golang-patterns

用于构建健壮、高效且可维护的Go应用程序的惯用Go模式、最佳实践和约定。

Repository: xu-xiang/everything-claude-code-zh
Last source activity: March 5, 2026 at 01:40
Detected SKILL.md language: Chinese
Stars: 1,867
Forks: 306

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SKILL.md

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// Good: Zero value is useful
type Counter struct {
    mu    sync.Mutex
    count int // zero value is 0, ready to use
}

func (c *Counter) Inc() {
    c.mu.Lock()
    c.count++
    c.mu.Unlock()
}

// Good: bytes.Buffer works with zero value
var buf bytes.Buffer
buf.WriteString("hello")

// Bad: Requires initialization
type BadCounter struct {
    counts map[string]int // nil map will panic
}

// Good: Accepts interface, returns concrete type
func ProcessData(r io.Reader) (*Result, error) {
    data, err := io.ReadAll(r)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }
    return &Result{Data: data}, nil
}

// Bad: Returns interface (hides implementation details unnecessarily)
func ProcessData(r io.Reader) (io.Reader, error) {
    // ...
}

// Good: Wrap errors with context
func LoadConfig(path string) (*Config, error) {
    data, err := os.ReadFile(path)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("load config %s: %w", path, err)
    }

    var cfg Config
    if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &cfg); err != nil {
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse config %s: %w", path, err)
    }

    return &cfg, nil
}

// Define domain-specific errors
type ValidationError struct {
    Field   string
    Message string
}

func (e *ValidationError) Error() string {
    return fmt.Sprintf("validation failed on %s: %s", e.Field, e.Message)
}

// Sentinel errors for common cases
var (
    ErrNotFound     = errors.New("resource not found")
    ErrUnauthorized = errors.New("unauthorized")
    ErrInvalidInput = errors.New("invalid input")
)

func HandleError(err error) {
    // Check for specific error
    if errors.Is(err, sql.ErrNoRows) {
        log.Println("No records found")
        return
    }

    // Check for error type
    var validationErr *ValidationError
    if errors.As(err, &validationErr) {
        log.Printf("Validation error on field %s: %s",
            validationErr.Field, validationErr.Message)
        return
    }

    // Unknown error
    log.Printf("Unexpected error: %v", err)
}

// Bad: Ignoring error with blank identifier
result, _ := doSomething()

// Good: Handle or explicitly document why it's safe to ignore
result, err := doSomething()
if err != nil {
    return err
}

// Acceptable: When error truly doesn't matter (rare)
_ = writer.Close() // Best-effort cleanup, error logged elsewhere

func WorkerPool(jobs <-chan Job, results chan<- Result, numWorkers int) {
    var wg sync.WaitGroup

    for i := 0; i < numWorkers; i++ {
        wg.Add(1)
        go func() {
            defer wg.Done()
            for job := range jobs {
                results <- process(job)
            }
        }()
    }

    wg.Wait()
    close(results)
}

func FetchWithTimeout(ctx context.Context, url string) ([]byte, error) {
    ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 5*time.Second)
    defer cancel()

    req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", url, nil)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("create request: %w", err)
    }

    resp, err := http.DefaultClient.Do(req)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("fetch %s: %w", url, err)
    }
    defer resp.Body.Close()

    return io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
}

func GracefulShutdown(server *http.Server) {
    quit := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
    signal.Notify(quit, syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM)

    <-quit
    log.Println("Shutting down server...")

    ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 30*time.Second)
    defer cancel()

    if err := server.Shutdown(ctx); err != nil {
        log.Fatalf("Server forced to shutdown: %v", err)
    }

    log.Println("Server exited")
}

import "golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"

func FetchAll(ctx context.Context, urls []string) ([][]byte, error) {
    g, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
    results := make([][]byte, len(urls))

    for i, url := range urls {
        i, url := i, url // Capture loop variables
        g.Go(func() error {
            data, err := FetchWithTimeout(ctx, url)
            if err != nil {
                return err
            }
            results[i] = data
            return nil
        })
    }

    if err := g.Wait(); err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }
    return results, nil
}

