ios-pentesting-tricks

name	ios-pentesting-tricks
description	iOS pentesting playbook. Use when testing iOS applications for keychain extraction, URL scheme hijacking, Universal Links exploitation, runtime manipulation, binary protection analysis, data storage issues, and transport security bypass during authorized mobile security assessments.

SKILL: iOS Pentesting Tricks — Expert Attack Playbook

AI LOAD INSTRUCTION: Expert iOS application security testing techniques. Covers jailbreak vs non-jailbreak methodology, keychain extraction, URL scheme/Universal Links abuse, Frida/Objection runtime hooks, binary protection checks, and data storage analysis. Base models miss protection class nuances and AASA misconfiguration patterns.

0. RELATED ROUTING

Before going deep, consider loading:

• mobile-ssl-pinning-bypass for in-depth SSL pinning bypass (SecTrust hooks, SSL Kill Switch, framework-specific techniques)
• android-pentesting-tricks when also testing the Android version of the same app
• api-sec for backend API security testing once traffic is intercepted

Advanced Reference

Also load IOS_RUNTIME_TRICKS.md when you need:

• Frida recipes for iOS-specific hooks (ObjC class enumeration, method swizzling)
• Objection command reference for iOS
• Runtime hooking patterns and bypass templates

---

1. JAILBREAK VS NON-JAILBREAK TESTING

Capability	Jailbroken	Non-Jailbroken
SSL pinning bypass	Frida, SSL Kill Switch 2, Objection	Network debugging proxy, MITM profiles (limited)
Keychain access	keychain-dumper, Frida dump	Only via backup extraction (limited)
Filesystem inspection	Full access to app sandbox	Only via ideviceinstaller + backup
Runtime manipulation	Frida, Cycript, LLDB attach	Frida on sideloaded apps (re-signed)
Binary analysis	Class-dump, Hopper on-device	Decrypt IPA on Mac, analyze offline
Method hooking	Full Frida/Cycript capability	Limited (needs re-signed app + Frida gadget)

Non-Jailbreak Testing Setup

# Extract IPA from device
ideviceinstaller -l                    # List installed apps
ios-deploy --id <UDID> --download --bundle_id com.target.app

# Or use frida-ios-dump for decrypted IPA (jailbroken)
python dump.py com.target.app

# Sideload with Frida gadget (non-jailbreak runtime hooking)
# 1. Extract IPA, 2. Insert FridaGadget.dylib into Frameworks/
# 3. Re-sign with valid profile, 4. Install via ios-deploy

---

2. KEYCHAIN EXTRACTION

2.1 Keychain Protection Classes

Protection Class	Availability	Use Case	Risk Level
kSecAttrAccessibleWhenUnlocked	Only when device unlocked	Passwords, tokens	Medium
kSecAttrAccessibleAfterFirstUnlock	After first unlock until reboot	Background tokens	High (persists across locks)
kSecAttrAccessibleAlways	Always (deprecated iOS 12+)	Legacy apps	Critical
kSecAttrAccessibleWhenPasscodeSetThisDeviceOnly	Passcode set + unlocked	High-value secrets	Low

2.2 Extraction Methods

# Jailbroken: keychain-dumper
/path/to/keychain-dumper -a              # Dump all accessible items
/path/to/keychain-dumper -g password     # Generic passwords only
/path/to/keychain-dumper -i              # Internet passwords

# Frida / Objection
objection -g com.target.app explore
> ios keychain dump
> ios keychain dump --json                # JSON output for parsing

# Frida script for keychain enumeration
frida -U -f com.target.app -l keychain_dump.js

2.3 What to Look For

Item Type	Keychain Class	Typical Content
kSecClassGenericPassword	genp	App tokens, API keys, user credentials
kSecClassInternetPassword	inet	HTTP auth credentials, OAuth tokens
kSecClassCertificate	cert	Client certificates
kSecClassIdentity	idnt	Cert + private key pair
kSecClassKey	keys	Encryption keys

---

3. URL SCHEME HIJACKING

3.1 Custom URL Scheme Discovery

# From IPA/app bundle — check Info.plist
plutil -p /path/to/Payload/Target.app/Info.plist | grep -A 10 CFBundleURLTypes

# Example output:
# "CFBundleURLSchemes" => ["targetapp", "fb123456789"]

3.2 Hijacking Attack

Scenario: Target app registers "targetapp://" for OAuth callback

1. Attacker app also registers "targetapp://" URL scheme
2. User initiates OAuth login in target app
3. OAuth provider redirects to targetapp://callback?code=AUTH_CODE
4. iOS may open attacker's app instead (non-deterministic scheme resolution)
5. Attacker captures OAuth authorization code

Attack Vector	Technique	Impact
OAuth callback interception	Register same scheme	Steal authorization codes
Deep link hijacking	Register same scheme	Phishing, data interception
Payment callback interception	Register payment scheme	Transaction manipulation

