// Cryptographic controls implementation: TLS 1.3, AES-256-GCM, bcrypt, RSA-4096, key management per NIST FIPS 140-2 and ISO 27001 A.8.24
Identity and access management: RBAC, least privilege, MFA, quarterly reviews per ISO 27001 A.5.15, A.8.2, A.8.3
Business continuity and disaster recovery: 30-day retention, quarterly restore tests, RTO/RPO targets per ISO 27001 A.17
Political psychology, cognitive biases, group dynamics, leadership analysis, decision-making patterns for Swedish political intelligence
Risk-based data and asset classification framework: PUBLIC, INTERNAL, CONFIDENTIAL, RESTRICTED aligned with ISO 27001 A.5.12 and CIA triad
Unified compliance verification across ISO 27001, NIST CSF, CIS Controls, NIS2, EU CRA, GDPR, SOC 2, PCI DSS, and HIPAA for cybersecurity consulting
Security incident detection, analysis, containment, eradication, recovery, and lessons learned per NIST SP 800-61r2 and ISO 27035
This skill establishes cryptographic standards and implementation patterns for the CIA platform, ensuring proper encryption of data at rest, in transit, and in processing. It demonstrates professional cryptographic practices aligned with NIST FIPS 140-2, ISO 27001 A.8.24, and Hack23 ISMS Cryptography Policy.
Apply this skill when:
Do NOT use for:
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flowchart TD
START["🔒 Cryptography Need"] --> TYPE{"📊 Data State?"}
TYPE -->|At Rest| REST["💾 Data at Rest<br/>Storage Encryption"]
TYPE -->|In Transit| TRANSIT["🌐 Data in Transit<br/>TLS/HTTPS"]
TYPE -->|In Use| USE["🔐 Data in Use<br/>Application Encryption"]
REST --> CLASS{"🏷️ Data Classification?"}
TRANSIT --> PROTOCOL{"📡 Protocol?"}
USE --> ALGO{"🔑 Algorithm Type?"}
CLASS -->|Extreme/High| AES256["🔐 AES-256-GCM<br/>Customer Managed Keys"]
CLASS -->|Standard/Low| AES128["🔐 AES-256<br/>Service Managed Keys"]
PROTOCOL -->|Web/API| HTTPS["🌐 HTTPS/TLS 1.3<br/>Strong Ciphers"]
PROTOCOL -->|Database| DBSSL["🗄️ Database SSL/TLS<br/>PostgreSQL SSL"]
PROTOCOL -->|Email| SMTPTLS["📧 SMTP + TLS<br/>S/MIME Optional"]
ALGO -->|Symmetric| SYM["🔐 AES-256-GCM<br/>Authenticated Encryption"]
ALGO -->|Asymmetric| ASYM["🔑 RSA-4096 or Ed25519<br/>Public Key Crypto"]
ALGO -->|Hashing| HASH[#️⃣ SHA-256 or bcrypt<br/>Secure Hashing]
AES256 --> KMS["🔑 AWS KMS<br/>Key Management"]
AES128 --> KMS
SYM --> KMS
ASYM --> KEYSTORE["🏦 Key Storage<br/>HSM or Secrets Manager"]
HASH --> IMPL["✅ Implementation"]
HTTPS --> TLS["✅ TLS Configuration"]
DBSSL --> TLS
SMTPTLS --> TLS
KMS --> ROTATION["🔄 Key Rotation<br/>Annual Minimum"]
KEYSTORE --> ROTATION
TLS --> CERT["📜 Certificate Management<br/>90-day Renewal"]
ROTATION --> AUDIT["📊 Audit Logging<br/>All Key Operations"]
CERT --> AUDIT
IMPL --> AUDIT
style START fill:#1565C0,color:#fff
style AES256 fill:#7B1FA2,color:#fff
style HTTPS fill:#4CAF50,color:#fff
style KMS fill:#FF9800,color:#fff
style AUDIT fill:#4CAF50,color:#fff
✅ APPROVED: AES (Advanced Encryption Standard)
Algorithm: AES
Key_Sizes:
- 256-bit (Preferred)
- 192-bit (Acceptable)
- 128-bit (Legacy support only)
Modes:
Recommended:
- GCM (Galois/Counter Mode): Authenticated encryption
- CCM (Counter with CBC-MAC): Authenticated encryption
Acceptable_with_Caution:
- CBC (Cipher Block Chaining): Requires HMAC for authentication
- CTR (Counter Mode): Requires HMAC for authentication
PROHIBITED:
- ECB (Electronic Codebook): Insecure, deterministic
- OFB, CFB: Use GCM or CCM instead
Use_Cases:
- Database encryption (RDS, PostgreSQL)
- File encryption (S3, EBS volumes)
- Application-level encryption
- Session data encryption
Java Implementation:
import javax.crypto.Cipher;
import javax.crypto.KeyGenerator;
import javax.crypto.SecretKey;
import javax.crypto.spec.GCMParameterSpec;
import javax.crypto.spec.SecretKeySpec;
import java.security.SecureRandom;
/**
* AES-256-GCM encryption implementation
* Compliant with NIST SP 800-38D
*/
public class SecureEncryption {
private static final String ALGORITHM = "AES";
