| Lexical | Word appears 2+ times in same/adjacent sentences where only one is needed | Synonym appears nearby; removing word keeps meaning intact | "return back", "free gift", "unexpected surprise" |
| Lexical | Same phrase repeats in consecutive paragraphs | Copy-paste patterns; look for identical 3+ word phrases | Same code snippet introduced identically twice |
| Structural | Transition words that don't clarify sequence or relationship | Removing "furthermore", "also", "in particular" leaves meaning clear | "Furthermore, also," (both signal addition); "In this regard," when context is obvious |
| Structural | Signposting phrase that restates what was just said | Phrase like "as mentioned above" or "as we discussed" | "We showed earlier that X works. As mentioned above, X is useful." |
| Semantic | Type defined or explained in 2+ places | Same definition appears in different sections; same type signature shown multiple times | "Chunk is an immutable sequence" appears in Overview, Use Cases, and API section |
| Semantic | Example pattern repeats across sections | Same use-case explained with similar code/narrative structure | Multiple "hello world" examples in consecutive sections |
| Semantic | Motivation explained more than once | Concept justified in intro, then justified again later | "We need deduplication for performance" appears in both Overview and Benefits |