3.3 URL Scheme vs Universal Links Security

Feature	Custom URL Scheme	Universal Links
Registration	Any app can claim any scheme	Requires AASA file on domain
Uniqueness	Not guaranteed (multiple apps)	One app per domain path
Validation	None	Cryptographic (AASA signed)
Recommended for	Non-sensitive navigation	OAuth callbacks, sensitive actions
Hijackable	Yes (duplicate registration)	Only via AASA misconfiguration

---

4. UNIVERSAL LINKS EXPLOITATION

4.1 AASA (Apple-App-Site-Association) Misconfiguration

# Fetch AASA file
curl -s "https://target.com/.well-known/apple-app-site-association" | jq .
curl -s "https://target.com/apple-app-site-association" | jq .

# Check for wildcard patterns (overly broad)
# Bad: "paths": ["*"]     ← captures ALL URLs
# Bad: "paths": ["/NOT *"] ← poorly written exclusion

Misconfiguration	Risk	Exploitation
Wildcard paths (*)	App claims all URLs on domain	Redirect chain may break UL → fallback to URL scheme
Missing AASA file	Universal Links won't work	App falls back to less-secure URL scheme
AASA on wrong domain	Links not associated	Scheme hijacking possible
AASA not served as application/json	Parsing failure	Links won't associate
CDN caching stale AASA	Outdated associations	Inconsistent behavior

4.2 Breaking Universal Links → URL Scheme Fallback

Technique: Force Universal Link to not open app, causing fallback to URL scheme

1. User long-presses link → "Open in Safari" (disables UL for that domain)
2. Redirect chain: domain A → domain B → target (UL breaks on redirect)
3. JavaScript redirect instead of 302 (UL only works on server-side redirects)
4. App not installed → URL scheme fallback → hijackable

---

5. RUNTIME MANIPULATION

5.1 Frida on iOS

# Connect to app on jailbroken device
frida -U -f com.target.app --no-pause

# Basic ObjC exploration
> ObjC.classes                                    # List all classes
> ObjC.classes.NSURLSession                       # Check if class exists
> ObjC.classes.AppDelegate.$methods               # List methods
> ObjC.classes.AppDelegate['- isLoggedIn'].implementation  # Read method

# Hook method and modify return value
Interceptor.attach(ObjC.classes.AuthManager['- isAuthenticated'].implementation, {
    onLeave: function(retval) {
        retval.replace(ptr(1));  // Force return TRUE
    }
});

5.2 Objection iOS Commands

objection -g com.target.app explore

# Keychain
> ios keychain dump

# Cookies
> ios cookies get

# Pasteboard
> ios pasteboard monitor

# Jailbreak detection bypass
> ios jailbreak disable

# SSL pinning bypass
> ios sslpinning disable

# Binary info
> ios info binary

# Hooking
> ios hooking watch class AppDelegate
> ios hooking watch method "-[AuthManager isAuthenticated]" --dump-args --dump-return
> ios hooking set return_value "-[AuthManager isJailbroken]" false

5.3 Cycript (Legacy but Useful)

// Attach to running app
cycript -p com.target.app

// Explore UI hierarchy
UIApp.keyWindow.recursiveDescription().toString()

// Find view controllers
[UIWindow.keyWindow().rootViewController _printHierarchy].toString()

// Call methods directly
[AppDelegate.sharedInstance isLoggedIn]  // → check return
AppDelegate.sharedInstance.isLoggedIn = true  // → modify

// Access singleton instances
var vc = choose(LoginViewController)[0]
vc.bypassLogin()

---

6. BINARY PROTECTIONS

6.1 Checking Binary Security

# PIE (Position Independent Executable)
otool -hv /path/to/binary | grep PIE

# ARC (Automatic Reference Counting)
otool -I -v /path/to/binary | grep objc_release

# Stack canaries
otool -I -v /path/to/binary | grep __stack_chk_guard

# Encryption (FairPlay DRM)
otool -l /path/to/binary | grep -A 4 LC_ENCRYPTION_INFO
# cryptid 0 = decrypted, cryptid 1 = encrypted

Protection	Check	Missing Impact
PIE	MH_PIE flag in header	ASLR disabled → predictable addresses
ARC	_objc_release symbol	Use-after-free more likely
Stack Canaries	__stack_chk_guard	Buffer overflow exploitation easier
Encryption	cryptid value	Binary readable without decryption

6.2 Decrypting IPA

# frida-ios-dump (preferred, jailbroken device)
python dump.py com.target.app
# Outputs: decrypted IPA in current directory

# bagbak (alternative)
bagbak com.target.app

# Manual via Frida
frida -U -f com.target.app -l dump_memory.js
# Dump decrypted binary from memory, replace encrypted section

6.3 Class-dump for ObjC Analysis

# Dump Objective-C class information
class-dump /path/to/decrypted/binary > classes.h
class-dump -H /path/to/decrypted/binary -o /tmp/headers/

# Search for interesting patterns
grep -r "password\|token\|secret\|apiKey\|isJailbroken\|isRooted" /tmp/headers/

---

7. DATA STORAGE ISSUES

7.1 Sensitive Data Locations

Location	Path	What to Check
NSUserDefaults	Library/Preferences/<bundle-id>.plist	Tokens, user data, feature flags
Core Data (SQLite)	Library/Application Support/*.sqlite	Cached API responses, user records
Keychain	System keychain database	Credentials, keys (check protection class)
Cookies	Library/Cookies/Cookies.binarycookies	Session cookies
Cache	Library/Caches/	Cached API responses, images with PII
Screenshots	Library/SplashBoard/Snapshots/	App state captured on background
Keyboard cache	Library/Keyboard/	Autocomplete entries with sensitive input
Pasteboard	System pasteboard	Copied passwords, tokens
WebView storage	Library/WebKit/WebsiteData/	LocalStorage, IndexedDB, cookies

7.2 Inspection Commands

# On jailbroken device — app sandbox at:
# /var/mobile/Containers/Data/Application/<UUID>/

# Find app UUID
find /var/mobile/Containers -name "com.target.app" 2>/dev/null

# Check NSUserDefaults
plutil -p Library/Preferences/com.target.app.plist

# Check SQLite databases
sqlite3 Library/Application\ Support/Model.sqlite ".tables"
sqlite3 Library/Application\ Support/Model.sqlite "SELECT * FROM ZUSER;"

# Check for sensitive strings in all files
grep -r "password\|token\|bearer\|api_key" Documents/ Library/

---

8. TRANSPORT SECURITY (ATS)

8.1 ATS Exception Patterns

<!-- Info.plist — check for ATS exceptions -->
<key>NSAppTransportSecurity</key>
<dict>
  <!-- WORST: disables ATS entirely -->
  <key>NSAllowsArbitraryLoads</key>
  <true/>

  <!-- BAD: specific domain exceptions -->
  <key>NSExceptionDomains</key>
  <dict>
    <key>insecure-api.target.com</key>
    <dict>
      <key>NSExceptionAllowsInsecureHTTPLoads</key>
      <true/>
      <key>NSExceptionMinimumTLSVersion</key>
      <string>TLSv1.0</string>
    </dict>
  </dict>
</dict>

ATS Setting	Risk	Notes
NSAllowsArbitraryLoads = true	Critical	All HTTP allowed
NSExceptionAllowsInsecureHTTPLoads	High	HTTP for specific domain
NSExceptionMinimumTLSVersion = TLSv1.0	Medium	Weak TLS
NSAllowsArbitraryLoadsInWebContent	Medium	WebView can load HTTP
No ATS exceptions	Low	Proper configuration

---

9. IOS PENTESTING DECISION TREE

Testing iOS application
│
├── Device jailbroken?
│   ├── Yes → full testing capability
│   │   ├── Keychain dump → ios keychain dump (§2)
│   │   ├── Filesystem inspection → check all data storage (§7)
│   │   ├── Runtime hooks → Frida/Objection (§5)
│   │   └── Binary analysis → class-dump decrypted binary (§6)
│   └── No → limited testing
│       ├── Re-sign with Frida gadget for runtime access
│       ├── Backup extraction for data analysis
│       └── Network-level testing (proxy + SSL bypass)
│
├── SSL pinning blocking proxy?
│   └── Yes → see mobile-ssl-pinning-bypass SKILL.md
│
├── URL schemes registered?
│   ├── OAuth callback via URL scheme? → hijacking risk (§3.2)
│   ├── Universal Links configured? → check AASA (§4.1)
│   └── Scheme used for sensitive actions? → test interception
│
├── Binary protections adequate?
│   ├── Missing PIE? → ASLR disabled (§6.1)
│   ├── No stack canaries? → overflow risk (§6.1)
│   └── Still encrypted? → decrypt first (§6.2)
│
├── Data storage secure?
│   ├── Tokens in NSUserDefaults? → plaintext extraction (§7.1)
│   ├── Keychain protection class? → AfterFirstUnlock = risky (§2.1)
│   ├── Screenshots captured? → check Snapshots dir (§7.1)
│   └── Keyboard cache? → check for sensitive autocomplete (§7.1)
│
├── ATS configured?
│   ├── ArbitraryLoads = true? → HTTP downgrade possible (§8)
│   └── Domain exceptions? → targeted HTTP interception
│
└── Runtime manipulation needed?
    ├── Jailbreak detection blocking? → ios jailbreak disable (§5.2)
    ├── Need to bypass auth check? → hook + modify return (§5.1)
    └── Need to trace API calls? → method hooking (§5.2)