| name | motor-foc-ltid-pmsm |
| description | PMSM FOC + Load-Torque Estimator + Feed-Forward Builder. Build a field-oriented speed controller for a three-phase voltage-source-inverter-driven PMSM (SPMSM / mild-saliency IPMSM via parameterization) in Simulink, augmented with a linear load-torque state estimator (Luenberger + Kalman-filter family, 7 selectable variants on one shared structure) whose estimate is fed forward into the q-axis current reference to reject load-step speed dips. dq current PI ×2 with back-EMF decoupling, Symmetric-Optimum speed PI with anti-windup, selectable equation-linear plant or Simscape switched plant. Use when constructing, reproducing, porting, or extending an FOC speed loop with disturbance/load-torque estimation and feed-forward compensation (keywords FOC, field-oriented control, load-torque observer, load torque estimator, Luenberger observer, Kalman filter load estimation, feed-forward disturbance compensation, LTID, 负载转矩观测器, 前馈补偿, 卡尔曼). Skip for FCS-MPC, DTC, SMC, sensorless/position estimation, scalar V/Hz, BLDC trapezoidal, induction-motor FOC, strong-saliency IPMSM MTPA, weak-field/flux-weakening, or pure theory questions. Layered on motor-pmsm-base. |
| metadata | {"version":"1.0"} |
motor-foc-ltid-pmsm — PMSM FOC + Load-Torque Estimator + Feed-Forward Builder
Three-phase 2-level voltage-source inverter + PMSM. Field-oriented speed control (outer Symmetric-Optimum speed PI → iq_ref; inner dq current PI ×2 with cross-coupling + back-EMF decoupling feed-forward; id_ref = 0), augmented with a linear load-torque state estimator on the model x = [ω_m; T_L], u = T_e, y = ω_m — seven selectable realizations on one shared structure (pole-placed Luenberger, steady-state KF, steady colored KF, recursive KF, recursive colored KF, correlated-noise KF, continuous Kalman-Bucy). The estimate T̂_L is fed forward into iq_ref (via the torque constant) to cut the load-step speed dip the speed PI alone cannot. v1 baseline supports SPMSM and mild-saliency IPMSM (Lq/Ld < 2, id_ref = 0); strong-saliency MTPA deferred.
Layered on motor-pmsm-base. All base discipline applies (plant build standard, dq conventions, building-blocks SOP, broken-FOC defense, visual 4-check).
⚠️ Estimator validation note
The base FOC plant + dq current PI + speed PI formulas are reused by pointer from the base pmsm_formulas.md §0–§7, §A. The load-torque estimator family (F2–F10: augmented model, observability, Luenberger, recursive/steady/colored/correlated KF, Kalman-Bucy) is documented in formulas/pmsm_foc_ltid_formulas.md, each formula cross-checked against ≥2 independent academic sources (see base/theory_anchor.md).
Validation requirement: a visual review on the MATLAB desktop (motor rotates / iq tracks / iabc AC sinusoidal / Te energy balance) plus the FF-on-vs-FF-off dip-reduction demonstration. Neither can be skipped.
Must-Follow Rules
- Plan first — numbered plan with the input table (below), the design-decision choices (discretization path, KF tuning, plant choice — see the build template's parameter block), and the build-script structure. Get user approval before the first
add_block.
- One-click reproducibility — every numeric originates in the model
InitFcn (machine, PI gains, all estimator matrices via c2d/place/dlqe, the augmented n=3 colored model, the F9.a cross-term, the F10 continuous intensities, plus guarded ff_enable/est_sel/plant_sel defaults). No external design script may need to run first. See base one-click discipline.
- The six structural modules are non-negotiable — (1) plant exposing
ω_m, θ_e, i_abc/i_dq, T_e + T_L input; (2) outer speed PI (saturation + anti-windup); (3) inner dq current PI ×2 with decoupling/back-EMF FF (id_ref=0); (4) Clarke/Park transforms on a single global θ_e; (5) load-torque estimator on x=[ω_m;T_L]; (6) feed-forward of T̂_L into iq_ref with an enable. Omitting any one breaks the method.
θ_e Goto TagVisibility='global' is MANDATORY in every plant variant — the base Anti_Park/Plark consume θ_e via an internal From "The"; a default 'local' Goto is the classic silent failure (FOC degenerates to lab-frame open-loop: motor stalls, iabc DC-locked). A build self-test must assert global visibility on every The Goto (look-under-masks). See base/broken_foc_diagnostics.md §F-CRIT 1.- Estimator on the augmented model + observability check — build
x=[ω_m;T_L], u=T_e, y=ω_m with ṪL≈0 (random-walk internal model, F2). Assert observability rank(O)=2 (F3, det≈-1/J≠0) in InitFcn — a rank-deficient model is a build error, not a tuning issue.
