| name | backlog-loop |
| description | Pick up one task from a backlog project and iterate on it until a Judge sub-agent verifies it is genuinely done, then exit. The "loop" is internal to a single task — implement, verify, judge, fix, re-judge — not across multiple tasks. Invoke as `/backlog-loop <project>` to pull the next highest-priority `todo` task, or `/backlog-loop <project> <ref>` to target a specific task. Use when the user wants the agent to clear one item off the backlog with a built-in verification gate, without engaging the full goal-and-checkpoint workflow of /backlog-goal. |
backlog-loop
One task in. Iterate until a skeptical Judge says it's actually done. Exit.
The name is a callback to the Ralph loop: the loop is on a single task — implement → verify → judge → fix → re-judge — bounded by a max iteration count. This skill never picks up a second task.
Requires: the backlog skill
Load skills/backlog/skill.md first. It is the canonical reference for every CLI flag, command, ID format (TASK-N / bare integer / ULID), JSON shape, and enum value. This skill assumes you know how to drive the CLI.
In this repo, always pass --profile default (per docs/CLAUDE/MEMORY.md — go test can pollute the profile registry) and --as ai:claude-opus-4-7 (or the current model's exact ID) on every write.
Invocation
/backlog-loop <project> # pull next todo task from <project>, iterate to done, exit
/backlog-loop <project> <ref> # work a specific task (TASK-N, bare integer, or ULID)
/backlog-loop help # print the headless-execution help and exit
If the user omits <project> (and didn't pass help), list available projects and ask which one — do not guess:
./backlog --profile default project list --json
If the user passes help, jump to the Headless execution section below, print it, and exit. Do not pick up a task.
Hard rules
- One task only. The skill never moves to a second task. The user invokes it again if they want more.
- Mandatory Judge gate. The task only moves to
done after a [JUDGE RECEIPT] says PASS. The implementing agent never self-marks done.
- Max 5 attempts. Implement → verify → judge counts as one attempt. After 5 failed Judge verdicts, stop and mark the task blocked with a full diagnosis.
- Never expand scope silently. Work discovered mid-execution that's outside the task → new task, not silent expansion of this one.
- Always attribute writes.
--as ai:claude-opus-4-7 on every write.
- Always
--profile default in this repo.
Workflow
1. Select the task
If a ref was provided:
./backlog --profile default task show <ref> --json
Otherwise:
./backlog --profile default task list --project <project> --status todo --sort priority --json
Pick the first task. Sort priority orders P1 → P5; within priority, lower seq first. If the result is empty, tell the user "no todo tasks in <project>", show what's doing, and exit. Do not invent work.
Capture from the JSON: id (ULID), seq (TASK-N), title, description, type, priority, labels, any attached plans.
2. Check the description is judgeable
The Judge needs verifiable acceptance criteria to do its job. Read the description fully and decide whether it contains them.
Sufficient: explicit acceptance criteria (a checklist, or sentences naming the observable outcome) AND at least one verification approach (a command, a check, or "manual: "). The structured shape produced by backlog-enhance-tasks (Context / Acceptance criteria / Implementation hints / Verification) is the ideal.
Insufficient: empty description, one-line title-only, or vague language with no observable signal of done.
If insufficient, stop. Post a comment and exit without picking up:
./backlog --profile default comment add \
"Cannot pick up via /backlog-loop: description has no judgeable acceptance criteria. Missing: <criteria | verification commands | both>. Suggest running /backlog-enhance-tasks TASK-N first." \
--task TASK-N --as ai:claude-opus-4-7
This is non-negotiable. A loop without a Judge gate is the failure mode this skill exists to prevent; a Judge without criteria is theater.
3. Move to doing
./backlog --profile default task move TASK-N --status doing --as ai:claude-opus-4-7
./backlog --profile default comment add \
"Picked up via /backlog-loop. Starting attempt 1 of max 5." \
--task TASK-N --as ai:claude-opus-4-7
4. Attach a plan if non-trivial
A task is non-trivial if any of: touches more than one file, mixes concerns, has more than two acceptance criteria, or requires reasoning that a future reader would want to see.