private static final String TRANSFORMATION = "AES/GCM/NoPadding";
private static final int KEY_SIZE = 256;
private static final int GCM_IV_LENGTH = 12; // 96 bits
private static final int GCM_TAG_LENGTH = 128; // 128 bits
/**
* Generate a new AES-256 encryption key
*/
public static SecretKey generateKey() throws Exception {
KeyGenerator keyGenerator = KeyGenerator.getInstance(ALGORITHM);
keyGenerator.init(KEY_SIZE, new SecureRandom());
return keyGenerator.generateKey();
}
/**
* Encrypt data using AES-256-GCM
*
* @param plaintext Data to encrypt
* @param key AES-256 secret key
* @return Encrypted data (IV + ciphertext + tag)
*/
public static byte[] encrypt(byte[] plaintext, SecretKey key) throws Exception {
// Generate random IV
byte[] iv = new byte[GCM_IV_LENGTH];
new SecureRandom().nextBytes(iv);
// Initialize cipher
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(TRANSFORMATION);
GCMParameterSpec spec = new GCMParameterSpec(GCM_TAG_LENGTH, iv);
cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, key, spec);
// Encrypt
byte[] ciphertext = cipher.doFinal(plaintext);
// Combine IV + ciphertext for storage
byte[] encrypted = new byte[iv.length + ciphertext.length];
System.arraycopy(iv, 0, encrypted, 0, iv.length);
System.arraycopy(ciphertext, 0, encrypted, iv.length, ciphertext.length);
return encrypted;
}
/**
* Decrypt data using AES-256-GCM
*
* @param encrypted Encrypted data (IV + ciphertext + tag)
* @param key AES-256 secret key
* @return Decrypted plaintext
*/
public static byte[] decrypt(byte[] encrypted, SecretKey key) throws Exception {
// Extract IV
byte[] iv = new byte[GCM_IV_LENGTH];
System.arraycopy(encrypted, 0, iv, 0, iv.length);
// Extract ciphertext
byte[] ciphertext = new byte[encrypted.length - GCM_IV_LENGTH];
System.arraycopy(encrypted, GCM_IV_LENGTH, ciphertext, 0, ciphertext.length);
// Initialize cipher
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(TRANSFORMATION);
GCMParameterSpec spec = new GCMParameterSpec(GCM_TAG_LENGTH, iv);
cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, key, spec);
// Decrypt and verify authentication tag
return cipher.doFinal(ciphertext);
}
}
❌ PROHIBITED: DES, 3DES, RC4
Deprecated_Algorithms:
DES:
Reason: 56-bit key length insufficient
Replacement: AES-256
Deadline: Immediate removal required
3DES:
Reason: Block size vulnerability (Sweet32)
Replacement: AES-256
Deadline: Migrate by end of 2025
RC4:
Reason: Multiple cryptographic weaknesses
Replacement: AES-GCM or ChaCha20-Poly1305
Deadline: Immediate removal required
✅ APPROVED: RSA
Algorithm: RSA
Key_Sizes:
- 4096-bit (Preferred for long-term keys)
- 3072-bit (Acceptable)
- 2048-bit (Minimum, legacy support only)
Padding_Schemes:
Encryption:
- OAEP (Optimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding) with SHA-256
Signature:
- PSS (Probabilistic Signature Scheme) with SHA-256
PROHIBITED_Padding:
- PKCS#1 v1.5: Vulnerable to padding oracle attacks
Use_Cases:
- SSH keys (prefer Ed25519)
- TLS certificates (prefer ECDSA)
- Data encryption for small payloads
- Digital signatures
Java Implementation:
import java.security.*;
import javax.crypto.Cipher;
import java.security.spec.RSAKeyGenParameterSpec;
/**
* RSA-4096 encryption and signature implementation
* Compliant with NIST SP 800-56B
*/
public class RSASecureEncryption {
private static final int KEY_SIZE = 4096;
private static final String ALGORITHM = "RSA";
private static final String TRANSFORMATION = "RSA/ECB/OAEPWithSHA-256AndMGF1Padding";
private static final String SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM = "SHA256withRSA/PSS";
/**
* Generate RSA-4096 key pair
*/
public static KeyPair generateKeyPair() throws Exception {
KeyPairGenerator keyGen = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance(ALGORITHM);
keyGen.initialize(KEY_SIZE, new SecureRandom());
return keyGen.generateKeyPair();
}
/**
* Encrypt data using RSA-OAEP
* Note: RSA should only encrypt small data (e.g., symmetric keys)