// Bad: Goroutine leak if context is cancelled
func leakyFetch(ctx context.Context, url string) <-chan []byte {
    ch := make(chan []byte)
    go func() {
        data, _ := fetch(url)
        ch <- data // Blocks forever if no receiver
    }()
    return ch
}

// Good: Properly handles cancellation
func safeFetch(ctx context.Context, url string) <-chan []byte {
    ch := make(chan []byte, 1) // Buffered channel
    go func() {
        data, err := fetch(url)
        if err != nil {
            return
        }
        select {
        case ch <- data:
        case <-ctx.Done():
        }
    }()
    return ch
}

// Good: Single-method interfaces
type Reader interface {
    Read(p []byte) (n int, err error)
}

type Writer interface {
    Write(p []byte) (n int, err error)
}

type Closer interface {
    Close() error
}

// Compose interfaces as needed
type ReadWriteCloser interface {
    Reader
    Writer
    Closer
}

// In the consumer package, not the provider
package service

// UserStore defines what this service needs
type UserStore interface {
    GetUser(id string) (*User, error)
    SaveUser(user *User) error
}

type Service struct {
    store UserStore
}

// Concrete implementation can be in another package
// It doesn't need to know about this interface

type Flusher interface {
    Flush() error
}

func WriteAndFlush(w io.Writer, data []byte) error {
    if _, err := w.Write(data); err != nil {
        return err
    }

    // Flush if supported
    if f, ok := w.(Flusher); ok {
        return f.Flush()
    }
    return nil
}

myproject/
├── cmd/
│   └── myapp/
│       └── main.go           # Entry point
├── internal/
│   ├── handler/              # HTTP handlers
│   ├── service/              # Business logic
│   ├── repository/           # Data access
│   └── config/               # Configuration
├── pkg/
│   └── client/               # Public API client
├── api/
│   └── v1/                   # API definitions (proto, OpenAPI)
├── testdata/                 # Test fixtures
├── go.mod
├── go.sum
└── Makefile

// Good: Short, lowercase, no underscores
package http
package json
package user

// Bad: Verbose, mixed case, or redundant
package httpHandler
package json_parser
package userService // Redundant 'Service' suffix

// Bad: Global mutable state
var db *sql.DB

func init() {
    db, _ = sql.Open("postgres", os.Getenv("DATABASE_URL"))
}

// Good: Dependency injection
type Server struct {
    db *sql.DB
}

func NewServer(db *sql.DB) *Server {
    return &Server{db: db}
}

type Server struct {
    addr    string
    timeout time.Duration
    logger  *log.Logger
}

type Option func(*Server)

func WithTimeout(d time.Duration) Option {
    return func(s *Server) {
        s.timeout = d
    }
}

func WithLogger(l *log.Logger) Option {
    return func(s *Server) {
        s.logger = l
    }
}

func NewServer(addr string, opts ...Option) *Server {
    s := &Server{
        addr:    addr,
        timeout: 30 * time.Second, // default
        logger:  log.Default(),    // default
    }
    for _, opt := range opts {
        opt(s)
    }
    return s
}

// Usage
server := NewServer(":8080",
    WithTimeout(60*time.Second),
    WithLogger(customLogger),
)

type Logger struct {
    prefix string
}

func (l *Logger) Log(msg string) {
    fmt.Printf("[%s] %s\n", l.prefix, msg)
}

type Server struct {
    *Logger // Embedding - Server gets Log method
    addr    string
}

func NewServer(addr string) *Server {
    return &Server{
        Logger: &Logger{prefix: "SERVER"},
        addr:   addr,
    }
}

// Usage
s := NewServer(":8080")
s.Log("Starting...") // Calls embedded Logger.Log

// Bad: Grows slice multiple times
func processItems(items []Item) []Result {
    var results []Result
    for _, item := range items {
        results = append(results, process(item))
    }
    return results
}

