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Manage academic citations across multiple formats (BibTeX, APA 7th, MLA 9th, Chicago, Vancouver, IEEE) with automated retrieval from DOIs, conversion between formats, deduplication, and validation. This skill handles the complete citation lifecycle from initial capture through final manuscript formatting.
Overview
Citation management is a persistent friction point in academic writing. Researchers collect references from multiple sources (databases, PDFs, colleagues, web pages), store them in different formats, and must output them in the specific style required by each target journal. Errors in citations -- misspelled author names, incorrect years, broken DOIs, inconsistent formatting -- are among the most common reasons for desk rejection and reviewer criticism.
This skill provides a comprehensive citation management workflow that goes beyond what GUI reference managers offer. It can retrieve complete metadata from a DOI in seconds, convert between any citation format, detect and merge duplicate entries, validate entries against CrossRef and OpenAlex databases, and generate properly formatted bibliographies for any major citation style.
The approach is text-based and scriptable, making it ideal for integration with LaTeX workflows, Markdown writing pipelines, and automated document generation. All citation data is stored in standard BibTeX format as the canonical source, with on-demand conversion to other formats for specific manuscript requirements.
Citation Retrieval
From DOI
import requests
defget_bibtex_from_doi(doi):
"""Retrieve BibTeX entry from a DOI via CrossRef."""
url = f"https://doi.org/{doi}"
headers = {"Accept": "application/x-bibtex"}
response = requests.get(url, headers=headers, allow_redirects=True)
if response.status_code == 200:
return response.text
returnNone# Example
bibtex = get_bibtex_from_doi("10.1038/s41586-021-03819-2")
print(bibtex)
# @article{Jumper_2021,# title={Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold},# author={Jumper, John and Evans, Richard and ...},# journal={Nature},# volume={596},# pages={583--589},# year={2021},# publisher={Springer}# }
From OpenAlex
defget_citation_from_openalex(work_id):
"""Retrieve citation data from OpenAlex API."""
url = f"https://api.openalex.org/works/{work_id}"
headers = {"User-Agent": "ResearchPlugins/1.0 (https://wentor.ai)"}
response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
if response.status_code == 200:
data = response.json()
return format_as_bibtex(data)
returnNonedefformat_as_bibtex(oa_data):
"""Convert OpenAlex data to BibTeX."""
authorships = oa_data.get("authorships", [])
author_str = " and ".join(a["author"]["display_name"] for a in authorships)
first_author = authorships[0]["author"]["display_name"].split()[-1] if authorships else"Unknown"
year = str(oa_data.get("publication_year", ""))
key = f"{first_author}_{year}"
venue = oa_data.get("primary_location", {}) or {}
journal = (venue.get("source") or {}).get("display_name", "")
returnf"""@article{{{key},
title={{{oa_data.get('title', '')}}},
author={{{author_str}}},
year={{{year}}},
journal={{{journal}}},
doi={{{oa_data.get('doi', '')}}}
}}"""
From arXiv ID
defget_bibtex_from_arxiv(arxiv_id):
"""Retrieve BibTeX from arXiv."""import feedparser
url = f"http://export.arxiv.org/api/query?id_list={arxiv_id}"
feed = feedparser.parse(url)
if feed.entries:
entry = feed.entries[0]
authors = " and ".join(a["name"] for a in entry.authors)
first_author = entry.authors[0]["name"].split()[-1]
year = entry.published[:4]
returnf"""@article{{{first_author}_{year},
title={{{entry.title.replace(chr(10), ' ')}}},
author={{{authors}}},
year={{{year}}},
journal={{arXiv preprint arXiv:{arxiv_id}}},
url={{https://arxiv.org/abs/{arxiv_id}}}
}}"""returnNone
Format Conversion
BibTeX to APA 7th
defbibtex_to_apa7(entry):
"""Convert a parsed BibTeX entry to APA 7th edition format."""
authors = format_apa_authors(entry["author"])
year = entry.get("year", "n.d.")