* For large data, use hybrid encryption (RSA + AES)
*/
public static byte[] encrypt(byte[] plaintext, PublicKey publicKey) throws Exception {
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(TRANSFORMATION);
cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, publicKey);
return cipher.doFinal(plaintext);
}
/**
* Decrypt data using RSA-OAEP
*/
public static byte[] decrypt(byte[] ciphertext, PrivateKey privateKey) throws Exception {
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(TRANSFORMATION);
cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, privateKey);
return cipher.doFinal(ciphertext);
}
/**
* Sign data using RSA-PSS
*/
public static byte[] sign(byte[] data, PrivateKey privateKey) throws Exception {
Signature signature = Signature.getInstance(SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM);
signature.initSign(privateKey);
signature.update(data);
return signature.sign();
}
/**
* Verify signature using RSA-PSS
*/
public static boolean verify(byte[] data, byte[] signatureBytes, PublicKey publicKey)
throws Exception {
Signature signature = Signature.getInstance(SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM);
signature.initVerify(publicKey);
signature.update(data);
return signature.verify(signatureBytes);
}
}
✅ APPROVED: Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC)
Algorithm: ECDSA / ECDH
Curves:
Preferred:
- Ed25519 (EdDSA signatures)
- X25519 (ECDH key exchange)
- P-384 (NIST curve for FIPS compliance)
Acceptable:
- P-256 (secp256r1, prime256v1)
PROHIBITED:
- P-192: Insufficient security margin
- Custom curves: Avoid unless peer-reviewed
Use_Cases:
- SSH keys (Ed25519 preferred)
- TLS certificates (ECDSA preferred over RSA)
- JWT signatures
- Cryptocurrency/blockchain applications
SSH Key Generation Example:
# Generate Ed25519 SSH key (RECOMMENDED)
ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -C "user@cia.hack23.com" -f ~/.ssh/id_ed25519
# Generate ECDSA SSH key (alternative)
ssh-keygen -t ecdsa -b 384 -C "user@cia.hack23.com" -f ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa
# Generate RSA SSH key (legacy compatibility)
ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -C "user@cia.hack23.com" -f ~/.ssh/id_rsa
# Verify SSH key fingerprint
ssh-keygen -lf ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub
✅ APPROVED: SHA-2 Family
Algorithms:
SHA-256:
Output: 256 bits
Use: General purpose, integrity verification
Status: Approved
SHA-384:
Output: 384 bits
Use: Higher security margin required
Status: Approved
SHA-512:
Output: 512 bits
Use: Long-term security, high-security applications
Status: Approved
Use_Cases:
- File integrity verification
- Digital signatures
- Certificate fingerprints
- HMAC authentication
- Git commit hashing
Java Implementation:
import java.security.MessageDigest;
import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
import javax.xml.bind.DatatypeConverter;
/**
* Secure hashing implementation
*/
public class SecureHashing {
/**
* Calculate SHA-256 hash
*/
public static byte[] sha256(byte[] data) throws NoSuchAlgorithmException {
MessageDigest digest = MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA-256");
return digest.digest(data);
}
/**
* Calculate SHA-256 hash as hex string
*/
public static String sha256Hex(byte[] data) throws NoSuchAlgorithmException {
byte[] hash = sha256(data);
return DatatypeConverter.printHexBinary(hash).toLowerCase();
}
/**
* Calculate SHA-512 hash
*/
public static byte[] sha512(byte[] data) throws NoSuchAlgorithmException {
MessageDigest digest = MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA-512");
return digest.digest(data);
}
}
❌ PROHIBITED: MD5, SHA-1
Deprecated_Algorithms:
MD5:
Reason: Collision attacks practical since 2004
Replacement: SHA-256
Deadline: Immediate removal required
Exception: Git commit hashes (backward compatibility)
SHA-1:
Reason: Collision attacks demonstrated (SHAttered)
Replacement: SHA-256
