prisma-driver-adapter-implementation

name	prisma-driver-adapter-implementation
description	Required reference for Prisma v7 driver adapter work. Use when implementing or modifying adapters, adding database drivers, or touching SqlDriverAdapter/Transaction interfaces. Contains critical contract details not inferable from code examples — including the transaction lifecycle protocol, error mapping requirements, and verification checklist. Existing implementations do not replace this skill.
license	MIT
metadata	{"author":"Tyler Benfield","version":"7.6.0"}

Prisma 7 Driver Adapter Implementation Guide

This skill provides everything needed to implement a Prisma ORM v7 driver adapter for any database.

Architecture Overview

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                         PrismaClient                            │
│                    (requires adapter factory)                   │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
                                │
                                ▼
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│            SqlMigrationAwareDriverAdapterFactory                │
│   ┌─────────────────────┐    ┌─────────────────────────────┐    │
│   │ connect()           │    │ connectToShadowDb()         │    │
│   │ → SqlDriverAdapter  │    │ → SqlDriverAdapter          │    │
│   └─────────────────────┘    └─────────────────────────────┘    │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
                                │
                                ▼
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                      SqlDriverAdapter                           │
│  ┌──────────────┐ ┌──────────────┐ ┌──────────────────────────┐ │
│  │ queryRaw()   │ │ executeRaw() │ │ startTransaction()       │ │
│  │ → ResultSet  │ │ → number     │ │ → Transaction            │ │
│  └──────────────┘ └──────────────┘ └──────────────────────────┘ │
│  ┌──────────────┐ ┌──────────────┐ ┌──────────────────────────┐ │
│  │executeScript │ │ dispose()    │ │ getConnectionInfo()      │ │
│  └──────────────┘ └──────────────┘ └──────────────────────────┘ │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
                                │
                                ▼
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                        Transaction                              │
│  Extends SqlQueryable + commit() + rollback() + options         │
│  (lifecycle hooks only — Prisma sends SQL via executeRaw)       │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Required Interfaces

Import from @prisma/driver-adapter-utils:

import type {
  ColumnType,
  IsolationLevel,
  SqlDriverAdapter,
  SqlMigrationAwareDriverAdapterFactory,
  SqlQuery,
  SqlQueryable,
  SqlResultSet,
  Transaction,
  TransactionOptions,
  ArgType,
  ConnectionInfo,
  MappedError,
} from "@prisma/driver-adapter-utils";
import {
  ColumnTypeEnum,
  DriverAdapterError,
} from "@prisma/driver-adapter-utils";

Interface Definitions

SqlQuery (input to queryRaw/executeRaw)

type SqlQuery = {
  sql: string; // Parameterized SQL with placeholders
  args: Array<unknown>; // Bound parameter values
  argTypes: Array<ArgType>; // Type hints for each argument
};

type ArgType = {
  scalarType: ArgScalarType; // 'string' | 'int' | 'bigint' | 'float' | 'decimal' | 'boolean' | 'enum' | 'uuid' | 'json' | 'datetime' | 'bytes' | 'unknown'
  dbType?: string;
  arity: "scalar" | "list";
};

SqlResultSet (output from queryRaw)

interface SqlResultSet {
  columnNames: Array<string>; // Column names in order
  columnTypes: Array<ColumnType>; // Column types matching columnNames
  rows: Array<Array<unknown>>; // Row data as arrays
  lastInsertId?: string; // For INSERT without RETURNING
}

ColumnTypeEnum values

const ColumnTypeEnum = {
  Int32: 0,
  Int64: 1,
  Float: 2,
  Double: 3,
  Numeric: 4,
  Boolean: 5,
  Character: 6,
  Text: 7,
  Date: 8,
  Time: 9,
  DateTime: 10,
  Json: 11,
  Enum: 12,
  Bytes: 13,
  Set: 14,
  Uuid: 15,
  Int32Array: 64,
  Int64Array: 65,
  FloatArray: 66,
  DoubleArray: 67,
  NumericArray: 68,
  BooleanArray: 69,
  CharacterArray: 70,
  TextArray: 71,
  DateArray: 72,
  TimeArray: 73,
  DateTimeArray: ,
  : ,
  : ,
  : ,
  : ,
  : ,
}  ;

