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tikz LaTeX TikZ/PGF package for programmatic vector graphics and diagrams. Use when helping users draw flowcharts, trees, graphs, automata, circuits, geometric figures, or any custom diagram in LaTeX.
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name tikz description LaTeX TikZ/PGF package for programmatic vector graphics and diagrams. Use when helping users draw flowcharts, trees, graphs, automata, circuits, geometric figures, or any custom diagram in LaTeX.
TikZ/PGF — Vector Graphics & Diagrams
CTAN: https://ctan.org/pkg/pgf Manual: texdoc tikz (~1300 pages)
Setup
\usepackage{tikz}
% Load libraries as needed:
\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta, calc, positioning, decorations.pathmorphing,
patterns, shapes.geometric, shapes.misc, fit, backgrounds,
automata, trees, mindmap, circuits.logic.US}
Basic Drawing
Minimal Example
\begin{tikzpicture}
\draw (0,0) -- (2,0) -- (2,2) -- cycle; % triangle
\end{tikzpicture}
Path Operations
Operation Syntax Example Line --(0,0) -- (1,1)Horizontal-vertical -|`(0,0) - Vertical-horizontal |-`(0,0) Curve .. controls .. ..(0,0) .. controls (0.5,1) .. (1,0)Smooth curve to[out=..,in=..](0,0) to[out=90,in=180] (2,1)Arc arc(0,0) arc (0:90:1cm) start:end:radius
Circle circle(0,0) circle[radius=1]
Ellipse ellipse(0,0) ellipse[x radius=2, y radius=1]
Rectangle rectangle(0,0) rectangle (2,1)
Parabola parabola(0,0) parabola (2,2)
Sin/Cos sin/cos(0,0) sin (1,1)
Plot plotplot[domain=0:3] (\x, {\x^2})
Cycle cycleclose path back to start
Path Actions Command Effect \drawStroke the path \fillFill the path \filldrawFill and stroke \pathInvisible path (for coordinates, nodes) \clipClip subsequent drawing to path \shadeGradient fill \shadedrawGradient fill + stroke \nodeShorthand for \path node \coordinateShorthand for \path coordinate
Common Draw Options \draw[
color=blue, % or just: blue
line width=1pt, % or: thin, thick, very thick, ultra thick
dashed, % or: dotted, dash dot, dash dot dot
dash pattern={on 3pt off 2pt},
rounded corners=5pt,
-> % arrow tip (see arrows section)
opacity=0.5,
double,
double distance=2pt,
] (0,0) -- (2,2);
Common Fill Options \fill[
fill=blue!20, % 20% blue
fill opacity=0.5,
pattern=north lines, % requires patterns library
pattern color=gray,
] (0,0) rectangle (2,1);
Coordinate Systems % Cartesian (default)
(2, 3)
% Polar (angle:radius)
(45:2cm)
% Relative (shift from last point)
++(1,0) % move reference point
+(1,0) % don't move reference point
% Named
\coordinate (A) at (1,2);
\draw (A) -- (2,3);
% Intersection (calc library)
\usetikzlibrary{calc}
($(A)!0.5!(B)$) % midpoint of A and B
($(A)!0.5!90:(B)$) % midpoint rotated 90°
($(A) + (1,2)$) % A shifted by (1,2)
($(A)!1cm!(B)$) % 1cm from A toward B
% Perpendicular coordinates (A -| B) = (x of B, y of A)
(A |- B) % (x of A, y of B)
% Barycentric
(barycentric cs:A=1,B=1,C=1) % centroid
Nodes
Basic Nodes \node (name) at (0,0) {Text};
% Node options
\node[
draw, % draw border
fill=yellow!20,
rectangle, % shape (default)
circle,
ellipse,
rounded corners,
minimum width=2cm,
minimum height=1cm,
inner sep=5pt, % padding
outer sep=2pt, % margin
text=red,
font=\bfseries\small,
align=center, % for multi-line: use \\ in text
text width=3cm,
anchor=north, % positioning anchor
rotate=45,
] (mynode) at (1,2) {Hello\\World};
Node Anchors north west north north east
┌──────────┐
west │ center │ east
└──────────┘
south west south south east
Also: base, mid, text, and angle anchors like 45, 135.
