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Basado en la clasificación ocupacional SOC
| name | perl-patterns |
| description | 现代 Perl 5.36+ 的惯用法、最佳实践和约定，用于构建稳健、可维护的 Perl 应用程序。 |
| source_path | skills/perl-patterns/SKILL.md |
| origin | ECC |
适用于构建健壮、可维护应用程序的 Perl 5.36+ 惯用模式和最佳实践。
将这些模式作为偏向现代 Perl 5.36+ 默认设置的指南应用：签名、显式模块、聚焦的错误处理和可测试的边界。下面的示例旨在作为起点被复制，然后根据您面前的实际应用程序、依赖栈和部署模型进行调整。
v5.36 编译指令单个 use v5.36 即可替代旧的样板代码，并启用严格模式、警告和子程序签名。
# Good: Modern preamble
use v5.36;
sub greet($name) {
say "Hello, $name!";
}
# Bad: Legacy boilerplate
use strict;
use warnings;
use feature 'say', 'signatures';
warnings ;
{
() = ;
;
}
使用签名以提高清晰度和自动参数数量检查。
use v5.36;
# Good: Signatures with defaults
sub connect_db($host, $port = 5432, $timeout = 30) {
# $host is required, others have defaults
return DBI->connect("dbi:Pg:host=$host;port=$port", undef, undef, {
RaiseError => 1,
PrintError => 0,
});
}
# Good: Slurpy parameter for variable args
sub log_message($level, @details) {
say "[$level] " . join(' ', @details);
}
# Bad: Manual argument unpacking
sub connect_db {
my ($host, $port, $timeout) = @_;
$port //= 5432;
$timeout //= 30;
# ...
}
理解标量上下文与列表上下文——这是 Perl 的核心概念。
use v5.36;
my @items = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
my @copy = @items; # List context: all elements
my $count = @items; # Scalar context: count (5)
say "Items: " . scalar @items; # Force scalar context
对嵌套结构使用后缀解引用语法以提高可读性。
use v5.36;
my $data = {
users => [
{ name => 'Alice', roles => ['admin', 'user'] },
{ name => 'Bob', roles => ['user'] },
],
};
# Good: Postfix dereferencing
my @users = $data->{users}->@*;
my @roles = $data->{users}[0]{roles}->@*;
my %first = $data->{users}[0]->%*;
# Bad: Circumfix dereferencing (harder to read in chains)
my @users = @{ $data->{users} };
my @roles = @{ $data->{users}[0]{roles} };
isa 运算符 (5.32+)中缀类型检查——替代 blessed($o) && $o->isa('X')。
use v5.36;
if ($obj isa 'My::Class') { $obj->do_something }
use v5.36;
sub parse_config($path) {
my $content = eval { path($path)->slurp_utf8 };
die "Config error: $@" if $@;
return decode_json($content);
}
use v5.36;
use Try::Tiny;
sub fetch_user($id) {
my $user = try {
$db->resultset('User')->find($id)
// die "User $id not found\n";
}
catch {
warn "Failed to fetch user $id: $_";
undef;
};
return $user;
}
use v5.40;
sub divide($x, $y) {
try {
die "Division by zero" if $y == 0;
return $x / $y;
}
catch ($e) {
warn "Error: $e";
return;
}
}
优先使用 Moo 进行轻量级、现代的面向对象编程。仅当需要 Moose 的元协议时才使用它。
# Good: Moo class
package User;
use Moo;
use Types::Standard qw(Str Int ArrayRef);
use namespace::autoclean;
has name => (is => 'ro', isa => Str, required => 1);
has email => (is => 'ro', isa => Str, required => 1);
has age => (is => 'ro', isa => Int, default => sub { 0 });
has roles => (is => 'ro', isa => ArrayRef[Str], default => sub { [] });
sub is_admin($self) {
return grep { $_ eq 'admin' } $self->roles->@*;
}
sub greet($self) {
return "Hello, I'm " . $self->name;
}
1;
# Usage
my $user = User->new(
name => 'Alice',
email => 'alice@example.com',
roles => ['admin', 'user'],
);
# Bad: Blessed hashref (no validation, no accessors)
package User;
sub new {
my ($class, %args) = @_;
return bless \%args, $class;
}
sub name { return $_[0]->{name} }
1;
package Role::Serializable;
use Moo::Role;
use JSON::MaybeXS qw(encode_json);
requires 'TO_HASH';
sub to_json($self) { encode_json($self->TO_HASH) }
1;
package User;
use Moo;
with 'Role::Serializable';
has name => (is => 'ro', required => 1);
has email => (is => 'ro', required => 1);
sub TO_HASH($self) { { name => $self->name, email => $self->email } }
1;
class 关键字 (5.38+, Corinna)use v5.38;
use feature 'class';
no warnings 'experimental::class';
class Point {
field $x :param;
field $y :param;
method magnitude() { sqrt($x**2 + $y**2) }
}
my $p = Point->new(x => 3, y => 4);
say $p->magnitude; # 5
/x 标志use v5.36;
# Good: Named captures with /x for readability
my $log_re = qr{
^ (?<timestamp> \d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2} \s \d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2} )
\s+ \[ (?<level> \w+ ) \]
\s+ (?<message> .+ ) $
}x;
if ($line =~ $log_re) {
say "Time: $+{timestamp}, Level: $+{level}";
say "Message: $+{message}";
}
# Bad: Positional captures (hard to maintain)
if ($line =~ /^(\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2} \d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2})\s+\[(\w+)\]\s+(.+)$/) {
say "Time: $1, Level: $2";
}
use v5.36;
# Good: Compile once, use many
my $email_re = qr/^[A-Za-z0-9._%+-]+\@[A-Za-z0-9.-]+\.[A-Za-z]{2,}$/;
sub validate_emails(@emails) {
return grep { $_ =~ $email_re } @emails;
}
use v5.36;
# Hash and array references
my $config = {
database => {
host => 'localhost',
port => 5432,
options => ['utf8', 'sslmode=require'],
},
};
# Safe deep access (returns undef if any level missing)
my $port = $config->{database}{port}; # 5432
my $missing = $config->{cache}{host}; # undef, no error
# Hash slices
my %subset;
@subset{qw(host port)} = @{$config->{database}}{qw(host port)};
# Array slices
my @first_two = $config->{database}{options}->@[0, 1];
# Multi-variable for loop (experimental in 5.36, stable in 5.40)
use feature 'for_list';
no warnings 'experimental::for_list';
for my ($key, $val) (%$config) {
say "$key => $val";
}
use v5.36;
# Good: Three-arg open with autodie (core module, eliminates 'or die')
use autodie;
sub read_file($path) {
open my $fh, '<:encoding(UTF-8)', $path;
local $/;
my $content = <$fh>;
close $fh;
return $content;
}
# Bad: Two-arg open (shell injection risk, see perl-security)
open FH, $path; # NEVER do this
open FH, "< $path"; # Still bad — user data in mode string
use v5.36;
use Path::Tiny;
my $file = path('config', 'app.json');
my $content = $file->slurp_utf8;
$file->spew_utf8($new_content);
# Iterate directory
for my $child (path('src')->children(qr/\.pl$/)) {
say $child->basename;
}
MyApp/
├── lib/
│ └── MyApp/
│ ├── App.pm # 主模块
│ ├── Config.pm # 配置
│ ├── DB.pm # 数据库层
│ └── Util.pm # 工具集
├── bin/
│ └── myapp # 入口脚本
├── t/
│ ├── 00-load.t # 编译测试
│ ├── unit/ # 单元测试
│ └── integration/ # 集成测试
├── cpanfile # 依赖项
├── Makefile.PL # 构建系统
└── .perlcriticrc # 代码检查配置
package MyApp::Util;
use v5.36;
use Exporter 'import';
our @EXPORT_OK = qw(trim);
our %EXPORT_TAGS = (all => \@EXPORT_OK);
sub trim($str) { $str =~ s/^\s+|\s+$//gr }
1;
-i=4 # 4 空格缩进
-l=100 # 100 字符行宽
-ci=4 # 续行缩进
-ce # else 与右花括号同行
-bar # 左花括号与语句同行
-nolq # 不对长引用字符串进行反向缩进
severity = 3
theme = core + pbp + security
[InputOutput::RequireCheckedSyscalls]
functions = :builtins
exclude_functions = say print
[Subroutines::ProhibitExplicitReturnUndef]
severity = 4
[ValuesAndExpressions::ProhibitMagicNumbers]
allowed_values = 0 1 2 -1
cpanm App::cpanminus Carton # Install tools
carton install # Install deps from cpanfile
carton exec -- perl bin/myapp # Run with local deps
# cpanfile
requires 'Moo', '>= 2.005';
requires 'Path::Tiny';
requires 'JSON::MaybeXS';
requires 'Try::Tiny';
on test => sub {
requires 'Test2::V0';
requires 'Test::MockModule';
};
| 遗留模式 | 现代替代方案 |
|---|---|
use strict; use warnings; | use v5.36; |
my ($x, $y) = @_; | sub foo($x, $y) { ... } |
@{ $ref } | $ref->@* |
%{ $ref } | $ref->%* |
open FH, "< $file" | open my $fh, '<:encoding(UTF-8)', $file |
blessed hashref | Moo 带类型的类 |
$1, $2, $3 | $+{name} (命名捕获) |
eval { }; if ($@) | Try::Tiny 或原生 try/catch (5.40+) |
BEGIN { require Exporter; } | use Exporter 'import'; |
| 手动文件操作 | Path::Tiny |
blessed($o) && $o->isa('X') | $o isa 'X' (5.32+) |
builtin::true / false | use builtin 'true', 'false'; (5.36+, 实验性) |
# 1. Two-arg open (security risk)
open FH, $filename; # NEVER
# 2. Indirect object syntax (ambiguous parsing)
my $obj = new Foo(bar => 1); # Bad
my $obj = Foo->new(bar => 1); # Good
# 3. Excessive reliance on $_
map { process($_) } grep { validate($_) } @items; # Hard to follow
my @valid = grep { validate($_) } @items; # Better: break it up
my @results = map { process($_) } @valid;
# 4. Disabling strict refs
no strict 'refs'; # Almost always wrong
${"My::Package::$var"} = $value; # Use a hash instead
# 5. Global variables as configuration
our $TIMEOUT = 30; # Bad: mutable global
use constant TIMEOUT => 30; # Better: constant
# Best: Moo attribute with default
# 6. String eval for module loading
eval "require $module"; # Bad: code injection risk
eval "use $module"; # Bad
use Module::Runtime 'require_module'; # Good: safe module loading
require_module($module);
记住：现代 Perl 是简洁、可读且安全的。让 use v5.36 处理样板代码，使用 Moo 处理对象，并优先使用 CPAN 上经过实战检验的模块，而不是自己动手的解决方案。