Deadline: Immediate removal required
Exception: Git commit hashes (Git working on SHA-256 migration)
✅ APPROVED: bcrypt, Argon2, PBKDF2
Algorithms:
bcrypt:
Cost_Factor: 12-15 (balance security and performance)
Use: Password storage, user authentication
Status: Preferred
Argon2id:
Memory: 64 MB
Iterations: 3
Parallelism: 4
Use: High-security password storage
Status: Preferred (if available)
PBKDF2-SHA256:
Iterations: 600,000+ (OWASP 2023 recommendation)
Salt: 128 bits minimum
Use: Password storage (fallback if bcrypt unavailable)
Status: Acceptable
Key_Principles:
- Always use unique random salt per password
- Store salt alongside hash
- Never use fast hashes (MD5, SHA-256) for passwords
- Cost factor should take ~100ms on production hardware
Java Implementation (bcrypt):
import org.springframework.security.crypto.bcrypt.BCryptPasswordEncoder;
/**
* Secure password hashing using bcrypt
* Spring Security provides robust implementation
*/
public class PasswordSecurity {
// Cost factor 12 = 2^12 iterations
private static final int COST_FACTOR = 12;
private static final BCryptPasswordEncoder encoder =
new BCryptPasswordEncoder(COST_FACTOR);
/**
* Hash password using bcrypt
*
* @param plainPassword Plain text password
* @return bcrypt hash (includes salt)
*/
public static String hashPassword(String plainPassword) {
return encoder.encode(plainPassword);
}
/**
* Verify password against bcrypt hash
*
* @param plainPassword Plain text password
* @param hashedPassword bcrypt hash
* @return true if password matches
*/
public static boolean verifyPassword(String plainPassword, String hashedPassword) {
return encoder.matches(plainPassword, hashedPassword);
}
}
Spring Security Configuration:
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.security.crypto.bcrypt.BCryptPasswordEncoder;
import org.springframework.security.crypto.password.PasswordEncoder;
@Configuration
public class SecurityConfig {
/**
* Configure bcrypt password encoder
* Cost factor 12 provides good balance
*/
@Bean
public PasswordEncoder passwordEncoder() {
return new BCryptPasswordEncoder(12);
}
}
RDS Encryption Configuration:
# AWS RDS PostgreSQL Encryption
RDS_Encryption:
Encryption_at_Rest:
- Enable: AWS KMS encryption for RDS instance
- Key: Customer Managed Key (CMK) for high-classification data
- Key: AWS Managed Key for standard data
- Automated_Backups: Encrypted with same key
- Read_Replicas: Must use same encryption key
Connection_Encryption:
- SSL/TLS: Required for all connections
- Protocol: TLS 1.2 minimum, TLS 1.3 preferred
- Certificate_Validation: Verify server certificate
Column_Level_Encryption:
- Use: pgcrypto extension for sensitive columns
- Algorithm: AES-256-GCM
- Key_Management: Application-managed keys in AWS Secrets Manager
PostgreSQL SSL Configuration:
# application.yml - Spring Boot PostgreSQL SSL
spring:
datasource:
url: jdbc:postgresql://cia-db.cluster-xxx.eu-north-1.rds.amazonaws.com:5432/cia_db?ssl=true&sslmode=verify-full&sslrootcert=/path/to/rds-ca-cert.pem
username: ${DB_USERNAME}
password: ${DB_PASSWORD}
hikari:
connection-timeout: 30000
maximum-pool-size: 10
jpa:
properties:
hibernate:
dialect: org.hibernate.dialect.PostgreSQL10Dialect
Column-Level Encryption (pgcrypto):
-- Enable pgcrypto extension
CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pgcrypto;
-- Create table with encrypted column
CREATE TABLE politician_sensitive (
id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
politician_id INTEGER NOT NULL,
ssn_encrypted BYTEA NOT NULL, -- Encrypted Swedish personal number
created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT NOW()
);
-- Insert with encryption (symmetric key stored securely)
INSERT INTO politician_sensitive (politician_id, ssn_encrypted)
VALUES (
123,
pgp_sym_encrypt('197001011234', 'encryption-key-from-secrets-manager')
);
-- Query with decryption
SELECT
politician_id,
pgp_sym_decrypt(ssn_encrypted, 'encryption-key-from-secrets-manager') AS ssn
FROM politician_sensitive