./backlog --profile default plan add \
--task TASK-N --title "Implementation plan" \
--content "$(cat <<'EOF'
## Steps
1. <first concrete action — file, function, what to change>
2. <next action>
## Testing
- <how to verify against each acceptance criterion>
## Risks
- <risk + mitigation>
EOF
)" --as ai:claude-opus-4-7 --json
Skip the plan for trivial single-file edits.
5. The iterate-until-judged loop
Run up to 5 attempts. Each attempt is one full pass through implement → verify → judge.
for attempt in 1..5:
implement (or refine based on the prior Judge receipt)
run verification commands
dispatch Judge sub-agent
if Judge says PASS: break, go to step 6
if Judge says FAIL: read the failure, plan the fix, continue
after 5 failures: go to step 7 (blocked)
5a. Implement (attempt N)
If N == 1: implement from scratch against the description and any attached plan.
If N > 1: read the prior [JUDGE RECEIPT] from the task's comments. The Judge's criteria list (each marked PASS or FAIL) and verification_commands output tell you exactly what to fix. Don't rebuild what already passes. Don't argue with the Judge — fix the failing criterion.
For larger work, delegate to a sub-agent via the Agent tool (general-purpose for implementation, Explore for research). Pass the task description, the failing criteria from the last Judge receipt (if any), and the verification command. The sub-agent must not move the board.
Drop progress comments at meaningful milestones:
./backlog --profile default comment add \
"Attempt N: edited internal/web/server.go:142, added test in internal/web/server_test.go:88." \
--task TASK-N --as ai:claude-opus-4-7
5b. Run verification
Run every verification command listed in the description. Capture stdout/stderr and exit codes. If a command fails, attempt a fix (up to 2 tries) before handing the result to the Judge. If verification is "manual: ", note that and let the Judge handle it.
5c. Dispatch the Judge
Use the Agent tool with subagent_type: "general-purpose" and a fully self-contained prompt. The Judge has no memory of this session.
Judge prompt template (paste verbatim with substitutions):
You are the Judge for backlog task TASK-N in project <project>. This is attempt N of 5.
Read the task description in full:
./backlog --profile default task show TASK-N --json | jq -r '.description'
Your job:
1. For EACH acceptance criterion in the description, determine PASS or FAIL by inspecting the actual repo state. Read files. Cite file:line evidence for each verdict.
2. Run EVERY verification command listed in the description. Capture stdout/stderr and exit code. Non-zero exit is a FAIL unless the description explicitly says otherwise.
3. Look for proxy signals being mistaken for completion — flag any of these and FAIL the corresponding criterion:
- "Tests pass" without the test actually exercising the criterion
- "Files changed" without behavior changed
- "Plan written" instead of implemented
- "Build succeeded" without the output behaving correctly
- "Lint clean" — orthogonal to the requirement
- The implementing agent's own claim of done
4. Look for adjacent breakage — things outside the criteria that a reasonable reviewer would flag (a broken test elsewhere, an obvious bug introduced). Note these as `judge_observations`. They do not fail the task on their own but must be reported.
5. Return a verdict: PASS or FAIL.
Hard rules:
- You are READ-ONLY. Do not edit files. Run only verification commands and read commands.
- Be skeptical by default. A criterion is FAIL until evidence convincingly shows PASS.
- If a criterion is unverifiable as written, FAIL it and explain what the criterion would need to say to be verifiable.
- Do not move the task on the board. Return only the receipt.