Nodes on Paths \draw (0,0) -- node[above] {label} (3,0);
\draw (0,0) -- node[midway, sloped, above] {sloped text} (3,2);
\draw (0,0) -- node[pos=0.3, below] {at 30\%} (3,0);
\draw (0,0) to[out=90,in=0] node[near start, left] {A} (2,2);
Common Shapes (requires libraries) \usetikzlibrary{shapes.geometric, shapes.misc}
\node[diamond, draw] {D};
\node[star, draw, star points=5] {S};
\node[regular polygon, regular polygon sides=6, draw] {Hex};
\node[trapezium, draw] {T};
\node[cylinder, draw, shape border rotate=90] {DB};
\node[cloud, draw, cloud puffs=10] {Cloud};
\node[cross out, draw] at (0,0) {};
\node[strike out, draw] at (0,0) {};
Arrows \usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta}
% Arrow tips (arrows.meta syntax)
\draw[->] (0,0) -- (1,0); % default
\draw[-Stealth] (0,0) -- (1,0); % filled triangle
\draw[-Latex] (0,0) -- (1,0); % larger filled
\draw[-{Stealth[length=5mm]}] (0,0) -- (1,0);
\draw[{Latex[red]}-{Latex[blue]}] (0,0) -- (1,0); % colored
\draw[-{>[scale=2]}] (0,0) -- (1,0);
% Common tips: >, Stealth, Latex, To, Circle, Square, |, Hooks
% Modifiers: [length=..], [width=..], [open], [fill=..], [scale=..]
Styles % Define in preamble or tikzpicture options
\tikzset{
mybox/.style = {draw, fill=blue!20, rounded corners, minimum width=2cm},
myarrow/.style = {-Stealth, thick, red},
highlight/.style = {fill=yellow, draw=orange, line width=2pt},
}
% Use
\node[mybox] {Box};
\draw[myarrow] (0,0) -- (1,1);
% Style with parameters
\tikzset{
box/.style = {draw, fill=#1!20, minimum width=1.5cm},
box/.default = blue,
}
\node[box] {Blue}; % default
\node[box=red] {Red}; % override
% every node/.style applies to all nodes
\begin{tikzpicture}[every node/.style={font=\small}]
Foreach Loops % Basic
\foreach \x in {0,1,2,3}
\draw (\x, 0) circle (0.3);
% With step
\foreach \x in {0,0.5,...,3}
\fill (\x,0) circle (1pt);
% Multiple variables
\foreach \x/\y in {0/A, 1/B, 2/C}
\node at (\x, 0) {\y};
% Counter
\foreach \x [count=\i] in {a,b,c,d}
\node at (\i, 0) {\x};
% Evaluate
\foreach \x [evaluate=\x as \y using \x*\x] in {1,...,5}
\fill (\x, \y/5) circle (2pt);
% Remember
\foreach \x [remember=\x as \lastx (initially 0)] in {1,...,5}
\draw (\lastx, 0) -- (\x, 0);
Scopes and Transformations \begin{tikzpicture}
\draw (0,0) -- (1,0);
\begin{scope}[shift={(2,0)}, rotate=45, scale=0.5, red, thick]
\draw (0,0) -- (1,0) -- (1,1) -- cycle;
\end{scope}
% Transformations
% shift={(x,y)}, xshift=1cm, yshift=2cm
% rotate=45, rotate around={45:(1,1)}
% scale=2, xscale=2, yscale=0.5
% xslant=0.5, yslant=0.5
\end{tikzpicture}
Clipping \begin{tikzpicture}
\clip (0,0) circle (1.5cm);
% Everything below is clipped to the circle
\fill[blue!30] (-2,-2) rectangle (2,2);
\draw[step=0.5, gray] (-2,-2) grid (2,2);
\end{tikzpicture}
Layers (backgrounds library) \usetikzlibrary{backgrounds}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\node[draw, fill=white] (A) {Foreground};
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
\fill[yellow!30] (A.south west) rectangle (A.north east);
\end{pgfonlayer}
\end{tikzpicture}
Pics \tikzset{
myshape/.pic = {
\draw (-0.5,-0.5) rectangle (0.5,0.5);
\draw (0,0) circle (0.3);
}
}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\pic at (0,0) {myshape};
