dns-infrastructure-devops-stub

name	dns-infrastructure-devops-stub
description	Design and manage DNS infrastructure: zone configuration, record types, TTL strategy, DNSSEC, GeoDNS, failover routing, and operational runbooks.

Overview

Design, configure, and operate DNS infrastructure from simple zone files to global GeoDNS with failover. Covers authoritative DNS, resolver configuration, DNSSEC signing, and incident response.

When to Use

• Setting up DNS for a new domain or migrating zones between providers
• Implementing latency-based or failover routing (Route 53, Cloudflare)
• Adding DNSSEC signing to a zone
• Debugging DNS propagation issues or cache poisoning
• Designing TTL strategy for planned infrastructure changes
• Writing runbooks for DNS cutover operations

Core Record Types Reference

Record	Purpose	TTL guidance
A	IPv4 address for hostname	300s for dynamic, 3600s for static
AAAA	IPv6 address for hostname	Same as A
CNAME	Alias to another hostname	300-3600s; never on apex
MX	Mail exchanger (priority + hostname)	3600s; lower = higher priority
TXT	SPF, DKIM, domain verification	3600s
NS	Authoritative nameservers for zone	86400s (24h) — rarely change
SOA	Zone authority, refresh, retry, expire	Managed by provider
SRV	Service location (protocol, port, weight)	3600s
CAA	Authorized certificate authorities	3600s
PTR	Reverse DNS (IP → hostname)	3600s
ALIAS/ANAME	Apex CNAME workaround (provider-specific)	60-300s

Zone File Example

$ORIGIN example.com.
$TTL 3600

; SOA
@    IN  SOA  ns1.example.com. hostmaster.example.com. (
               2026052401  ; Serial (YYYYMMDDnn)
               3600        ; Refresh
               900         ; Retry
               604800      ; Expire
               300 )       ; Negative TTL

; Nameservers
@    IN  NS   ns1.example.com.
@    IN  NS   ns2.example.com.

; Apex A records
@    IN  A    203.0.113.10
@    IN  A    203.0.113.11

; WWW
www  IN  CNAME  example.com.

; Mail
@    IN  MX   10  mail1.example.com.
@    IN  MX   20  mail2.example.com.

; SPF + DKIM
@    IN  TXT  "v=spf1 include:_spf.google.com ~all"
mail._domainkey  IN  TXT  "v=DKIM1; k=rsa; p=MIIBIjAN..."

; DMARC
_dmarc  IN  TXT  "v=DMARC1; p=reject; rua=mailto:[e-mail]"

; CAA — only Let's Encrypt may issue certs
@    IN  CAA  0 issue "letsencrypt.org"

TTL Strategy for Changes

Lower TTL before any planned change — DNS caches respect TTL, so stale records persist for up to current TTL after a change.

T-24h:  Lower TTL to 300s (5 minutes) → wait 24h for global propagation of the lower TTL
T-0:    Make the change (swap A record, change CNAME target, etc.)
T+5m:   Verify new records propagating globally
T+1h:   Raise TTL back to 3600s once stable

Propagation check:

# Check from multiple vantage points
dig +short example.com A @8.8.8.8        # Google
dig +short example.com A @1.1.1.1        # Cloudflare
dig +short example.com A @9.9.9.9        # Quad9

# Check authoritative nameservers directly (bypasses caches)
dig +short example.com A @ns1.example.com

# Watch for propagation
watch -n5 'dig +short example.com A @8.8.8.8'

Route 53 — Failover Routing

// Primary record (us-east-1 ALB)
{
  "Name": "api.example.com",
  "Type": "A",
  "SetIdentifier": "primary",
  "Failover": "PRIMARY",
  "AliasTarget": {
    "HostedZoneId": "Z35SXDOTRQ7X7K",
    "DNSName": "alb-prod.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com",
    "EvaluateTargetHealth": true
  }
}

// Secondary record (us-west-2 ALB) — promoted on primary failure
{
  "Name": "api.example.com",
  "Type": "A",
  "SetIdentifier": "secondary",
  "Failover": "SECONDARY",
  "AliasTarget": {
     
     
     
  

Health check for automatic failover:

aws route53 create-health-check --caller-reference $(date +%s) --health-check-config '{
  "Type": "HTTPS",
  "FullyQualifiedDomainName": "api.example.com",
  "Port": 443,
  "ResourcePath": "/health",
  "RequestInterval": 30,
  "FailureThreshold": 3
}'

DNSSEC

DNSSEC prevents cache poisoning by cryptographically signing DNS responses. Use when your registrar and DNS provider both support it.

# AWS Route 53 — enable DNSSEC signing
aws route53 enable-hosted-zone-dnssec --hosted-zone-id Z0123456789EXAMPLE

# Get DS record to add at registrar
aws route53 get-dnssec --hosted-zone-id Z0123456789EXAMPLE

# Verify DNSSEC chain
dig +dnssec example.com A @8.8.8.8
delv @8.8.8.8 example.com A +rtrace  # full chain validation

DNSSEC rollout order:

1. Enable signing at DNS provider
2. Add DS record at registrar (links parent zone to child)
3. Wait 48h for propagation
4. Verify with delv — look for ; fully validated

Debugging Playbook

# 1. Find authoritative NS for the domain
dig +short NS example.com
whois example.com | grep -i "name server"

# 2. Query auth NS directly (no caching)
dig example.com A @ns1.example.com +norecurse

# 3. Trace delegation from root
dig +trace example.com A

# 4. Check for NXDOMAIN vs SERVFAIL
dig example.com A +noall +answer +authority +comments | grep -E "status:|ANSWER"

# 5. Find negative cache TTL (how long NXDOMAIN is cached)
dig example.com SOA | grep -A3 "AUTHORITY"  # Minimum field = negative TTL

# 6. Check split-horizon (internal vs external view)
dig example.com A @10.0.0.2          # internal resolver
dig example.com A @8.8.8.8           # external resolver

Common issues:

• SERVFAIL: NS unreachable, DNSSEC validation failure, zone transfer issue
• NXDOMAIN: record doesn't exist OR parent NS isn't delegating to child NS
• Stale record: TTL not lowered before change → wait for TTL to expire
• Bailiwick violation: CNAME target is out-of-zone → resolver refuses it

Cutover Runbook Template

## DNS Cutover: [service] to [new infrastructure]
Date: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM UTC
Owner: @engineer
Approver: @lead

### Pre-cutover (T-24h)
- [ ] Lower TTL on affected records to 300s
- [ ] Verify new infrastructure is healthy
- [ ] Test new endpoint directly (bypass DNS)
- [ ] Alert on-call team of planned change

### Cutover (T-0)
- [ ] Update A/CNAME/Alias records in DNS console
- [ ] Note start time: ____
- [ ] Monitor error rate at T+2min, T+5min, T+10min

### Verification
- [ ] `dig +short example.com A @8.8.8.8` returns new IP
- [ ] `curl -I https://example.com` returns HTTP 200
- [ ] Synthetic monitors passing

### Rollback procedure (if needed)
- Revert DNS record to previous value
- ETA to full rollback propagation: ~5 min (TTL=300s)

### Post-cutover (T+1h)
- [ ] Raise TTL back to 3600s
- [ ] Update documentation

Related Skills

• senior-devops — infrastructure operations and incident response
• kubernetes-architect — K8s ingress and external-dns operator
• cloudflare-expert — Cloudflare DNS, Workers, and Zero Trust