- All 7 variants on ONE shared structure = coverage, NOT copy — reproduce the variant structure/tuning method from F4–F10; never copy magic Q/R/pole numbers or a selector topology from any source. Realize the recursive KFs inline (
KF_Estimator_EML atom / inline MATLAB Function) so the model is one-click. The steady-state KF must collapse onto the Luenberger (F7.b) — verify their T̂_L std match as a built-in cross-check.
- Feed-forward enable is mandatory —
iq_ref += (T̂_L/Kt)·ff_enable, with ff_enable toggling FF-on vs FF-off. The headline demonstrable effect is FF-on reduces the load-step speed dip and recovery time; FF-off is the baseline. This is the method's reason to exist (see misconception #3).
- Speed PI = Symmetric Optimum, not pole-zero-cancellation — a PZC/IMC-tuned speed PI has a disturbance-rejection slow pole fixed by the plant mechanical ratio
−B/J, independent of bandwidth (the Phase-4.5 trap: large inertia → long load-settling no matter the gain). Use Symmetric Optimum (a=4, Teq=1/αc) so rejection is bandwidth-dependent, and verify the evaluation window T_window ≥ 5·τ_max (τ_max=2·a·Teq). See base Phase-4.5 sanity check.
- Reproducible measurement noise (fixed seed) — inject
ω_m,meas = ω_m + n with a fixed-seed Random Number at a sub-ts rate. The sensor noise is the KF's reason to exist; without it a plain observer suffices and the Kalman story is unmotivated.
- R2024b estimator sizing recipe + visual 4-check — the
KF_Estimator_EML atom and the inline persistent/continuous charts (KF6/KF7) need their port Size pinned (DataType=Inherit, chart SampleTime='-1'); R2024b output-size inference fails for persistent xhat=zeros(size(A,1),1) and continuous-feedback charts. See building_blocks/foc_ltid_api_notes.md §E.1. Run the base visual 4-check before trusting any metric.
Build Flow
Layered on the base flow (motor-pmsm-base Build Flow); method-specific steps:
| Phase | Action | Where |
|---|
| 0 | Validate inputs + base sanity grid (Vdc/BEMF, Goto visibility, FF dimensions, sector-7) | base/pre_build_grid.md |
| 1 | Plant: Variant Subsystem (plant_sel) — EQN dq integrator chain ‖ Simscape switched (base atoms by pointer); θ_e Goto global in each variant | base/plant_modeling.md |
| 2 | Speed-sensor noise (ω_m,meas = ω_m + n, fixed seed) | (this skill) Rule 9 |
| 3 | Outer speed PI (Symmetric Optimum + back-calculation anti-windup + iq saturation) | ../../shared/formulas/pmsm_formulas.md §A |
| 4 | Inner dq current PI ×2 (IMC) + cross-decoupling/back-EMF FF; id_ref=0 | formulas/pmsm_foc_ltid_formulas.md F1 |
| 5 | Estimator bank: augmented F2 model, observability (F3), 7 variants on one selector (F4–F10) | formulas/pmsm_foc_ltid_formulas.md F2–F10 |
| 6 | Feed-forward: T̂_L → 1/Kt → ×ff_enable → summed into iq_ref (F8) | formulas/pmsm_foc_ltid_formulas.md F8 |
| 7 | Modulation (Simscape variant only): Anti_Park + SVPWM + Universal Bridge | base/building_blocks.md |
| 8 | Logger (speed / TLhat ×7 / cur / trq / iabc) + θ_e Goto self-test | base/measurement_logger.md |
| 9 | Solver (ode23tb var-step, MaxStep=ts/2) + InitFcn injection + idempotent self-tests | (this skill) Rule 2 |
| 10 | Visual 4-check + FF-on/off dip-reduction demo | base/sanity_visual.md |
The conventional build script is scripts/build_template.m (parameterized; edit the InitFcn parameter block for your machine).