\pic[rotate=45, scale=1.5] at (2,0) {myshape};
\end{tikzpicture}
Decorations \usetikzlibrary{decorations.pathmorphing, decorations.markings, decorations.text}
% Wavy/zigzag lines
\draw[decorate, decoration={zigzag, amplitude=2mm, segment length=5mm}]
(0,0) -- (4,0);
\draw[decorate, decoration={snake, amplitude=1mm}]
(0,0) -- (4,0);
\draw[decorate, decoration={coil, aspect=0.5}]
(0,0) -- (4,0);
\draw[decorate, decoration={random steps, segment length=3mm}]
(0,0) -- (4,0);
% Brace
\draw[decorate, decoration={brace, amplitude=5pt}]
(0,0) -- (3,0) node[midway, above=5pt] {label};
% Text along path
\draw[decorate, decoration={text along path, text={Hello World}}]
(0,0) .. controls (1,1) .. (3,0);
% Markings (arrows along path)
\draw[decoration={markings, mark=at position 0.5 with {\arrow{>}}},
postaction={decorate}]
(0,0) -- (3,0);
Patterns \usetikzlibrary{patterns}
\fill[pattern=north east lines] (0,0) rectangle (2,1);
\fill[pattern=crosshatch dots, pattern color=blue] (0,0) circle (1);
% Available: north east lines, north west lines, horizontal lines,
% vertical lines, crosshatch, dots, crosshatch dots,
% fivepointed stars, sixpointed stars, bricks, checkerboard
Common Diagram Patterns
Flowchart \usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta, shapes.geometric, positioning}
\tikzset{
startstop/.style = {rectangle, rounded corners, draw, fill=red!20,
minimum width=3cm, minimum height=1cm},
process/.style = {rectangle, draw, fill=blue!20,
minimum width=3cm, minimum height=1cm},
decision/.style = {diamond, draw, fill=green!20,
minimum width=3cm, minimum height=1cm, aspect=1.5},
io/.style = {trapezium, trapezium left angle=70, trapezium right angle=110,
draw, fill=orange!20, minimum width=3cm, minimum height=1cm},
arrow/.style = {thick, -Stealth},
}
\begin{tikzpicture}[node distance=1.5cm]
\node[startstop] (start) {Start};
\node[io, below=of start] (input) {Input $x$};
\node[decision, below=of input] (decide) {$x > 0$?};
\node[process, below left=of decide] (neg) {$y = -x$};
\node[process, below right=of decide] (pos) {$y = x$};
\node[io, below=2cm of decide] (output) {Output $y$};
\node[startstop, below=of output] (stop) {Stop};
\draw[arrow] (start) -- (input);
\draw[arrow] (input) -- (decide);
\draw[arrow] (decide) -| node[near start, above] {No} (neg);
\draw[arrow] (decide) -| node[near start, above] {Yes} (pos);
\draw[arrow] (neg) |- (output);
\draw[arrow] (pos) |- (output);
\draw[arrow] (output) -- (stop);
\end{tikzpicture}
Tree \begin{tikzpicture}[
level 1/.style={sibling distance=4cm},
level 2/.style={sibling distance=2cm},
every node/.style={draw, circle, minimum size=8mm},
edge from parent/.style={draw, -Stealth},
]
\node {1}
child { node {2}
child { node {4} }
child { node {5} }
}
child { node {3}
child { node {6} }
child { node {7} }
};
\end{tikzpicture}
Graph / Network \usetikzlibrary{positioning}
\begin{tikzpicture}[
vertex/.style={draw, circle, fill=blue!20, minimum size=8mm},
edge/.style={thick},
>=Stealth,
]
\node[vertex] (a) at (0,2) {A};
\node[vertex] (b) at (2,3) {B};
\node[vertex] (c) at (4,2) {C};
\node[vertex] (d) at (2,0) {D};
\draw[edge] (a) -- node[above left] {3} (b);
\draw[edge] (b) -- node[above right] {2} (c);