SqlDriverAdapter

interface SqlDriverAdapter extends SqlQueryable {
  executeScript(script: string): Promise<void>;
  startTransaction(isolationLevel?: IsolationLevel): Promise<Transaction>;
  getConnectionInfo?(): ConnectionInfo;
  dispose(): Promise<void>;
}

Transaction

interface Transaction extends SqlQueryable {
  readonly options: TransactionOptions;
  commit(): Promise<void>;
  rollback(): Promise<void>;
}

type TransactionOptions = { usePhantomQuery: boolean };

SqlMigrationAwareDriverAdapterFactory

interface SqlMigrationAwareDriverAdapterFactory {
  readonly provider: "mysql" | "postgres" | "sqlite" | "sqlserver";
  readonly adapterName: string;
  connect(): Promise<SqlDriverAdapter>;
  connectToShadowDb(): Promise<SqlDriverAdapter>;
}

Implementation Steps

Step 1: Create the Queryable base class

class MyQueryable<TClient> implements SqlQueryable {
  readonly provider = "postgres" as const; // or 'sqlite' | 'mysql' | 'sqlserver'
  readonly adapterName = "@my-org/adapter-mydb" as const;

  constructor(protected readonly client: TClient) {}

  async queryRaw(query: SqlQuery): Promise<SqlResultSet> {
    try {
      const args = query.args.map((arg, i) =>
        mapArg(arg, query.argTypes[i] ?? { scalarType: "unknown", arity: "scalar" })
      );

      // Execute query with your driver
      const result = await this.client.query(query.sql, args);

      // Extract column metadata
      const columnNames = /* get from result */;
      const columnTypes = /* map to ColumnTypeEnum */;

      
       rows = result.( (row, columnTypes));

       { columnNames, columnTypes, rows };
    }  (e) {
      .(e);
    }
  }

   (: ): <> {
     {
       args = query..(
        (arg, query.[i] ?? { : , :  })
      );
       result =  ..(query., args);
       result. ?? ;
    }  (e) {
      .(e);
    }
  }

   (: ):  {
      ((error));
  }
}

Step 2: Create the Transaction class

Critical: commit() and rollback() are lifecycle hooks only. They must NOT issue SQL. Prisma sends COMMIT/ROLLBACK via executeRaw on the transaction object.

class MyTransaction extends MyQueryable<TClient> implements Transaction {
  readonly options: TransactionOptions;
  readonly #release: () => void;

  constructor(
    client: TClient,
    options: TransactionOptions,
    release: () => void,
  ) {
    super(client);
    this.options = options;
    this.#release = release;
  }

  commit(): Promise<void> {
    // DO NOT issue COMMIT SQL here — Prisma does it via executeRaw
    this.#release(); // Release connection/resources
    return Promise.resolve();
  }

  rollback(): Promise<void> {
    // DO NOT issue ROLLBACK SQL here — Prisma does it via executeRaw
    this.#release();
    return Promise.resolve();
  }
}

Step 3: Create the Adapter class

class MyAdapter extends MyQueryable<TClient> implements SqlDriverAdapter {
  #transactionDepth = 0;

  constructor(client: TClient) {
    super(client);
  }

  async executeScript(script: string): Promise<void> {
    // For SQLite: split on ';' and run each statement
    // For Postgres: use multi-statement execution
    try {
      // Implementation depends on driver capabilities
    } catch (e) {
      this.onError(e);
    }
  }

  async startTransaction(
    isolationLevel?: IsolationLevel,
  ): Promise<Transaction> {
    // Validate isolation level for your database
    const validLevels = new Set<IsolationLevel>([
      "READ UNCOMMITTED",
      "READ COMMITTED",
      "REPEATABLE READ",
      "SERIALIZABLE",
    ]);

    if (isolationLevel !== undefined && !validLevels.has(isolationLevel)) {
      throw new DriverAdapterError({
        : ,
        : isolationLevel,
      });
    }

     :  = { :  };

    .#transactionDepth += ;
     depth = .#transactionDepth;

     {
       (depth === ) {
        
         beginSql = isolationLevel
          ? 
          : ;
         ..(beginSql);
      }  {
        