WHERE politician_id = 123;
S3 Encryption Configuration:
# S3 Bucket Encryption Options
S3_Encryption:
Server_Side_Encryption:
SSE-S3:
Description: AWS managed encryption keys
Use_Case: Standard classification data
Key_Management: Fully managed by AWS
SSE-KMS:
Description: AWS KMS managed keys
Use_Case: High/Extreme classification data
Key_Management: Customer managed CMK
Audit: CloudTrail logs all key usage
SSE-C:
Description: Customer provided keys
Use_Case: Special compliance requirements
Key_Management: Customer manages keys entirely
Caution: Key loss = permanent data loss
Client_Side_Encryption:
Use: Extra layer for extreme classification
Implementation: Encrypt before upload to S3
Key_Storage: AWS KMS or client-side HSM
S3 Bucket Policy (Enforce Encryption):
{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [
{
"Sid": "DenyUnencryptedObjectUploads",
"Effect": "Deny",
"Principal": "*",
"Action": "s3:PutObject",
"Resource": "arn:aws:s3:::cia-data-bucket/*",
"Condition": {
"StringNotEquals": {
"s3:x-amz-server-side-encryption": "aws:kms"
}
}
},
{
"Sid": "DenyInsecureTransport",
"Effect": "Deny",
"Principal": "*",
"Action": "s3:*",
"Resource": [
"arn:aws:s3:::cia-data-bucket",
"arn:aws:s3:::cia-data-bucket/*"
],
"Condition": {
"Bool": {
"aws:SecureTransport": "false"
}
}
}
]
}
Java S3 Client Configuration:
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.s3.S3Client;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.s3.model.*;
/**
* S3 encryption configuration
*/
public class S3EncryptionConfig {
/**
* Upload object with SSE-KMS encryption
*/
public static void uploadEncrypted(S3Client s3Client, String bucket,
String key, byte[] data, String kmsKeyId) {
PutObjectRequest request = PutObjectRequest.builder()
.bucket(bucket)
.key(key)
.serverSideEncryption(ServerSideEncryption.AWS_KMS)
.ssekmsKeyId(kmsKeyId) // Customer managed CMK
.build();
s3Client.putObject(request, RequestBody.fromBytes(data));
}
}
EBS Encryption Best Practices:
EBS_Encryption:
Default_Encryption:
- Enable: Account-level default encryption
- Key: Customer managed CMK for production
- Snapshots: Automatically encrypted with same key
Encryption_by_Type:
Production_Volumes:
Key: Customer managed CMK
Rotation: Annual automatic rotation
Access: Restricted to EC2 instance role
Development_Volumes:
Key: AWS managed key acceptable
Rotation: Automatic by AWS
Access: Developer IAM roles
Migration:
Unencrypted_to_Encrypted:
- Create snapshot of unencrypted volume
- Copy snapshot with encryption enabled
- Create new encrypted volume from snapshot
- Attach to instance and update /etc/fstab
Enable Default EBS Encryption:
# Enable default EBS encryption for account/region
aws ec2 enable-ebs-encryption-by-default --region eu-north-1
# Verify default encryption enabled
aws ec2 get-ebs-encryption-by-default --region eu-north-1
# Set default KMS key for EBS encryption
aws ec2 modify-ebs-default-kms-key-id \
--kms-key-id arn:aws:kms:eu-north-1:123456789012:key/abc-123-def \
--region eu-north-1
TLS Version and Cipher Suites:
TLS_Configuration:
Protocols:
Enabled:
- TLS 1.3 (Preferred)
- TLS 1.2 (Minimum)
Disabled:
- TLS 1.1 (Deprecated)
- TLS 1.0 (Deprecated)
- SSL 3.0 (Insecure)
- SSL 2.0 (Insecure)
Cipher_Suites_TLS_1_3:
- TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
- TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
- TLS_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256
Cipher_Suites_TLS_1_2:
Preferred:
- ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384
- ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
- ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384
- ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
Acceptable:
- AES256-GCM-SHA384
- AES128-GCM-SHA256
PROHIBITED:
- RC4 ciphers (all)
- DES/3DES ciphers
- Export ciphers
- NULL ciphers
- Anonymous ciphers (ADH, AECDH)
Features:
- Forward_Secrecy: Required (ECDHE/DHE)
- AEAD_Ciphers: Preferred (GCM, ChaCha20-Poly1305)
