| category | cybersecurity |
| description | Analyze Windows LNK shortcut files and Jump List artifacts to establish evidence of file access, program execution, and user activity using LECmd, JLECmd, and manual binary parsing of the Shell Link Binary format. |
| domain | cybersecurity |
| license | Apache-2.0 |
| mitre_attack | ["T1547.009","T1204.002","T1059.001"] |
| name | analyzing-lnk-file-and-jump-list-artifacts |
| nist_csf | ["RS.AN-01","RS.AN-03","DE.AE-02","RS.MA-01"] |
| subdomain | digital-forensics |
| tags | ["lnk-files","jump-lists","lecmd","jlecmd","windows-forensics","shell-link","user-activity","file-access","program-execution","recent-files"] |
| version | 1.0 |
Analyzing LNK File and Jump List Artifacts
Overview
Windows LNK (shortcut) files and Jump Lists are critical forensic artifacts that provide evidence of file access, program execution, and user behavior. LNK files are created automatically when a user opens a file through Windows Explorer or the Open/Save dialog, storing metadata about the target file including its original path, timestamps, volume serial number, NetBIOS name, and MAC address of the host system. Jump Lists, introduced in Windows 7, extend this by maintaining per-application lists of recently and frequently accessed files. These artifacts persist even after the target files are deleted, making them invaluable for establishing that a user accessed specific files at specific times.
When to Use
- When investigating security incidents that require analyzing lnk file and jump list artifacts
- When building detection rules or threat hunting queries for this domain
- When SOC analysts need structured procedures for this analysis type
- When validating security monitoring coverage for related attack techniques
Prerequisites
- LECmd (Eric Zimmerman) for LNK file parsing
- JLECmd (Eric Zimmerman) for Jump List parsing
- Python 3.8+ with pylnk3 or LnkParse3 libraries
- Forensic image or triage collection from Windows system
- Timeline Explorer for CSV analysis
LNK File Locations
| Location | Description |
|---|
%USERPROFILE%\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Recent\ | Recent files accessed |
%USERPROFILE%\Desktop\ | User-created shortcuts |
%USERPROFILE%\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\ | Start Menu shortcuts |
%USERPROFILE%\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Office\Recent\ | Office recent documents |
LNK File Structure
Shell Link Header (76 bytes)
| Offset | Size | Field |
|---|
| 0x00 | 4 | HeaderSize (always 0x0000004C) |
| 0x04 | 16 | LinkCLSID (always 00021401-0000-0000-C000-000000000046) |
| 0x14 | 4 | LinkFlags |
| 0x18 | 4 | FileAttributes |
| 0x1C | 8 | CreationTime (FILETIME) |
| 0x24 | 8 | AccessTime (FILETIME) |
| 0x2C | 8 | WriteTime (FILETIME) |
| 0x34 | 4 | FileSize of target |
| 0x38 | 4 | IconIndex |
| 0x3C | 4 | ShowCommand |
| 0x40 | 2 | HotKey |
Key Forensic Fields in LNK Files
- Target file timestamps: Creation, access, modification times of the referenced file
- Volume information: Serial number, drive type, volume label
- Network share information: UNC path, share name
- Machine identifiers: NetBIOS name, MAC address (from TrackerDataBlock)
- Distributed Link Tracking: Machine ID and object GUID
Analysis with EZ Tools
LECmd - LNK File Parser
# Parse all LNK files in Recent folder
LECmd.exe -d "C:\Evidence\Users\suspect\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Recent" --csv C:\Output --csvf lnk_analysis.csv
# Parse a single LNK file with full details
LECmd.exe -f "C:\Evidence\Users\suspect\Desktop\Confidential.docx.lnk" --json C:\Output
# Parse LNK files with additional detail levels
LECmd.exe -d "C:\Evidence\Users\suspect\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Recent" --csv C:\Output --csvf lnk_all.csv --all
JLECmd - Jump List Parser
# Parse Automatic Jump Lists
JLECmd.exe -d "C:\Evidence\Users\suspect\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Recent\AutomaticDestinations" --csv C:\Output --csvf jumplists_auto.csv
# Parse Custom Jump Lists
JLECmd.exe -d "C:\Evidence\Users\suspect\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Recent\CustomDestinations" --csv C:\Output --csvf jumplists_custom.csv
# Parse all jump lists with detailed output
JLECmd.exe -d "C:\Evidence\Users\suspect\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Recent\AutomaticDestinations" --csv C:\Output --csvf jumplists_auto.csv --ld
Jump List Structure
Automatic Destinations (automaticDestinations-ms)
These are OLE Compound files (Structured Storage) identified by AppID hash in the filename:
| AppID Hash | Application |
|---|
| 5f7b5f1e01b83767 | Windows Explorer Pinned/Frequent |
| 1b4dd67f29cb1962 | Windows Explorer Recent |
| 9b9cdc69c1c24e2b | Notepad |
| a7bd71699cd38d1c | Notepad++ |
| 12dc1ea8e34b5a6 | Microsoft Paint |
| 7e4dca80246863e3 | Control Panel |
| 1cf97c38a5881255 | Microsoft Edge |
| f01b4d95cf55d32a | Windows Explorer |
| 9d1f905ce5044aee | Microsoft Excel |
| a4a5324453625195 | Microsoft Word |
| d00655d2aa12ff6d | Microsoft PowerPoint |
| bc03160ee1a59fc1 | Outlook |
Custom Destinations (customDestinations-ms)
Created when users pin items to application jump lists. These files contain sequential LNK entries.
Python Analysis Script
import struct
import os
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
FILETIME_EPOCH = datetime(1601, 1, 1)
def filetime_to_datetime(filetime_bytes: bytes) -> datetime:
"""Convert Windows FILETIME (100-ns intervals since 1601) to datetime."""
ft = struct.unpack("<Q", filetime_bytes)[0]
if ft == 0:
return None
return FILETIME_EPOCH + timedelta(microseconds=ft // 10)
def parse_lnk_header(lnk_path: str) -> dict:
"""Parse the Shell Link header from an LNK file."""
with open(lnk_path, "rb") as f:
header = f.read(76)
header_size = struct.unpack("<I", header[0:4])[0]
if header_size != 0x4C:
return {"error": "Invalid LNK header"}
link_flags = struct.unpack("<I", header[0x14:0x18])[0]
file_attrs = struct.unpack("<I", header[0x18:0x1C])[0]
result = {
"header_size": header_size,
"link_flags": hex(link_flags),
"file_attributes": hex(file_attrs),
"creation_time": filetime_to_datetime(header[0x1C:0x24]),
"access_time": filetime_to_datetime(header[0x24:0x2C]),
"write_time": filetime_to_datetime(header[0x2C:0x34]),
"file_size": struct.unpack("<I", header[0x34:0x38])[0],
"has_target_id_list": bool(link_flags & 0x01),
"has_link_info": bool(link_flags & 0x02),
"has_name": bool(link_flags & 0x04),
"has_relative_path": bool(link_flags & 0x08),
"has_working_dir": bool(link_flags & 0x10),
"has_arguments": bool(link_flags & 0x20),
"has_icon_location": bool(link_flags & 0x40),
}
return result
Investigation Use Cases
Evidence of File Access
- Parse LNK files from Recent folder to identify accessed documents
- Cross-reference with MFT timestamps and USN Journal entries
- Note that LNK files persist even after target files are deleted
Removable Media Access
- LNK files referencing drive letters E:, F:, G: indicate removable media usage
- Volume serial number in LNK identifies the specific device
- MAC address in TrackerDataBlock identifies the source machine
Network Share Activity
- LNK files with UNC paths (\server\share) indicate network file access
- NetBIOS name identifies the remote server
- Timestamps establish when access occurred
Differences Between Windows 10 and Windows 11
Recent research (IEEE 2025) shows that Windows 11 produces different LNK and Jump List artifacts:
- Fewer automatic LNK files generated for certain file types
- Modified Jump List behavior for modern applications
- UWP/MSIX applications may not generate traditional Jump Lists
- Windows 11 Quick Access replaces some Recent functionality
References
Example Output
$ LECmd.exe -d "C:\Evidence\Users\jsmith\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Recent" --csv /analysis/lnk_output
LECmd v1.11.0 - LNK File Parser
================================
Processing 47 LNK files...
--- LNK File: Q4_Report.xlsx.lnk ---
Source: C:\Evidence\Users\jsmith\Recent\Q4_Report.xlsx.lnk
Target Path: C:\Users\jsmith\Downloads\Q4_Report.xlsm
Target Created: 2024-01-15 14:33:45 UTC
Target Modified: 2024-01-15 14:33:45 UTC
Target Accessed: 2024-01-15 14:35:12 UTC
File Size: 251,904 bytes
Drive Type: Fixed (C:)
Volume Serial: A4E7-3F21
Machine ID: DESKTOP-J5M1TH
MAC Address: 48:2A:E3:5C:9B:01
--- LNK File: update_client.exe.lnk ---
Source: C:\Evidence\Users\jsmith\Recent\update_client.exe.lnk
Target Path: C:\ProgramData\Updates\update_client.exe
Target Created: 2024-01-15 14:34:02 UTC
Target Modified: 2024-01-15 14:34:02 UTC
Target Accessed: 2024-01-15 14:36:30 UTC
File Size: 1,258,496 bytes
Drive Type: Fixed (C:)
Volume Serial: A4E7-3F21
Machine ID: DESKTOP-J5M1TH
Working Dir: C:\ProgramData\Updates
Arguments: --silent --no-update-check
Run Window: Hidden
======================================================================
$ JLECmd.exe -d "C:\Evidence\Users\jsmith\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Recent\AutomaticDestinations" --csv /analysis/jumplist_output
JLECmd v1.5.0 - Jump List Parser
==================================
Processing 23 AutomaticDestinations files...
--- Application: Microsoft Excel (AppID: 12dc1ea8e34b5a6) ---
Entries: 15
Most Recent:
Entry 0: C:\Users\jsmith\Downloads\Q4_Report.xlsm (2024-01-15 14:35:12 UTC)
Entry 1: \\FILESERV01\Finance\Budget_2024.xlsx (2024-01-14 09:22:30 UTC)
Entry 2: C:\Users\jsmith\Documents\Expenses\Dec2023.xlsx (2024-01-10 16:45:00 UTC)
--- Application: Windows Explorer (AppID: f01b4d95cf55d32a) ---
Entries: 28
Most Recent:
Entry 0: C:\ProgramData\Updates\ (2024-01-15 14:36:25 UTC)
Entry 1: E:\Backup\ (2024-01-15 15:30:00 UTC)
Entry 2: \\FILESERV01\HR\Employees\ (2024-01-15 16:12:45 UTC)
--- Application: cmd.exe (AppID: 9b9cdc69c1c24e2b) ---
Entries: 5
Most Recent:
Entry 0: C:\Windows\System32\cmd.exe (2024-01-15 14:36:00 UTC)
Summary:
Total LNK files processed: 47
Total Jump List entries: 156
Suspicious artifacts: 3 (hidden window execution, USB drive access, network shares)
CSV exported to: /analysis/lnk_output/ and /analysis/jumplist_output/