Output format (exact, parseable):
[JUDGE RECEIPT]
result: done
attempt: <N>
verdict: PASS | FAIL
criteria:
- [PASS|FAIL] <criterion text> — <evidence: file:line, command exit code, or quoted output>
- ...
verification_commands:
- `<command>` → exit <code>
<relevant output snippet>
- ...
judge_observations:
- <optional: adjacent issues outside the criteria>
reason: <one paragraph rationale for the verdict>
next_fix_hint: <if FAIL: one sentence telling the implementing agent what to focus on next>
5d. Post the Judge receipt
Post the full Judge output as a comment, prefixed exactly so the next iteration can parse it:
./backlog --profile default comment add "$(cat <<'EOF'
<paste the Judge's full output verbatim, including the [JUDGE RECEIPT] header>
EOF
)" --task TASK-N --as ai:claude-opus-4-7
5e. Branch on the verdict
- PASS: break out of the loop. Go to step 6.
- FAIL: record the iteration and continue the loop with attempt N+1. Read
next_fix_hint and the failing criteria — those drive the next attempt's implementation.
6. Complete
When the Judge returns PASS:
./backlog --profile default comment add "$(cat <<'EOF'
Completed via /backlog-loop. Judge approved on attempt <N>.
Changed:
- <file:line summary>
- <file:line summary>
Verified:
- `<verify command>` → exit 0
Follow-ups spawned:
- TASK-M (<title>) — if any
EOF
)" --task TASK-N --as ai:claude-opus-4-7
./backlog --profile default task move TASK-N --status done --as ai:claude-opus-4-7
Print a one-line summary to the user and stop:
Worked TASK-N (<title>) → done. Judge passed on attempt <N>. Verified: <command> exit 0.
7. Blocked (max attempts reached or hard blocker)
If the Judge has rejected 5 consecutive attempts, or you hit a real blocker (needs credentials, a product decision, a destructive op, a criterion that is unverifiable as written and the user must clarify), do not mark done. Move back to todo with a full diagnosis:
./backlog --profile default comment add "$(cat <<'EOF'
Blocked after <N> attempt(s) via /backlog-loop.
Why blocked:
<one paragraph — what kept failing, or what's needed from outside>
Failing criteria after the last Judge pass:
- <criterion> — <evidence the Judge cited>
What I tried:
- Attempt 1: <one-line summary>
- Attempt 2: <one-line summary>
- ...
What's needed to unblock:
- <specific action by the user or another task>
Suggested next step:
- Sharpen the acceptance criteria (run /backlog-enhance-tasks TASK-N)
- OR split into a smaller task with a tighter scope
- OR provide <credential | decision | reference> and re-run /backlog-loop
EOF
)" --task TASK-N --as ai:claude-opus-4-7
./backlog --profile default task move TASK-N --status todo --as ai:claude-opus-4-7
Print:
TASK-N (<title>) → blocked after <N> attempts. See comment for diagnosis.
Stop.
8. Discovery during execution
If during any attempt you find related work outside the task's scope — a missing test elsewhere, a refactor that would help, a broken adjacent function — create a new task rather than expanding this one:
./backlog --profile default task add --project <project> \
--title "<imperative + specific>" \
--description "Spawned from TASK-N. <context>" \
--type <task|bug|chore> --priority <P1-P5> \
--as ai:claude-opus-4-7 --json
Comment on TASK-N linking the new TASK-M. The Judge does not consider spawned tasks part of TASK-N's completion criteria.
Why a Judge for a single task
Without the Judge, this skill is just "do one task and exit" — the agent self-marks done and the same laziness failure mode from the Codex Goal lessons applies (tests pass ≠ feature works; files changed ≠ behavior changed). The Judge enforces that completion is observable, not asserted.
The Judge is much lighter than the one in /backlog-goal — one task, one set of criteria, no cross-checkpoint state. But the contract is the same: read-only, evidence-based, skeptical default, reject proxy signals, never picks the next active task.
Headless execution
This is what /backlog-loop help prints. backlog-loop is designed to drain cleanly without prompts — pair it with claude -p (print mode, non-interactive) to run as a cron job, CI step, or background daemon.
Prerequisites
ANTHROPIC_API_KEY set in the environment (or claude /login already run on the box).claude CLI installed and on PATH (claude --version works).- The
backlog binary built and on PATH, OR run from a checkout where ./backlog exists. The backlog skill at skills/backlog/skill.md must be reachable by Claude Code (project-level skills are auto-discovered from skills/ in this repo).
- A workspace registered as a backlog profile (
backlog profile list). Default is default. Override with BACKLOG_DB env var to bypass profile resolution entirely.
Single-task headless run
claude -p "/backlog-loop <project>" \
--permission-mode acceptEdits \
--output-format stream-json \
--max-turns 80
Flag notes:
-p — print mode, non-interactive. Required for headless.--permission-mode acceptEdits — auto-approve file edits the skill needs to make. Use bypassPermissions only if you also trust the skill to run arbitrary shell (it will need to run make test, pytest, etc. for verification). For production cron, prefer a tighter allowlist with --allowed-tools.--output-format stream-json — every event as a JSON line. Parseable. Switch to text for human-readable logs, json for a single final blob.--max-turns 80 — guardrail. A typical task is well under 30 turns; 80 leaves headroom for 5 Judge iterations on a complex task without runaway.- Add
--model claude-opus-4-7 (or the model you want) if the default isn't right for the workload.
- Add
--cwd /path/to/repo if you're invoking from outside the repo.
The skill exits cleanly in three terminal states, all with exit code 0:
| Outcome | What you'll see in output | Recovery |
|---|
| Task → done | "Worked TASK-N → done. Judge passed on attempt N." | Pick up another with a fresh invocation. |
| Task → blocked | "TASK-N → blocked after N attempts. See comment for diagnosis." | Read the task's comments, fix the underlying issue, re-run. |
| No work | "No todo tasks in <project>." | Add more tasks or stop the cron. |
Non-zero exit means a harness error (API failure, permissions denied, claude CLI crash, missing skill) — not a task failure. Always log to a file:
claude -p "/backlog-loop <project>" \
--permission-mode acceptEdits \
--output-format text \
--max-turns 80 \
> /var/log/backlog-loop-$(date +%Y%m%d-%H%M%S).log 2>&1
Draining a project (work every task until empty)
The skill itself never picks up a second task — the outer loop is your responsibility. Pattern:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -euo pipefail
PROJECT="${1:?usage: $0 <project>}"
MAX_INVOCATIONS=20
for i in $(seq 1 "$MAX_INVOCATIONS"); do
remaining=$(./backlog --profile default task list --project "$PROJECT" --status todo --json | jq '.tasks | length')
echo "[drain $i] $remaining todo task(s) in $PROJECT"
if [ "$remaining" -eq 0 ]; then
echo "drained."
break
fi
claude -p "/backlog-loop $PROJECT" \
--permission-mode acceptEdits \
--output-format text \
--max-turns 80
done
Notes:
- The
--profile default flag (and the binary at ./backlog) assume you're inside this repo. Adjust for other layouts.
- Each invocation is a fresh Claude session — there is no cross-invocation memory beyond what the skill wrote to the backlog DB. That's the design: the DB is the persistent state.
- Tasks that go to
blocked will be skipped on the next iteration (they're back in todo but the comments document why; the drain script doesn't know to skip them — see "Skipping previously-blocked tasks" below).
Skipping previously-blocked tasks
If you want the drain to skip tasks that were blocked in a prior invocation today, filter them out before picking:
NEXT=$(./backlog --profile default task list --project "$PROJECT" --status todo --sort priority --json \
| jq -r '
.tasks
| map(select(
(.comments // []) | map(.body) | any(test("Blocked after .* attempt"))
| not
))
| .[0].seq
')
if [ -n "$NEXT" ] && [ "$NEXT" != "null" ]; then
claude -p "/backlog-loop $PROJECT TASK-$NEXT" --permission-mode acceptEdits --max-turns 80
fi
This requires comments to be loaded with task list — verify the JSON shape matches what task list returns. If comments aren't in the listing, use task show per candidate.
Cron example
Drain a project every hour, capped at 5 tasks per run, logged to a rotating file:
0 * * * * cd /home/me/code/myrepo && /home/me/bin/drain-backlog.sh myproject 5 >> /var/log/backlog-loop.log 2>&1
Where drain-backlog.sh is the drain script above, with MAX_INVOCATIONS parameterized.