- Certificate_Validation: Required
- HSTS: Enabled (max-age=31536000)
- OCSP_Stapling: Enabled
NGINX TLS Configuration:
# /etc/nginx/conf.d/ssl.conf
# Strong TLS configuration for CIA platform
server {
listen 443 ssl http2;
server_name www.hack23.com;
# TLS certificates
ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/hack23.com/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/hack23.com/privkey.pem;
# TLS protocols
ssl_protocols TLSv1.3 TLSv1.2;
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
# TLS 1.3 cipher suites (automatic, cannot configure)
# TLS 1.2 cipher suites
ssl_ciphers 'ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256';
# Diffie-Hellman parameters for forward secrecy
ssl_dhparam /etc/nginx/dhparam.pem;
# SSL session cache
ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:10m;
ssl_session_timeout 10m;
ssl_session_tickets off;
# OCSP stapling
ssl_stapling on;
ssl_stapling_verify on;
ssl_trusted_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/hack23.com/chain.pem;
resolver 8.8.8.8 8.8.4.4 valid=300s;
resolver_timeout 5s;
# Security headers
add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains; preload" always;
add_header X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff" always;
add_header X-Frame-Options "DENY" always;
add_header X-XSS-Protection "1; mode=block" always;
# Application configuration
location / {
proxy_pass http://localhost:8080;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
}
}
# Redirect HTTP to HTTPS
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.hack23.com;
return 301 https://$server_name$request_uri;
}
Generate Strong DH Parameters:
# Generate 4096-bit Diffie-Hellman parameters (takes several minutes)
openssl dhparam -out /etc/nginx/dhparam.pem 4096
application.yml TLS Settings:
server:
port: 8443
ssl:
enabled: true
key-store: classpath:keystore.p12
key-store-password: ${KEYSTORE_PASSWORD}
key-store-type: PKCS12
key-alias: cia-app
# TLS protocol versions
enabled-protocols: TLSv1.3,TLSv1.2
# Cipher suites (TLS 1.2)
ciphers: >-
TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384,
TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256,
ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384,
ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
# Client authentication (optional)
client-auth: none
# Security headers via Spring Security
spring:
security:
headers:
hsts:
include-subdomains: true
max-age: 31536000
content-type:
enabled: true
frame:
deny: true
Java TLS Configuration:
import org.springframework.boot.web.embedded.tomcat.TomcatServletWebServerFactory;
import org.springframework.boot.web.server.WebServerFactoryCustomizer;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.apache.catalina.connector.Connector;
import org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11NioProtocol;
@Configuration
public class TLSConfiguration {
@Bean
public WebServerFactoryCustomizer<TomcatServletWebServerFactory> servletContainer() {
return factory -> factory.addConnectorCustomizers(connector -> {
Http11NioProtocol protocol = (Http11NioProtocol) connector.getProtocolHandler();
// TLS protocols
protocol.setSSLEnabled(true);
protocol.setScheme("https");
protocol.setSecure(true);
// TLS 1.3 and 1.2 only
protocol.setSslEnabledProtocols("TLSv1.3,TLSv1.2");
// Strong cipher suites
protocol.setCiphers(
"TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384," +
"TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256," +
"ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384," +
"ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256"
);
// Prefer server cipher order
protocol.setUseServerCipherSuitesOrder(true);
});
}
}
KMS Key Architecture:
KMS_Key_Strategy:
Production_Data:
Type: Customer Managed CMK
Rotation: Automatic annual rotation enabled
Alias: alias/cia-production-data
Policy: Least privilege (specific IAM roles only)
Multi_Region: Consider for DR requirements
Development_Data:
Type: AWS Managed Key
Rotation: Automatic (managed by AWS)
Alias: aws/s3 (service default)
Policy: Broader access for development team
Backup_Encryption:
Type: Customer Managed CMK
Rotation: Annual
Alias: alias/cia-backups
Policy: Backup service + restore roles only
Create Customer Managed CMK:
# Create customer managed KMS key
aws kms create-key \
--description "CIA Production Data Encryption Key" \
--key-usage ENCRYPT_DECRYPT \
--origin AWS_KMS \
--multi-region false \
--tags TagKey=Environment,TagValue=Production \
TagKey=Application,TagValue=CIA
# Create alias for key
aws kms create-alias \
--alias-name alias/cia-production-data \
--target-key-id <key-id-from-create>
# Enable automatic key rotation
aws kms enable-key-rotation \
--key-id <key-id>
# Verify rotation status
aws kms get-key-rotation-status \
--key-id <key-id>
KMS Key Policy:
{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [
{
"Sid": "Enable IAM User Permissions",
"Effect": "Allow",
"Principal": {
"AWS": "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:root"
},
"Action": "kms:*",
"Resource": "*"
},
{
"Sid": "Allow CIA Application to Use Key",
"Effect": "Allow",
"Principal": {
"AWS": "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/cia-application-role"
},
"Action": [
"kms:Decrypt",
"kms:DescribeKey",
"kms:GenerateDataKey"
],
"Resource": "*"
},
{
"Sid": "Allow CloudWatch Logs to Use Key",
"Effect": "Allow",
"Principal": {
"Service": "logs.eu-north-1.amazonaws.com"
},
"Action": [
"kms:Encrypt",
"kms:Decrypt",
"kms:ReEncrypt*",
"kms:GenerateDataKey*",
"kms:CreateGrant",
"kms:DescribeKey"
],
"Resource": "*",
"Condition": {
"ArnLike": {
"kms:EncryptionContext:aws:logs:arn": "arn:aws:logs:eu-north-1:123456789012:log-group:*"
}
}
}
]
}
Key Rotation Schedule:
Key_Rotation_Policy:
Symmetric_Keys:
KMS_CMK:
Frequency: Annual (automatic)
Method: AWS KMS automatic rotation
Backward_Compatibility: Old keys retained for decryption
Application_Keys:
Frequency: Quarterly
Method: Manual rotation with version tracking
Transition: Dual-key period (30 days)
Asymmetric_Keys:
TLS_Certificates:
Frequency: 90 days (Let's Encrypt)
Method: Automated renewal (Certbot)
Alert: 7 days before expiry
SSH_Keys:
Frequency: Annual
Method: Manual rotation per user
Validation: Remove old keys from authorized_keys
API_Keys:
Frequency: Quarterly or on compromise
Method: Generate new, deprecate old
Transition: 30-day overlap period
Automated KMS Key Rotation Verification:
#!/bin/bash
# check-kms-rotation.sh
# Verify KMS key rotation is enabled
REGION="eu-north-1"
KEYS=$(aws kms list-keys --region $REGION --query 'Keys[].KeyId' --output text)
echo "Checking KMS Key Rotation Status..."
echo "======================================"
for KEY_ID in $KEYS; do
# Get key metadata
ALIAS=$(aws kms list-aliases --key-id $KEY_ID --region $REGION \
--query 'Aliases[0].AliasName' --output text 2>/dev/null)
# Check rotation status
ROTATION=$(aws kms get-key-rotation-status --key-id $KEY_ID \
--region $REGION --query 'KeyRotationEnabled' \
--output text 2>/dev/null)
if [ "$ROTATION" = "True" ]; then
echo "✅ $KEY_ID ($ALIAS): Rotation ENABLED"
elif [ "$ROTATION" = "False" ]; then
echo "⚠️ $KEY_ID ($ALIAS): Rotation DISABLED"
else
echo "ℹ️ $KEY_ID ($ALIAS): Not eligible for rotation (asymmetric key)"
fi
done
Store Secrets Securely:
# Store database password in Secrets Manager
aws secretsmanager create-secret \
--name cia/production/db-password \
--description "PostgreSQL database password for CIA production" \
--secret-string "$(openssl rand -base64 32)" \
--kms-key-id alias/cia-production-data \
--tags Key=Environment,Value=Production \
Key=Application,Value=CIA
# Retrieve secret value
aws secretsmanager get-secret-value \
--secret-id cia/production/db-password \
--query 'SecretString' \
--output text
# Rotate secret automatically
aws secretsmanager rotate-secret \
--secret-id cia/production/db-password \
