// Constantine serialization and hex debugging conventions. Use when serializing cryptographic types, parsing bytes, debugging values with toHex, or working with BLS12-381, Banderwagon, or ECDSA codecs.
Debugging techniques and tools for Constantine cryptographic code. Use debugEcho, toHex, debug: template, and stack trace flags when debugging Nim crypto implementations.
Profile and identify performance bottlenecks in Constantine cryptographic code using metering and benchmarking tools. Use when optimizing cryptographic algorithms, analyzing hotspots, or comparing implementations against reference benchmarks.
Nim seq, arrays, openarray, slicing, and views best practices for zero-allocation cryptographic code. Use when working with buffers, slicing data, or managing memory in Constantine to avoid heap allocations and side-channels.
| name | serialization-hex-debugging |
| description | Constantine serialization and hex debugging conventions. Use when serializing cryptographic types, parsing bytes, debugging values with toHex, or working with BLS12-381, Banderwagon, or ECDSA codecs. |
| license | MIT |
| metadata | {"audience":"developers","language":"nim"} |
Cover serialization patterns and debugging practices in Constantine library.
Serialization functions return status codes, never exceptions:
type
CttCodecScalarStatus* = enum
cttCodecScalar_Success
cttCodecScalar_Zero
cttCodecScalar_ScalarLargerThanCurveOrder
CttCodecEccStatus* = enum
cttCodecEcc_Success
cttCodecEcc_InvalidEncoding
cttCodecEcc_CoordinateGreaterThanOrEqualModulus
cttCodecEcc_PointNotOnCurve
cttCodecEcc_PointNotInSubgroup
cttCodecEcc_PointAtInfinity
unmarshal(dst: var BigInt, src: openArray[byte], endianness) - returns booldeserialize_* - for cryptographic types, returns status codefromBytes, fromHex - alternative namesfromUint*(dst: var FF, src: SomeUnsignedInt) - parse small unsigned integers into field elementsmarshal(dst: var openArray[byte], src, endianness) - returns boolserialize_* - for cryptographic typestoBytes, toHex - alternative namesFrom constantine/serialization/codecs_bls12_381.nim:
# Scalar (Fr) - 32 bytes
func serialize_scalar*(dst: var array[32, byte], scalar: Fr[BLS12_381].getBigInt()): CttCodecScalarStatus
func deserialize_scalar*(dst: var Fr[BLS12_381].getBigInt(), src: array[32, byte]): CttCodecScalarStatus
# G1 Point (compressed) - 48 bytes
func serialize_g1_compressed*(dst: var array[48, byte], g1P: EC_ShortW_Aff[Fp[BLS12_381], G1]): CttCodecEccStatus
func deserialize_g1_compressed*(dst: var EC_ShortW_Aff[Fp[BLS12_381], G1], src: array[48, byte]): CttCodecEccStatus
func deserialize_g1_compressed_unchecked*(dst: var EC_ShortW_Aff[Fp[BLS12_381], G1], src: array[48, byte]): CttCodecEccStatus
# G2 Point (compressed) - 96 bytes
func serialize_g2_compressed*(dst: var array[96, byte], g2P: EC_ShortW_Aff[Fp2[BLS12_381], G2]): CttCodecEccStatus
func deserialize_g2_compressed*(dst: var EC_ShortW_Aff[Fp2[BLS12_381], G2], src: array[96, byte]): CttCodecEccStatus
func deserialize_g2_compressed_unchecked*(dst: var EC_ShortW_Aff[Fp2[BLS12_381], G2], src: array[96, byte]): CttCodecEccStatus
# Validation (expensive, can be cached)
func validate_scalar*(scalar: Fr[BLS12_381].getBigInt()): CttCodecScalarStatus
func validate_g1*(g1P: EC_ShortW_Aff[Fp[BLS12_381], G1]): CttCodecEccStatus
func validate_g2*(g2P: EC_ShortW_Aff[Fp2[BLS12_381], G2]): CttCodecEccStatus
From constantine/serialization/codecs_banderwagon.nim:
# Scalar - 32 bytes (big-endian)
func serialize_scalar*(dst: var array[32, byte], scalar: Fr[Banderwagon].getBigInt(), order: static Endianness = bigEndian): CttCodecScalarStatus
func serialize_fr*(dst: var array[32, byte], scalar: Fr[Banderwagon], order: static Endianness = bigEndian): CttCodecScalarStatus
func deserialize_scalar*(dst: var Fr[Banderwagon].getBigInt(), src: array[32, byte], order: static Endianness = bigEndian): CttCodecScalarStatus
func deserialize_fr*(dst: var Fr[Banderwagon], src: array[32, byte], order: static Endianness = bigEndian): CttCodecScalarStatus
# Point (compressed) - 32 bytes
func serialize*(dst: var array[32, byte], P: EC_TwEdw_Aff[Fp[Banderwagon]]): CttCodecEccStatus
func serializeUncompressed*(dst: var array[64, byte], P: EC_TwEdw_Aff[Fp[Banderwagon]]): CttCodecEccStatus
func deserialize_unchecked_vartime*(dst: var EC_TwEdw_Aff[Fp[Banderwagon]], src: array[32, byte]): CttCodecEccStatus
func deserialize_vartime*(dst: var EC_TwEdw_Aff[Fp[Banderwagon]], src: array[32, byte]): CttCodecEccStatus
func deserializeUncompressed*(dst: var EC_TwEdw_Aff[Fp[Banderwagon]], src: array[64, byte]): CttCodecEccStatus
func deserializeUncompressed_unchecked*(dst: var EC_TwEdw_Aff[Fp[Banderwagon]], src: array[64, byte]): CttCodecEccStatus
# Batch serialization
func serializeBatch_vartime*(dst: ptr UncheckedArray[array[32, byte]], points: ptr UncheckedArray[EC_TwEdw_Prj[Fp[Banderwagon]]], N: int): CttCodecEccStatus