GitHub Actions example
Run the loop on a schedule against a repo that has its backlog.db committed (or restored from artifact / Postgres / S3 — your choice):
name: backlog-loop
on:
schedule:
- cron: "0 */2 * * *"
workflow_dispatch:
jobs:
drain:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
permissions:
contents: write
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
- name: Set up Go
uses: actions/setup-go@v5
with: { go-version: "1.25" }
- name: Build backlog
run: make build
- name: Install Claude Code
run: npm install -g @anthropic-ai/claude-code
- name: Drain one task
env:
ANTHROPIC_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.ANTHROPIC_API_KEY }}
run: |
claude -p "/backlog-loop myproject" \
--permission-mode acceptEdits \
--output-format text \
--max-turns 80
- name: Commit backlog.db changes
run: |
git config user.name "backlog-loop"
git config user.email "actions@github.com"
git add backlog.db || true
git diff --staged --quiet || git commit -m "chore: backlog-loop run $(date -u +%FT%TZ)"
git push
Caveats:
- Committing
backlog.db to git works for low-write workloads. For higher write rates, store the DB outside the repo (S3, EFS, a managed Postgres mirror, etc.) and restore/sync in a step.
- Replace
acceptEdits with a tighter --allowed-tools list once you've watched a few runs.
- For private repos, the
GITHUB_TOKEN permissions matter; review them.
Useful environment variables
| Var | Purpose |
|---|
ANTHROPIC_API_KEY | Auth for the Claude API. Required unless claude /login was run on the host. |
BACKLOG_DB | Absolute path to backlog.db. Bypasses profile resolution — recommended for cron/CI. |
BACKLOG_PROFILE | Not honored — the skill uses --profile default by default in this repo. Override the skill's flag if you need a different profile. |
CLAUDE_CODE_DEFAULT_MODEL | Default model for the claude CLI when --model isn't passed. |
Observability after a run
Every invocation leaves a paper trail in the backlog DB. Read it without re-invoking Claude:
./backlog --profile default activity --project <project> --limit 20
./backlog --profile default task list --project <project> --actor-kind ai --json
./backlog --profile default task list --project <project> --status todo --json \
| jq '.tasks[] | select((.comments // [])[] .body | test("Blocked after"))'
./backlog --profile default web --port 8080
Safety notes for headless runs
- The skill never marks a task
done without a Judge PASS. That guarantee holds in headless mode too — that's the whole point of the Judge gate.
- Per-task max attempts is 5. Total cost per invocation is bounded by
--max-turns × per-turn cost. Watch the first few cron runs to calibrate.
- The Judge runs as a sub-agent, which is a separate
Agent tool call. In headless mode it inherits the same permission mode. Confirm --permission-mode isn't too permissive for the verification commands the Judge will run.
- If the task description is unjudgeable (no acceptance criteria, no verification commands), the skill refuses to pick it up and exits with a comment suggesting
/backlog-enhance-tasks. That's a safe headless behavior — it won't silently work on a vague task.
- Backups before scaling up:
./backlog --profile default doctor backup --to /safe/backlog.before-loop.db before the first big drain.
Quick command reference
./backlog --profile default project list --json
./backlog --profile default task list --project <project> --status todo --sort priority --json
./backlog --profile default task show TASK-N --json
./backlog --profile default task move TASK-N --status doing --as ai:claude-opus-4-7
./backlog --profile default task move TASK-N --status done --as ai:claude-opus-4-7
./backlog --profile default task move TASK-N --status todo --as ai:claude-opus-4-7
./backlog --profile default plan add --task TASK-N --title "..." --content "..." --as ai:claude-opus-4-7 --json
./backlog --profile default comment add "..." --task TASK-N --as ai:claude-opus-4-7
./backlog --profile default task add --project <project> --title "..." --description "..." --as ai:claude-opus-4-7 --json
See skills/backlog/skill.md for the full CLI surface.