\draw[edge] (a) -- node[below left] {7} (d);
\draw[edge] (c) -- node[below right] {1} (d);
\draw[edge] (b) -- node[right] {4} (d);
\end{tikzpicture}
Finite Automaton / State Machine \usetikzlibrary{automata, positioning}
\begin{tikzpicture}[shorten >=1pt, node distance=2.5cm, on grid, auto,
every state/.style={draw, minimum size=1cm}]
\node[state, initial] (q0) {$q_0$};
\node[state, right=of q0] (q1) {$q_1$};
\node[state, accepting, right=of q1] (q2) {$q_2$};
\path[->]
(q0) edge node {a} (q1)
(q0) edge [loop above] node {b} ()
(q1) edge node {a,b} (q2)
(q1) edge [bend left] node {b} (q0)
(q2) edge [loop above] node {a} ();
\end{tikzpicture}
Mind Map \usetikzlibrary{mindmap}
\begin{tikzpicture}[mindmap, grow cyclic,
every node/.style={concept, execute at begin node=\hskip0pt},
concept color=blue!40,
level 1/.append style={level distance=4cm, sibling angle=90},
level 2/.append style={level distance=2.5cm, sibling angle=45},
]
\node {Main Topic}
child[concept color=red!40] { node {Sub 1}
child { node {Detail A} }
child { node {Detail B} }
}
child[concept color=green!40] { node {Sub 2}
child { node {Detail C} }
}
child[concept color=orange!40] { node {Sub 3} }
child[concept color=purple!40] { node {Sub 4} };
\end{tikzpicture}
Block Diagram / System Diagram \usetikzlibrary{positioning, arrows.meta, fit}
\begin{tikzpicture}[
block/.style={draw, rectangle, fill=blue!10, minimum height=1cm,
minimum width=2cm, align=center},
sum/.style={draw, circle, minimum size=6mm},
>=Stealth, thick,
]
\node[sum] (sum) {};
\node[block, right=1.5cm of sum] (ctrl) {Controller\\$G_c(s)$};
\node[block, right=1.5cm of ctrl] (plant) {Plant\\$G(s)$};
\node[block, below=1cm of plant] (fb) {Sensor\\$H(s)$};
\draw[->] ++(-1.5,0) -- node[above] {$R(s)$} (sum);
\draw[->] (sum) -- node[above] {$E(s)$} (ctrl);
\draw[->] (ctrl) -- (plant);
\draw[->] (plant) -- ++(2,0) node[above left] {$Y(s)$};
\draw[->] (plant.east) ++(1,0) |- (fb);
\draw[->] (fb) -| (sum) node[near end, left] {$-$};
\node at (sum) {$\Sigma$};
\end{tikzpicture>
Venn Diagram \begin{tikzpicture}
\fill[red!20] (0,0) circle (1.5cm);
\fill[blue!20] (1.5,0) circle (1.5cm);
\begin{scope}
\clip (0,0) circle (1.5cm);
\fill[purple!30] (1.5,0) circle (1.5cm);
\end{scope}
\draw (0,0) circle (1.5cm) node[left=1cm] {$A$};
\draw (1.5,0) circle (1.5cm) node[right=1cm] {$B$};
\node at (0.75, 0) {$A \cap B$};
\end{tikzpicture}
Timeline \begin{tikzpicture}
\draw[thick, -Stealth] (0,0) -- (10,0);
\foreach \x/\year/\event in {
1/2020/Founded,
3/2021/v1.0,
5.5/2022/IPO,
8/2023/Global%
}{
\draw (\x, -0.15) -- (\x, 0.15);
\node[above=3pt] at (\x, 0.15) {\footnotesize \year};
\node[below=3pt, align=center, text width=1.5cm] at (\x, -0.15) {\footnotesize \event};
}
\end{tikzpicture}
Circuit (Logic Gates) \usetikzlibrary{circuits.logic.US}
\begin{tikzpicture}[circuit logic US, every circuit symbol/.style={thick}]
\node[and gate] (and1) at (2,1) {};
\node[or gate] (or1) at (4,0.5) {};
\draw (0,1.25) node[left] {$A$} -- (and1.input 1);
\draw (0,0.75) node[left] {$B$} -- (and1.input 2);
\draw (and1.output) -- (or1.input 1);
\draw (0,0) node[left] {$C$} -- (or1.input 2);
\draw (or1.output) -- ++(1,0) node[right] {$Y$};
\end{tikzpicture}
Commutative Diagram (Math) \usetikzlibrary{positioning}