--rotation-lambda-arn arn:aws:lambda:eu-north-1:123456789012:function:SecretsManagerRDSPostgreSQLRotationSingleUser \
--rotation-rules AutomaticallyAfterDays=30
Java Secrets Manager Integration:
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.secretsmanager.SecretsManagerClient;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.secretsmanager.model.GetSecretValueRequest;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.secretsmanager.model.GetSecretValueResponse;
/**
* Retrieve secrets from AWS Secrets Manager
*/
public class SecretsService {
private final SecretsManagerClient client;
public SecretsService(SecretsManagerClient client) {
this.client = client;
}
/**
* Get secret value from Secrets Manager
*/
public String getSecret(String secretName) {
GetSecretValueRequest request = GetSecretValueRequest.builder()
.secretId(secretName)
.build();
GetSecretValueResponse response = client.getSecretValue(request);
return response.secretString();
}
}
Spring Boot Secrets Manager Configuration:
# application.yml - Use Secrets Manager for sensitive config
spring:
datasource:
url: jdbc:postgresql://cia-db.cluster-xxx.eu-north-1.rds.amazonaws.com:5432/cia_db
username: ${sm://cia/production/db-username}
password: ${sm://cia/production/db-password}
cloud:
aws:
secretsmanager:
enabled: true
region: eu-north-1
Certbot Installation and Configuration:
# Install Certbot with NGINX plugin
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install certbot python3-certbot-nginx
# Obtain certificate for domain
sudo certbot --nginx -d www.hack23.com -d hack23.com \
--email security@hack23.com \
--agree-tos \
--no-eff-email \
--redirect
# Verify automatic renewal is configured
sudo systemctl status certbot.timer
# Test renewal process
sudo certbot renew --dry-run
# Set up renewal notification
# Add to crontab: 0 12 * * * /usr/bin/certbot renew --quiet --deploy-hook "systemctl reload nginx"
Certificate Renewal Monitoring:
#!/bin/bash
# check-cert-expiry.sh
# Monitor TLS certificate expiration
DOMAIN="www.hack23.com"
ALERT_DAYS=7
# Get certificate expiration date
EXPIRY=$(echo | openssl s_client -servername $DOMAIN -connect $DOMAIN:443 2>/dev/null | \
openssl x509 -noout -enddate | cut -d= -f2)
# Convert to epoch seconds
EXPIRY_EPOCH=$(date -d "$EXPIRY" +%s)
NOW_EPOCH=$(date +%s)
DAYS_LEFT=$(( ($EXPIRY_EPOCH - $NOW_EPOCH) / 86400 ))
echo "Certificate for $DOMAIN expires in $DAYS_LEFT days"
if [ $DAYS_LEFT -lt $ALERT_DAYS ]; then
echo "⚠️ WARNING: Certificate expires soon!"
# Send alert (email, Slack, etc.)
exit 1
else
echo "✅ Certificate is valid"
exit 0
fi
Request ACM Certificate:
# Request public certificate
aws acm request-certificate \
--domain-name hack23.com \
--subject-alternative-names www.hack23.com \
--validation-method DNS \
--region eu-north-1
# Describe certificate to get validation CNAME records
aws acm describe-certificate \
--certificate-arn arn:aws:acm:eu-north-1:123456789012:certificate/abc123
# After DNS validation, check status
aws acm list-certificates \
--certificate-statuses ISSUED \
--region eu-north-1
The CIA platform uses Spring Security with bcrypt for password hashing:
// User entity with bcrypt password
@Entity
@Table(name = "application_user")
public class ApplicationUser {
@Column(name = "password_hash", nullable = false)
private String passwordHash; // bcrypt hash stored here
// Other fields...
}
// Authentication service
@Service
public class AuthenticationService {
private final PasswordEncoder passwordEncoder;
public ApplicationUser registerUser(String username, String plainPassword) {
ApplicationUser user = new ApplicationUser();
user.setUsername(username);
user.setPasswordHash(passwordEncoder.encode(plainPassword)); // bcrypt
return userRepository.save(user);
}
}
CIA platform enforces SSL for all database connections:
# Production database connection with SSL
spring.datasource.url=jdbc:postgresql://cia-db.cluster-xxx.eu-north-1.rds.amazonaws.com:5432/cia_db?ssl=true&sslmode=require
Document Maintenance: