// Teaches interaction-based lazy loading for non-critical resources. Use when you have heavy components or libraries that are only needed after user interaction like clicks, hovers, or form input.
Teaches the command pattern for decoupling task execution from invocation. Use when you need undo/redo functionality, queued operations, or want to decouple the object that invokes an operation from the one that performs it.
Teaches the proxy pattern for intercepting object operations. Use when you need validation, logging, formatting, or access control on property access, assignment, or function invocation.
Teaches the Higher-Order Component (HOC) pattern for logic reuse. Use when you need to share cross-cutting concerns like authentication, logging, or data fetching across multiple components.
Teaches server-side rendering (SSR) for React applications. Use when you need faster initial page loads, better SEO, or dynamic per-request HTML generation.
Teaches Vue state management with stores, Pinia, and the Composition API. Use when you need to share and synchronize state across multiple components beyond what props and events can handle.
Teaches JavaScript compression techniques including Gzip and Brotli. Use when optimizing network transfer times or configuring server-side compression for production builds.
| name | import-on-interaction |
| description | Teaches interaction-based lazy loading for non-critical resources. Use when you have heavy components or libraries that are only needed after user interaction like clicks, hovers, or form input. |
| context | fork |
| allowed-tools | Read, Grep, Glob |
| paths | ["**/*.js","**/*.ts"] |
| license | MIT |
| metadata | {"author":"patterns.dev","version":"1.1"} |
| related_skills | ["module-pattern","singleton-pattern"] |
Your page may contain code or data for a component or resource that isn't immediately necessary. For example, part of the user-interface a user doesn't see unless they click or scroll on parts of the page. This can apply to many kinds of first-party code you author, but this also applies to third-party widgets such as video players or chat widgets where you typically need to click a button to display the main interface.
import() to load modules on user interaction (click, hover, etc.)React.lazy with Suspense for component-level import-on-interaction in ReactLoading these resources eagerly (i.e right away) can block the main thread if they are costly, pushing out how soon a user can interact with more critical parts of a page. This can impact interaction readiness metrics like First Input Delay, Total Blocking Time and Time to Interactive. Instead of loading these resources immediately, you can load them at a more opportune moment, such as:
The different ways to load resources are, at a high-level:
Lazily importing feature code on interaction is a pattern used in many contexts. One place you may have used it before is Google Docs, where they save loading 500KB of script for the share feature by deferring its load until user-interaction.
Another place where import-on-interaction can be a good fit is loading third-party widgets.
You might be importing a third-party script and have less control over what it renders or when it loads code. One option for implementing load-on-interaction is straight-forward: use a facade. A facade is a simple "preview" or "placeholder" for a more costly component where you simulate the basic experience, such as with an image or screenshot. It's terminology we've been using for this idea on the Lighthouse team.
When a user clicks on the "preview" (the facade), the code for the resource is loaded. This limits users needing to pay the experience cost for a feature if they're not going to use it. Similarly, facades can preconnect to necessary resources on hover.
A good example of a "facade" is the YouTube Lite Embed by Paul Irish. This provides a Custom Element which takes a YouTube Video ID and presents a minimal thumbnail and play button. Clicking the element dynamically loads the full YouTube embed code, meaning users who never click play don't pay the cost of fetching and processing it.
A similar technique is used in production on a few Google sites. On Android.com, rather than eagerly loading the YouTube video player embed, a thumbnail with a fake player button is shown to users. When they click it, a modal loads which auto-plays the video using the full-fat YouTube video player embed.
Apps may need to support authentication with a service via a client-side JavaScript SDK. These can occasionally be large with heavy JS execution costs and one might rather not eagerly load them up front if a user isn't going to login. Instead, dynamically import authentication libraries when a user clicks on a "Login" button, keeping the main thread more free during initial load.
Calibre app improved performance of their Intercom-based live chat by 30% through usage of a similar facade approach. They implemented a "fake" fast loading live chat button using just CSS and HTML, which when clicked would load their Intercom bundles.
Postmark noted that their Help chat widget was always eagerly loaded, even though it was only occasionally used by customers. The widget would pull in 314KB of script, more than their whole home page. To improve user-experience, they replaced the widget with a fake replica using HTML and CSS, loading the real-thing on click. This change reduced Time to Interactive from 7.7s to 3.7s.
Ne-digital used a React library for animated scrolling back to the top of a page when a user clicks on a "scroll to top" button. Rather than eagerly loading the react-scroll dependency for this, they load it on interaction with the button, saving ~7KB:
handleScrollToTop() {
import('react-scroll').then(scroll => {
scroll.animateScroll.scrollToTop({
})
})
}
In JavaScript, dynamic import() enables lazy-loading modules and returns a promise and can be quite powerful when applied correctly. Below is an example where dynamic import is used in a button event listener to import the lodash.sortby module and then use it.
const btn = document.querySelector("button");
btn.addEventListener("click", (e) => {
e.preventDefault();
import("lodash.sortby")
.then((module) => module.default)
.then(sortInput()) // use the imported dependency
.catch((err) => {
console.log(err);
});
});
Prior to dynamic import or for use-cases it doesn't fit as well, dynamically injecting scripts into the page using a Promise-based script loader was also an option:
const loginBtn = document.querySelector("#login");
loginBtn.addEventListener("click", () => {
const loader = new scriptLoader();
loader
.load(["//apis.google.com/js/client:platform.js?onload=showLoginScreen"])
.then(({ length }) => {
console.log(`${length} scripts loaded!`);
});
});
Let's imagine we have a Chat application which has a <MessageList>, <MessageInput> and an <EmojiPicker> component (powered by emoji-mart, which is 98KB minified and gzipped). It can be common to eagerly load all of these components on initial page-load.
import MessageList from './MessageList';
import MessageInput from './MessageInput';
import EmojiPicker from './EmojiPicker';
const Channel = () => {
...
return (
<div>
<MessageList />
<MessageInput />
{emojiPickerOpen && <EmojiPicker />}
</div>
);
};
Breaking the loading of this work up is relatively straight-forward with code-splitting. The React.lazy method makes it easy to code-split a React application on a component level using dynamic imports. The React.lazy function provides a built-in way to separate components in an application into separate chunks of JavaScript with very little legwork. You can then take care of loading states when you couple it with the Suspense component.
import React, { lazy, Suspense } from 'react';
import MessageList from './MessageList';
import MessageInput from './MessageInput';
const EmojiPicker = lazy(
() => import('./EmojiPicker')
);
const Channel = () => {
...
return (
<div>
<MessageList />
<MessageInput />
{emojiPickerOpen && (
<Suspense fallback={<div>Loading...</div>}>
<EmojiPicker />
</Suspense>
)}
</div>
);
};
We can extend this idea to only import code for the Emoji Picker component when the Emoji icon is clicked in a <MessageInput>, rather than eagerly when the application initially loads:
import React, { useState, createElement } from "react";
import MessageList from "./MessageList";
import MessageInput from "./MessageInput";
import ErrorBoundary from "./ErrorBoundary";
const Channel = () => {
const [emojiPickerEl, setEmojiPickerEl] = useState(null);
const openEmojiPicker = () => {
import(/* webpackChunkName: "emoji-picker" */ "./EmojiPicker")
.then((module) => module.default)
.then((emojiPicker) => {
setEmojiPickerEl(createElement(emojiPicker));
});
};
const closeEmojiPickerHandler = () => {
setEmojiPickerEl(null);
};
return (
<ErrorBoundary>
<div>
<MessageList />
<MessageInput onClick={openEmojiPicker} />
{emojiPickerEl}
</div>
</ErrorBoundary>
);
};
In Vue.js, a similar import-on-interaction pattern can be accomplished in a few different ways. One way is to dynamically import the Emojipicker Vue component using dynamic import wrapped in a function i.e () => import("./Emojipicker"). Typically doing this will have Vue.js lazy-load the component when it needs to be rendered.
We can then gate lazy-loading behind a user-interaction. Using a conditional v-if on the picker's parent div which is toggled by clicking a button, we can then both conditionally fetch and render the Emojipicker component when the user clicks.
<template>
<div>
<button @click="show = true">Load Emoji Picker</button>
<div v-if="show">
<emojipicker></emojipicker>
</div>
</div>
</template>
<script>
export default {
data: () => ({ show: false }),
components: {
Emojipicker: () => import("./Emojipicker"),
},
};
</script>
The import-on-interaction pattern should be possible with most frameworks and libraries that support dynamic component loading, including Angular.
Loading code on interaction also happens to be a key part of how Google handles progressive loading in large applications like Flights and Photos. To illustrate this, let's take a look at an example previously presented by Shubhie Panicker.
Imagine a user is planning a trip to Mumbai, India and they visit Google Hotels to look at prices. All of the resources needed for this interaction could be loaded eagerly upfront, but if a user hasn't selected any destination, the HTML/CSS/JS required for the map would be unnecessary.
In the simplest download scenario, imagine Google Hotels is using naive client-side rendering (CSR). All the code would be downloaded and processed upfront: HTML, followed by JS, CSS and then fetching the data, only to render once we have everything. However, this leaves the user waiting a long time with nothing displayed on-screen. A big chunk of the JavaScript and CSS may be unnecessary.
Next, imagine this experience moved to server-side rendering (SSR). We would allow the user to get a visually complete page sooner, which is great, however it wouldn't be interactive until the data is fetched from the server and the client framework completes hydration.
SSR can be an improvement, but the user may have an uncanny valley experience where the page looks ready, but they are unable to tap on anything. Sometimes this is referred to as rage clicks as users tend to click over and over again repeatedly in frustration.
Returning to the Google Hotels search example, if we zoom in to the UI a little we can see that when a user clicks on "more filters" to find exactly the right hotel, the code required for that component is downloaded.
There are a number of important aspects to interaction-driven late-loading:
In the framework stack used by these Google teams, we can track clicks early because the first chunk of HTML includes a small event library (JSAction) which tracks all clicks before the framework is bootstrapped. The events are used for two things:
Other potential heuristics one could use include, loading component code:
The initial data which is used to render the page is included in the initial page's SSR HTML and streamed. Data that is late loaded is downloaded based on user interactions as we know what component it goes with.
This completes the import-on-interaction picture with data-fetching working similar to how CSS and JS function. As the component is aware of what code and data it needs, all of its resources are never more than a request away.
This functions as we create a graph of components and their dependencies during build time. The web application is able to refer to this graph at any point and quickly fetch the resources (code and data) needed for any component. It also means we code-split based on the component rather than the route.
For a walkthrough of the above example, see Elevating the Web Platform with the JavaScript Community.
Shifting costly work closer to user-interaction can optimize how quickly pages initially load, however the technique is not without trade-offs.
What happens if it takes a long time to load a script after the user clicks?
In the Google Hotels example, small granular chunks minimize the chance a user is going to wait long for code and data to fetch and execute. In some of the other cases, a large dependency may indeed introduce this concern on slower networks.
One way to reduce the chance of this happening is to better break-up the loading of, or prefetch these resources after critical content in the page is done loading. I'd encourage measuring the impact of this to determine how much it's a real application in your apps.
What about lack of functionality before user interaction?
Another trade-off with facades is a lack of functionality prior to user interaction. An embedded video player for example will not be able to autoplay media. If such functionality is key, you might consider alternative approaches to loading the resources, such as lazy-loading these third-party iframes on the user scrolling them into view rather than deferring load until interaction.
We have discussed the import-on-interaction pattern and progressive loading, but what about going entirely static for the embeds use-case?
The final rendered content from an embed may be needed immediately in some cases e.g a social media post that is visible in the initial viewport. This can also introduce its own challenges when the embed brings in 2-3MB of JavaScript. Because the embed content is needed right away, lazy-loading and facades may be less applicable.
If optimizing for performance, it's possible to entirely replace an embed with a static variant that looks similar, linking out to a more interactive version (e.g the original social media post). At build time, the data for the embed can be pulled in and transformed into a static HTML version.
While static replacements can be good for performance, they do often require doing something custom so keep this in mind when evaluating your options.
First-party JavaScript often impacts the interaction readiness of modern pages on the web, but it can often get delayed on the network behind non-critical JS from either first or third-party sources that keep the main thread busy.
In general, avoid synchronous third-party scripts in the document head and aim to load non-blocking third-party scripts after first-party JS has finished loading. Patterns like import-on-interaction give us a way to defer the loading of non-critical resources to a point when a user is much more likely to need the UI they power.