         ..();
      }
    }  (e) {
      .#transactionDepth -= ;
      .(e);
    }

      = () => {
      .#transactionDepth -= ;
    };
      (., options, release);
  }

  ():  {
     { :  };
  }

   (): <> {
     ..();
  }
}

Step 4: Create the Factory class

export type MyAdapterConfig = {
  url: string;
};

export type MyAdapterOptions = {
  shadowDatabaseUrl?: string;
};

export class MyAdapterFactory implements SqlMigrationAwareDriverAdapterFactory {
  readonly provider = "postgres" as const;
  readonly adapterName = "@my-org/adapter-mydb" as const;

  constructor(
    private readonly config: MyAdapterConfig,
    private readonly options?: MyAdapterOptions,
  ) {}

  connect(): Promise<SqlDriverAdapter> {
    return Promise.resolve(new MyAdapter(openConnection(this.config.url)));
  }

  connectToShadowDb(): Promise<SqlDriverAdapter> {
    const url = this.options?. ?? ..;
     .( ((url)));
  }
}

Conversion Helpers

Argument Mapping (input)

Convert Prisma argument values to driver-native types:

function mapArg(arg: unknown, argType: ArgType): unknown {
  if (arg === null || arg === undefined) return null;

  // String → number for int columns
  if (typeof arg === "string" && argType.scalarType === "int")
    return Number.parseInt(arg, 10);

  // String → number for float columns
  if (typeof arg === "string" && argType.scalarType === "float")
    return Number.parseFloat(arg);

  // String → BigInt for bigint columns
  if (typeof arg === "string" && argType.scalarType === "bigint")
    return BigInt(arg);

  // Base64 string → Buffer for bytes columns
  if (typeof arg === "string" && argType.scalarType === "bytes")
    return Buffer.from(arg, "base64");

  // Boolean → 0/1 for SQLite
   ( arg ===  && )
     arg ?  : ;

   arg;
}

Row Mapping (output)

Convert driver result values to Prisma-expected types:

function mapRow(row: unknown[], columnTypes: ColumnType[]): ResultValue[] {
  const result: ResultValue[] = [];

  for (let i = 0; i < row.length; i++) {
    const value = row[i] ?? null;
    const colType = columnTypes[i];

    if (value === null) {
      result.push(null);
      continue;
    }

    // bigint → string for Int64 (JSON-safe)
    if (typeof value === "bigint") {
      result.push(value.toString());
      continue;
    }

    // Date → ISO 8601 string for DateTime
    if (value instanceof Date) {
      result.push(value.toISOString());
      continue;
    }

    // JSON objects → stringified
    if (colType === ColumnTypeEnum.Json && typeof value === "object") {
      result.push(JSON.stringify(value));
      continue;
    }

    result.push(value  );
  }

   result;
}

Column Type Inference

When the driver doesn't provide type metadata, infer from JS values:

function inferColumnType(value: NonNullable<unknown>): ColumnType {
  if (typeof value === "boolean") return ColumnTypeEnum.Boolean;
  if (typeof value === "bigint") return ColumnTypeEnum.Int64;
  if (value instanceof Uint8Array) return ColumnTypeEnum.Bytes;
  if (value instanceof Date) return ColumnTypeEnum.DateTime;
  if (Array.isArray(value)) return ColumnTypeEnum.Text; // fallback
  if (typeof value === "object") return ColumnTypeEnum.Json;
  if (typeof value === "number") return ColumnTypeEnum.UnknownNumber;
  return ColumnTypeEnum.Text;
}

Error Handling

Map driver errors to MappedError for Prisma to handle correctly:

function convertDriverError(error: unknown): MappedError {
  if (error instanceof Error) {
    // Database-specific error mapping
    const dbError = error as Error & { code?: string; errno?: number };

    // PostgreSQL example
    if (dbError.code === "23505") {
      return { kind: "UniqueConstraintViolation" };
    }
    if (dbError.code === "23502") {
      return { kind: "NullConstraintViolation" };
    }
    if (dbError.code === "23503") {
      return { kind: "ForeignKeyConstraintViolation" };
    }
    if (dbError.code === "42P01") {
      return { kind: "TableDoesNotExist" };
    }