func serializeBatchUncompressed_vartime*(dst: ptr UncheckedArray[array[64, byte]], points: ptr UncheckedArray[EC_TwEdw_Prj[Fp[Banderwagon]]], N: int): CttCodecEccStatus
From constantine/serialization/codecs_ecdsa.nim:
# ASN.1 DER signature (generic over curve)
type DerSignature*[N: static int] = object
data*: array[N, byte]
len*: int
proc toDER*[Name: static Algebra; N: static int](derSig: var DerSignature[N], r, s: Fr[Name])
proc fromDER*(r, s: var array[32, byte], derSig: DerSignature)
proc fromRawDER*(r, s: var array[32, byte], sig: openArray[byte]): bool
From constantine/serialization/codecs.nim:
# Hex conversion
func toHex*(bytes: openarray[byte]): string
func fromHex*(dst: var openArray[byte], hex: openArray[char])
func paddedFromHex*(output: var openArray[byte], hexStr: openArray[char], order: static[Endianness])
# Base64
func base64_decode*(dst: var openArray[byte], src: openArray[char]): int
From constantine/serialization/io_limbs.nim:
# Low-level limbs serialization
func unmarshal*(dst: var openArray[T], src: openarray[byte], wordBitWidth: static int, srcEndianness: static Endianness): bool
func marshal*(dst: var openArray[byte], src: openArray[T], wordBitWidth: static int, dstEndianness: static Endianness): bool
When you need to set a field element or BigInt to a small constant value (0, 1, 2, etc.), use fromUint or setUint:
# For field elements (Fp, Fr)
from constantine/math/io/io_fields import fromUint
var x: Fr[BLS12_381]
x.fromUint(1) # Set to 1
x.fromUint(42) # Set to 42
# For BigInts
from constantine/math/arithmetic/bigints import setUint
var big: BigInt[256]
big.setUint(1) # Set to 1 (in-place)
big.setUint(42) # Set to 42
# Also available as fromUint for BigInt
let big2 = BigInt[256].fromUint(123)
KZG_ENDIANNESS = 'big') for field/scalar elements
marshal(dst, src, bigEndian)From constantine/serialization/endians.nim:
# Low-level byte conversion (compile-time safe)
template toByte*(x: SomeUnsignedInt): byte
# Convert unsigned int to bytes
func toBytes*(num: SomeUnsignedInt, endianness: static Endianness): array[sizeof(num), byte]
# Read unsigned int from bytes (multiple overloads)
func fromBytes*(T: type SomeUnsignedInt, bytes: array[sizeof(T), byte], endianness: static Endianness): T
func fromBytes*(T: type SomeUnsignedInt, bytes: openArray[byte], offset: int, endianness: static Endianness): T
func fromBytes*(T: type SomeUnsignedInt, bytes: ptr UncheckedArray[byte], offset: int, endianness: static Endianness): T
# Write integer into raw binary blob
# - blobFrom: The whole array is interpreted as little-endian or big-endian (blobEndianness)
# - dumpRawInt: The array is little-endian by convention, but words inside are endian-aware (wordEndianness)
func blobFrom*(dst: var openArray[byte], src: SomeUnsignedInt, startIdx: int, endian: static Endianness)
func dumpRawInt*(dst: var openArray[byte], src: SomeUnsignedInt, cursor: int, endian: static Endianness)
Key difference:
blobFrom(blobEndianness): The entire byte array is interpreted as either little-endian or big-endian.dumpRawInt(wordEndianness): The array is little-endian by convention, but the individual words are written with the specified endianness.func bytes_to_bls_field*(dst: var Fr[BLS12_381], src: array[32, byte]): CttCodecScalarStatus =
var scalar {.noInit.}: Fr[BLS12_381].getBigInt()
let status = scalar.deserialize_scalar(src)
if status notin {cttCodecScalar_Success, cttCodecScalar_Zero}:
return status
dst.fromBig(scalar)
return cttCodecScalar_Success
For debugging, use the IO modules:
constantine/math/io/io_fields.nim - Fp/Fr serializationconstantine/math/io/io_ec.nim - Elliptic curve pointsconstantine/math/io/io_bigints.nim - BigInt serializationconstantine/math/io/io_extfields.nim - Extension fields (Fp2, Fp4, etc.)# Hex output (for debugging only, not constant-time)
func toHex*(f: FF): string
func toHex*(P: EC_ShortW_Aff): string
# Marshal to byte array
func marshal*(dst: var openArray[byte], src: FF, endianness): bool
# From hex string
func fromHex*(dst: var FF, hexString: string)
| Type | Import |
|---|---|
| Field elements (Fp, Fr) | constantine/math/io/io_fields |
| Elliptic curve points | constantine/math/io/io_ec |
| BigInts | constantine/math/io/io_bigints |
| Extension fields (Fp2, Fp4...) | constantine/math/io/io_extfields |
Use debugEcho instead of echo to avoid side-effect warnings in func procedures:
# Bad - echo has side effects
echo "Value: ", value
# Good - debugEcho is allowed in debug code
debugEcho "Value: ", value.toHex()
For complex debugging that can't use debugEcho, wrap in {.cast(noSideEffect).}:
{.cast(noSideEffect).}:
block:
# Complex debug code here
# Can use echo, print, etc.
echo "Debug info: ", someVar
Serialization in hot paths must avoid heap allocation:
seq[byte] or stringopenArraytranscript.update(data) instead of building a seq