenBMint);
const meteoraPools = await kamino.getMeteoraPoolsForTokens(tokenAMint, tokenBMint);

// Get current price for pair
const price = await kamino.getPriceForPair("ORCA", tokenAMint, tokenBMint);

Rebalance Methods

// Get available rebalance methods
const methods = kamino.getRebalanceMethods();
// Returns: ["MANUAL", "DRIFT", "TAKE_PROFIT", "PERIODIC", "PRICE_PERCENTAGE", ...]

// Get enabled methods
const enabledMethods = kamino.getEnabledRebalanceMethods();

// Get default method
const defaultMethod = kamino.getDefaultRebalanceMethod();

// Read rebalance parameters for strategy
const driftParams = await kamino.readDriftRebalanceParams(strategy);
const periodicParams = await kamino.readPeriodicRebalanceParams(strategy);
const priceParams = await kamino.readPricePercentageParams(strategy);

Create New Strategy

async function createStrategy(
  kamino: Kamino,
  admin: Keypair,
  params: {
    dex: "ORCA" | "RAYDIUM" | "METEORA";
    tokenAMint: PublicKey;
    tokenBMint: PublicKey;
    feeTierBps: Decimal;
    rebalanceMethod: string;
  }
) {
  const strategyKeypair = Keypair.generate();

  // Check token accounts exist
  const tokenAAccount = await kamino.getAssociatedTokenAddressAndData(
    params.tokenAMint,
    admin.publicKey
  );
  const tokenBAccount = await kamino.getAssociatedTokenAddressAndData(
    params.tokenBMint,
    admin.publicKey
  );

  // Create strategy account
  const createAccountIx = await kamino.createStrategyAccount(
    strategyKeypair.publicKey
  );

  // Initialize strategy
  const initIxs = await kamino.initializeStrategy(
    strategyKeypair.publicKey,
    admin.publicKey,
    params
  );

  const tx = kamino.createTransactionWithExtraBudget();
  tx.add(createAccountIx, ...initIxs);

  await kamino.assignBlockInfoToTransaction(tx);

  return await sendAndConfirmTransaction(
    connection,
    tx,
    [admin, strategyKeypair],
    { commitment: "finalized" }
  );
}

Scope Oracle (scope-sdk)

Oracle price aggregator providing reliable pricing data.

Initialize Scope

import { Scope } from "@kamino-finance/scope-sdk";
import { Connection, clusterApiUrl } from "@solana/web3.js";

const connection = new Connection(clusterApiUrl("mainnet-beta"));
const scope = new Scope("mainnet-beta", connection);

Get Oracle Prices

// Get all oracle prices
const prices = await scope.getOraclePrices();

// Prices indexed by token
console.log("SOL Price:", prices.get("SOL"));
console.log("USDC Price:", prices.get("USDC"));

// Get specific price
const solPrice = await scope.getPrice("SOL");
console.log("SOL/USD:", solPrice.price.toString());
console.log("Timestamp:", solPrice.timestamp);
console.log("Confidence:", solPrice.confidence);

Price Feeds

Scope aggregates from multiple oracle sources:

• Pyth: Real-time market prices
• Switchboard: Decentralized oracle network
• TWAP: Time-weighted average prices
• CLMM Prices: DEX-derived prices

// Get price with source info
const priceData = await scope.getPriceWithMetadata("SOL");
console.log("Price:", priceData.price);
console.log("Source:", priceData.source);
console.log("Age (slots):", priceData.ageSlots);

CLI Commands

Lending CLI

# Deposit tokens
yarn cli deposit --url <RPC> --owner ./keypair.json --token USDC --amount 100

# Print all lending market accounts
yarn cli print-all-lending-market-accounts --rpc <RPC>

# Print all reserve accounts
yarn cli print-all-reserve-accounts --rpc <RPC>

# Print all obligation accounts
yarn cli print-all-obligation-accounts --rpc <RPC>

# Filter with jq
yarn cli print-all-reserve-accounts --rpc <RPC> | jq '.lastUpdateSlot'
yarn cli print-all-obligation-accounts --rpc <RPC> | jq --stream 'select(.[0][1] == "owner")'

Program Addresses

Mainnet

Program	Address
Kamino Lending	KLend2g3cP87ber41qQDzWpAFuqP2tCxDqC8S3k7L1U
Main Market	7u3HeHxYDLhnCoErrtycNokbQYbWGzLs6JSDqGAv5PfF
Kamino Liquidity	KLIQ... (varies)
Scope Oracle	ScopE... (varies)

Reserve Configuration

Each reserve has configurable parameters:

interface ReserveConfig {
  // Collateral configuration
  loanToValueRatio: number;        // Max borrowing power (e.g., 0.8 = 80%)
  liquidationThreshold: number;     // Liquidation trigger (e.g., 0.85 = 85%)
  liquidationBonus: number;         // Liquidator reward (e.g., 0.05 = 5%)

  // Interest rate model
  optimalUtilizationRate: number;   // Target utilization
  borrowRateCurve: {
    baseRate: number;
    optimalRate: number;
    maxRate: number;
  };

  // Fees
  protocolTakeRate: number;         // Protocol fee on interest
  hostFeeRate: number;              // Host integration fee

  // Limits
  depositLimit: number;             // Max deposits
  borrowLimit: number;              // Max borrows