Required User Inputs
Ask before starting. The build template carries generic SPMSM defaults; override for the target machine.
| Group | Parameters |
|---|
| Machine (7) | Rs, Ld, Lq (mild-saliency Lq/Ld < 2 v1), psif, pn, J, B (viscous; Kt=1.5·pn·psif derived) |
| Current PI (2) | alpha_c (IMC bandwidth, default 2000 rad/s), Vmax (dq voltage saturation) |
| Speed PI (2) | a_so (Symmetric-Optimum factor, default 4), iq_max (saturation + Lyapunov-free bound) |
| Estimator (≈6) | observer poles (variant 1), Qd/Rd (variant 4; Rd=noise_var honest), colored pole a_col + Q3/R3 (3/5), cross-term Mcorr (6), Qc/Rc bridge (7) — all generic, documented as illustrative |
| Noise (3) | noise_var, noise_seed, ts_noise (default ts/2) |
| Sampling (1) | ts (controllers/estimators discrete period, default 1e-4) |
| Plant select (1) | plant_sel (1 = equation-linear baseline, 2 = Simscape switched) |
| Run select (2) | est_sel (1..7), ff_enable (0/1) |
| Scenario (4) | wref_val, t_ramp, tL_on/tL_off/TL_val, StopTime |
Simscape (3, only plant_sel=2) | Vdc_val, Tpwm, Ts (powergui discrete step) |
Estimator variants (formula → realization)
All on x=[ω_m;T_L] (colored variants augment to n=3); all feed the same F8 FF path. 1:1 = coverage, not copy.
| # | Variant | Formula | Realization |
|---|
| 1 | Pole-placed Luenberger | F4/F5 | Discrete State-Space, prediction form (Ad−Lp·Cd), Lp=place(Ad',Cd',z)' |
| 2 | Steady-state KF | F7 (DARE) | same DSS realization as #1, gain Lp=Ad·M, M=dlqe(Ad,I,Cd,Qd,Rd) → demonstrates F7.b |
| 3 | Steady colored KF | F7 + F9.b case B | n=3 augmented (Gauss-Markov meas-noise state), dlqe constant gain |
| 4 | Recursive KF | F6 | KF_Estimator_EML atom, n=2, per-step Riccati |
| 5 | Recursive colored KF | F6 + F9.b case B | 2nd KF_Estimator_EML instance sized n=3 |
| 6 | Correlated-noise KF | F9.a | inline MATLAB Function, gain carries cross-term M |
| 7 | Continuous Kalman-Bucy | F10 | inline MATLAB Function (continuous Riccati ODE) + continuous Integrator |
F9.b colored variants use case B (shape the measurement noise, keep T_L as state 2): the shared atom hardcodes est_load=xhat(2), so the shaping state must be appended (case A would relocate T_L). Both placements are valid F9.b.
Triggers / Skip
| ✅ Use | ❌ Skip |
|---|
| Build / port / extend an FOC speed loop with load-torque estimation + feed-forward | FCS-MPC, DTC, SMC, sensorless/position estimation, scalar V/Hz, BLDC trapezoidal |
| Luenberger / Kalman-family load-torque observer + FF disturbance rejection | Induction-motor FOC, SynRM (ψ_f≈0), strong-saliency IPMSM MTPA, weak-field |
| Demonstrating FF-on vs FF-off speed-dip reduction at a load step | Pure theory (observability proofs, KF derivation), paper writing |
| Generalizing the method to a new PMSM machine parameter set | MATLAB perf tuning, unit tests |
Generalization Across Sub-Types
| Sub-type | Constraint | Strategy |
|---|
| SPMSM | Ld ≈ Lq | id_ref = 0 |
| IPMSM mild | Lq > Ld, Lq/Ld < 2 | id_ref = 0 workable |
| IPMSM strong | Lq/Ld ≥ 2 | MTPA mid-loop required (out of v1 scope) |
Topology is invariant: same six modules, same estimator structure, same FF path, same CRIT conditions. The plant can be swapped between the equation-linear baseline (clean mechanical dynamics for the estimator study) and the Simscape switched plant (realism; survives PWM ripple) via plant_sel with no controller change — the estimator/FF layer is plant-agnostic.
Shareable assets (by pointer — do not duplicate)
../../shared/formulas/pmsm_formulas.md — base PMSM physics §0–§7 + speed-PI §A (signed).formulas/pmsm_foc_ltid_formulas.md — method formulas F1 (dq current-PI IMC + decoupling), F2 (augmented state model), F3 (observability), F4/F5 (Luenberger), F6 (recursive KF), F7 (steady-state KF ↔ Luenberger equivalence), F8 (feed-forward law), F9.a/F9.b/F10 (correlated / colored / continuous).../../shared/building_blocks/pmsm_blocks.slx (+ manifest) — base atoms (Clarke/Park/Anti_Park transforms, Simscape PMSM/Universal_Bridge/SVPWM/sources/powergui).building_blocks/foc_ltid_blocks.slx (+ manifest) — the KF_Estimator_EML atom (generic discrete KF recursion; matrices via input ports, zero numerics).building_blocks/foc_ltid_api_notes.md — R2024b platform facts (§A.1 Fcn-no-mod/rem; §E.1 KF sizing recipe).
Sibling Skills