// Good: Single allocation
func processItems(items []Item) []Result {
    results := make([]Result, 0, len(items))
    for _, item := range items {
        results = append(results, process(item))
    }
    return results
}

var bufferPool = sync.Pool{
    New: func() interface{} {
        return new(bytes.Buffer)
    },
}

func ProcessRequest(data []byte) []byte {
    buf := bufferPool.Get().(*bytes.Buffer)
    defer func() {
        buf.Reset()
        bufferPool.Put(buf)
    }()

    buf.Write(data)
    // Process...
    return buf.Bytes()
}

// Bad: Creates many string allocations
func join(parts []string) string {
    var result string
    for _, p := range parts {
        result += p + ","
    }
    return result
}

// Good: Single allocation with strings.Builder
func join(parts []string) string {
    var sb strings.Builder
    for i, p := range parts {
        if i > 0 {
            sb.WriteString(",")
        }
        sb.WriteString(p)
    }
    return sb.String()
}

// Best: Use standard library
func join(parts []string) string {
    return strings.Join(parts, ",")
}

# Build and run
go build ./...
go run ./cmd/myapp

# Testing
go test ./...
go test -race ./...
go test -cover ./...

# Static analysis
go vet ./...
staticcheck ./...
golangci-lint run

# Module management
go mod tidy
go mod verify

# Formatting
gofmt -w .
goimports -w .

linters:
  enable:
    - errcheck
    - gosimple
    - govet
    - ineffassign
    - staticcheck
    - unused
    - gofmt
    - goimports
    - misspell
    - unconvert
    - unparam

linters-settings:
  errcheck:
    check-type-assertions: true
  govet:
    check-shadowing: true

issues:
  exclude-use-default: false

惯用法	描述
接受接口，返回结构体	函数接受接口参数，返回具体类型
错误即值	将错误视为一等值，而非异常
不要通过共享内存来通信	使用通道在 goroutine 之间进行协调
让零值变得有用	类型应无需显式初始化即可工作
少量复制优于少量依赖	避免不必要的外部依赖
清晰优于精巧	优先考虑可读性而非精巧性
gofmt 虽非最爱，但却是每个人的朋友	始终使用 gofmt/goimports 格式化代码
提前返回	先处理错误，保持主逻辑路径无缩进

// Bad: Naked returns in long functions
func process() (result int, err error) {
    // ... 50 lines ...
    return // What is being returned?
}

// Bad: Using panic for control flow
func GetUser(id string) *User {
    user, err := db.Find(id)
    if err != nil {
        panic(err) // Don't do this
    }
    return user
}

// Bad: Passing context in struct
type Request struct {
    ctx context.Context // Context should be first param
    ID  string
}

// Good: Context as first parameter
func ProcessRequest(ctx context.Context, id string) error {
    // ...
}

// Bad: Mixing value and pointer receivers
type Counter struct{ n int }
func (c Counter) Value() int { return c.n }    // Value receiver
func (c *Counter) Increment() { c.n++ }        // Pointer receiver
// Pick one style and be consistent

name	golang-patterns
description	用于构建健壮、高效且可维护的Go应用程序的惯用Go模式、最佳实践和约定。
origin	ECC

name	golang-patterns
description	用于构建健壮、高效且可维护的Go应用程序的惯用Go模式、最佳实践和约定。
origin	ECC

golang-patterns

Source facts

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Review the source files

More from this repository

More from this repository

Go 开发模式

何时激活

核心原则

1. 简洁与清晰

Go 开发模式

何时激活

核心原则

1. 简洁与清晰

2. 让零值变得有用

3. 接受接口，返回结构体

错误处理模式

带上下文的错误包装

自定义错误类型

使用 errors.Is 和 errors.As 检查错误

永不忽略错误

并发模式

工作池

用于取消和超时的 Context

优雅关闭

用于协调 Goroutine 的 errgroup

避免 Goroutine 泄漏

接口设计

小而专注的接口

在接口使用处定义接口

使用类型断言实现可选行为

包组织

标准项目布局

包命名

避免包级状态

结构体设计

函数式选项模式

使用嵌入实现组合

内存与性能

当大小已知时预分配切片

为频繁分配使用 sync.Pool

避免在循环中进行字符串拼接

Go 工具集成

基本命令

推荐的 Linter 配置 (.golangci.yml)

快速参考：Go 惯用法

应避免的反模式