  // Status
  depositEnabled: boolean;
  borrowEnabled: boolean;
  withdrawEnabled: boolean;
}

Error Handling

import { KaminoError, ErrorCode } from "@kamino-finance/klend-sdk";

try {
  await kaminoAction.execute();
} catch (error) {
  if (error instanceof KaminoError) {
    switch (error.code) {
      case ErrorCode.InsufficientCollateral:
        console.error("Not enough collateral for this borrow");
        break;
      case ErrorCode.BorrowLimitExceeded:
        console.error("Borrow limit reached for this reserve");
        break;
      case ErrorCode.LiquidationThresholdExceeded:
        console.error("Position is at risk of liquidation");
        break;
      case ErrorCode.InvalidObligation:
        console.error("Obligation account not found or invalid");
        break;
      default:
        console.error("Kamino error:", error.message);
    }
  } else {
    throw error;
  }
}

Best Practices

Health Factor Monitoring

async function checkHealthFactor(
  market: KaminoMarket,
  wallet: PublicKey
): Promise<number> {
  await market.refreshAll();
  const obligation = await market.getUserVanillaObligation(wallet);

  if (!obligation) return Infinity;

  const stats = obligation.refreshedStats;
  const healthFactor = stats.borrowLimit / stats.borrowedValue;

  if (healthFactor < 1.1) {
    console.warn("WARNING: Health factor below 1.1, consider adding collateral");
  }

  return healthFactor;
}

Transaction Optimization

// Use lookup tables for smaller transactions
const { instructions, lookupTables } = await kaminoAction.buildWithLookupTables();

// Create versioned transaction
const messageV0 = new TransactionMessage({
  payerKey: wallet.publicKey,
  recentBlockhash: (await connection.getLatestBlockhash()).blockhash,
  instructions,
}).compileToV0Message(lookupTables);

const tx = new VersionedTransaction(messageV0);
tx.sign([wallet]);

await sendAndConfirmTransaction(connection, tx, [wallet]);

Slippage Protection

// For liquidity operations, always use slippage protection
const slippage = new Decimal(0.005); // 0.5% max slippage

const depositIxs = await kamino.deposit(
  strategy,
  wallet.publicKey,
  tokenAAmount,
  tokenBAmount,
  slippage  // Protects against price movement
);

TypeScript Types

import type {
  // Lending types
  KaminoMarket,
  KaminoAction,
  KaminoObligation,
  KaminoReserve,
  VanillaObligation,
  ReserveConfig,
  ObligationStats,

  // Liquidity types
  Kamino,
  WhirlpoolStrategy,
  StrategyWithAddress,
  ShareData,
  PositionRange,
  RebalanceMethod,
  StrategiesFilters,

  // Oracle types
  Scope,
  OraclePrices,
  PriceData,
} from "@kamino-finance/klend-sdk";

Kamino 2.0 / K-Lend (New Features)

Architecture Updates

Kamino 2.0 introduced a fully integrated application with two key layers:

• Market Layer: Core lending markets with advanced risk parameters
• Vault Layer: Curator-managed vault strategies for optimized yield

New Collateral Support (2025)

Asset	Type	Notes
nxSOL	LST	Nansen liquid staking token
Huma RWA	RWA	Real-world asset backed collateral
JitoSOL	LST	Jito liquid staking token

K-Lend V2 Features (Q4 2025)

• Modular Lending: Isolated markets for RWAs and institutional use cases
• Enhanced Risk Engine: Improved liquidation parameters
• Multi-collateral Positions: Borrow against multiple assets

Governance (Q1 2026)

Decentralized decision-making via KMNO stakers will be activated, allowing token holders to vote on:

• Reserve parameters
• New market listings
• Protocol fees

Security Milestones

• Fourth protocol verification completed (October 2025)
• $1.5M bug bounty program active

Resources

• Kamino Finance Website
• Kamino Documentation
• klend-sdk GitHub
• kliquidity-sdk GitHub
• scope-sdk GitHub
• farms-sdk GitHub
• Kamino Discord

Skill Structure

kamino/
├── SKILL.md                        # This file
├── resources/
│   ├── klend-api-reference.md      # Complete lending API
│   ├── kliquidity-api-reference.md # Complete liquidity API
│   ├── scope-api-reference.md      # Oracle API reference
│   ├── reserve-configs.md          # Reserve configurations
│   └── program-addresses.md        # All program addresses
├── examples/
│   ├── lending/
│   │   ├── deposit-withdraw.md     # Deposit & withdraw examples
│   │   ├── borrow-repay.md         # Borrowing examples
│   │   ├── leverage.md             # Multiply/leverage examples
│   │   └── liquidation.md          # Liquidation bot example
│   ├── liquidity/
│   │   ├── strategy-management.md  # Strategy operations
│   │   ├── deposits-withdrawals.md # LP operations
│   │   └── rebalancing.md          # Rebalance strategies
│   └── oracle/
│       └── price-feeds.md          # Oracle usage examples
├── templates/
│   ├── lending-setup.ts            # Lending starter
│   ├── liquidity-setup.ts          # Liquidity starter
│   └── full-integration.ts         # Complete integration
└── docs/
    ├── troubleshooting.md          # Common issues
    └── advanced-patterns.md        # Complex patterns