    // SQLite example
    if (error.name === "SQLiteError") {
      return {
        kind: "sqlite",
        extendedCode: dbError.errno ?? ,
        : error.,
      };
    }

    
     (dbError.) {
       {
        : ,
        : dbError.,
        : ,
        : error.,
        : ,
        : ,
        : ,
      };
    }
  }

   { : , :  };
}

Database-Specific Notes

SQLite

• Set safeIntegers: true when opening the database to get bigint for large integers
• Only SERIALIZABLE isolation level is valid
• executeScript: split on ; and run each statement individually
• Boolean values: store as 0/1, return as boolean

PostgreSQL

• All standard isolation levels are valid
• For connection pooling (PgBouncer), use prepare: false
• Transactions require a dedicated connection (reserve() pattern)
• executeScript: use multi-statement execution (.simple() in some drivers)
• int8 columns may return as string (already stringified by driver)
• numeric columns return as string to preserve precision

MySQL/MariaDB

• Supports READ UNCOMMITTED, READ COMMITTED, REPEATABLE READ, SERIALIZABLE
• Use ? placeholders for parameters
• Handle BIGINT as string for large values

Testing Strategy

Unit Tests (no PrismaClient)

Test the adapter directly with the raw database driver:

describe("queryRaw", () => {
  test("returns column names and types", async () => {
    const adapter = new MyAdapter(createTestConnection());
    const result = await adapter.queryRaw({
      sql: "SELECT id, name FROM users",
      args: [],
      argTypes: [],
    });
    expect(result.columnNames).toEqual(["id", "name"]);
    expect(result.columnTypes[0]).toBe(ColumnTypeEnum.Int32);
  });
});

describe("startTransaction", () => {
  test("commit persists changes", async () => {
    const adapter = new MyAdapter(createTestConnection());
    const tx = await adapter.startTransaction();
    await tx.executeRaw({
      sql: "INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES (?)",
      args: ["Alice"],
      argTypes: [],
    });
    // Prisma sends COMMIT via executeRaw
     tx.({ : , : [], : [] });
     tx.(); 
    
  });
});

E2E Tests (with PrismaClient)

Test the full integration:

describe("E2E", () => {
  let prisma: PrismaClient;

  beforeEach(async () => {
    const factory = new MyAdapterFactory({ url: TEST_DB_URL });
    prisma = new PrismaClient({ adapter: factory });
  });

  test("CRUD operations", async () => {
    const user = await prisma.user.create({ data: { name: "Alice" } });
    expect(user.id).toBeGreaterThan(0);

    const found = await prisma.user.findUnique({ where: { id: user.id } });
    expect(found?.name).toBe("Alice");
  });

  test("transactions roll back on error", async () => {
    await expect(
      prisma.$transaction(async (tx) => {
        await tx.user.create({ : { :  } });
          ();
      }),
    )..();

    ( prisma..()).();
  });
});

Usage Example

import { PrismaClient } from "./generated/prisma/client";
import { MyAdapterFactory } from "@my-org/adapter-mydb";

const factory = new MyAdapterFactory({
  url: process.env.DATABASE_URL!,
});

const prisma = new PrismaClient({ adapter: factory });

// Use prisma normally
const users = await prisma.user.findMany();

Checklist

Before considering the adapter complete:

• SqlMigrationAwareDriverAdapterFactory implemented with connect() and connectToShadowDb()
• SqlDriverAdapter implements queryRaw, executeRaw, executeScript, startTransaction, dispose
• Transaction implements queryRaw, executeRaw, commit, rollback with options: { usePhantomQuery: false }
• commit() and rollback() are lifecycle hooks only (no SQL issued)
• startTransaction issues BEGIN (depth 1) or SAVEPOINT sp_N (nested)
• Argument mapping handles: string→int, string→bigint, string→float, base64→bytes
• Row mapping handles: bigint→string, Date→ISO string, JSON→string
• Column types correctly mapped to ColumnTypeEnum
• Errors wrapped in DriverAdapterError with proper MappedError kind
• Isolation level validation for the target database
• Unit tests pass for queryRaw, executeRaw, executeScript, transactions
• E2E tests pass with real PrismaClient