\begin{tikzpicture}[>=Stealth, node distance=2cm]
\node (A) {$A$};
\node (B) [right=of A] {$B$};
\node (C) [below=of A] {$C$};
\node (D) [right=of C] {$D$};
\draw[->] (A) -- node[above] {$f$} (B);
\draw[->] (A) -- node[left] {$g$} (C);
\draw[->] (B) -- node[right] {$h$} (D);
\draw[->] (C) -- node[below] {$k$} (D);
\end{tikzpicture}
Plot (built-in, no pgfplots) \begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.8]
\draw[->] (-0.5,0) -- (4.5,0) node[right] {$x$};
\draw[->] (0,-0.5) -- (0,3.5) node[above] {$y$};
\draw[blue, thick, domain=0:4, samples=100]
plot (\x, {sqrt(\x)});
\foreach \x in {1,...,4}
\draw (\x, 0.1) -- (\x, -0.1) node[below] {\x};
\foreach \y in {1,2,3}
\draw (0.1, \y) -- (-0.1, \y) node[left] {\y};
\end{tikzpicture}
Positioning Library \usetikzlibrary{positioning}
% Relative positioning (preferred over manual coordinates)
\node[right=of A] (B) {B}; % default separation
\node[right=1.5cm of A] (B) {B}; % custom distance
\node[above right=1cm and 2cm of A] (B) {B}; % separate x/y
% Available: above, below, left, right,
% above left, above right, below left, below right
Fit Library \usetikzlibrary{fit}
% Draw a box around multiple nodes
\node[draw, dashed, fit=(A) (B) (C), inner sep=5pt, label=above:Group] {};
Calc Library Key Operations \usetikzlibrary{calc}
% Midpoint
($(A)!0.5!(B)$)
% Point 1cm from A toward B
($(A)!1cm!(B)$)
% Projection of C onto line AB
($(A)!(C)!(B)$)
% Rotated point: midpoint of AB rotated 90° around A
($(A)!0.5!90:(B)$)
% Vector addition
($(A) + (1,2)$)
% Scalar multiply
($2*(A) - (B)$)
% let syntax for complex calculations
\draw let \p1 = ($(B)-(A)$),
\n1 = {veclen(\x1,\y1)}
in (A) circle (\n1);
Externalizing (Caching) Figures % In preamble — compiles each tikzpicture once, reuses PDF
\usetikzlibrary{external}
\tikzexternalize[prefix=tikz-cache/]
% To skip a figure:
\tikzexternaldisable
\begin{tikzpicture} ... \end{tikzpicture}
\tikzexternalenable
Requires --shell-escape flag: pdflatex --shell-escape main.tex
Common Pitfalls Problem Cause Fix "Dimension too large" Coordinates too big Use scale or smaller coords Missing arrow tips Forgot arrows.meta library \usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta}Node text cut off Node too small Add minimum width, text width positioning not workingForgot library \usetikzlibrary{positioning}Nodes overlap Using at instead of relative Use right=of with positioning lib foreach errorsSpecial chars in body Wrap body in {} Path not closing Forgot cycle End path with -- cycle Slow compilation Complex figures Use external library for caching Math in nodes $ conflictsUse $...$ inside node text normally Colors not found Missing xcolor TikZ loads xcolor; use \usepackage[dvipsnames]{xcolor} before tikz for extra colors
Tips
Use positioning library — never hardcode coordinates for node layouts
\tikzset in preamble for reusable styles across figuresevery node/.style, every path/.style for consistent appearanceUse \begin{scope} to limit option scope
name path=X + name intersections (intersections library) to find crossing pointsFor standalone figures: \documentclass[tikz]{standalone}
spy library for magnification insetspgfplotstable for data-driven diagrams (see pgfplots skill) 