title = entry["title"]
journal = entry.get("journal", "")
volume = entry.get("volume", "")
issue = entry.get("number", "")
pages = entry.get("pages", "")
doi = entry.get("doi", "")
# Article format
citation = f"{authors} ({year}). {title}. "if journal:
citation += f"*{journal}*"if volume:
citation += f", *{volume}*"if issue:
citation += f"({issue})"if pages:
citation += f", {pages}"
citation += "."if doi:
citation += f" https://doi.org/{doi}"return citation
defformat_apa_authors(author_string):
"""Format author names in APA style: Last, F. M."""
authors = [a.strip() for a in author_string.split(" and ")]
formatted = []
for author in authors:
parts = author.split(", ") if", "in author else author.rsplit(" ", 1)[::-1]
iflen(parts) >= 2:
last = parts[0]
firsts = parts[1].split()
initials = " ".join(f"{f[0]}."for f in firsts)
formatted.append(f"{last}, {initials}")
else:
formatted.append(parts[0])
iflen(formatted) == 1:
return formatted[0]
eliflen(formatted) == 2:
returnf"{formatted[0]}, & {formatted[1]}"eliflen(formatted) <= 20:
return", ".join(formatted[:-1]) + f", & {formatted[-1]}"else:
return", ".join(formatted[:19]) + f", ... {formatted[-1]}"
Format Examples
The same reference in different styles:
BibTeX:
@article{Jumper_2021,
title={Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold},
author={Jumper, John and Evans, Richard and Pritzel, Alexander},
journal={Nature},
volume={596},
pages={583--589},
year={2021},
doi={10.1038/s41586-021-03819-2}
}
APA 7th:
Jumper, J., Evans, R., & Pritzel, A. (2021). Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold. Nature, 596, 583-589. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03819-2
MLA 9th:
Jumper, John, Richard Evans, and Alexander Pritzel. "Highly Accurate Protein Structure Prediction with AlphaFold." Nature, vol. 596, 2021, pp. 583-89.
Chicago (Author-Date):
Jumper, John, Richard Evans, and Alexander Pritzel. 2021. "Highly Accurate Protein Structure Prediction with AlphaFold." Nature 596: 583-89.
Vancouver:
Jumper J, Evans R, Pritzel A. Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold. Nature. 2021;596:583-9.
IEEE:
J. Jumper, R. Evans, and A. Pritzel, "Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold," Nature, vol. 596, pp. 583-589, 2021.
Deduplication
Detecting Duplicate Entries
from difflib import SequenceMatcher
deffind_duplicates(bib_entries, threshold=0.85):
"""Find duplicate BibTeX entries by title similarity."""
duplicates = []
titles = [(key, normalize_title(entry["title"]))
for key, entry in bib_entries.items()]
for i inrange(len(titles)):
for j inrange(i + 1, len(titles)):
similarity = SequenceMatcher(
None, titles[i][1], titles[j][1]
).ratio()
if similarity >= threshold:
duplicates.append({
"entry_a": titles[i][0],
"entry_b": titles[j][0],
"similarity": similarity
})
return duplicates
defnormalize_title(title):
"""Normalize title for comparison."""import re
title = title.lower()
title = re.sub(r'[{}\\]', '', title) # Remove LaTeX formatting
title = re.sub(r'[^a-z0-9\s]', '', title) # Remove punctuation
title = ' '.join(title.split()) # Normalize whitespacereturn title
defmerge_duplicates(entry_a, entry_b):
"""Merge two duplicate entries, preferring the more complete one."""
merged = {}
all_fields = set(list(entry_a.keys()) + list(entry_b.keys()))
for field in all_fields:
val_a = entry_a.get(field, "")
val_b = entry_b.get(field, "")
# Prefer the longer (more complete) value
merged[field] = val_a iflen(str(val_a)) >= len(str(val_b)) else val_b
return merged
Validation
CrossRef Validation
defvalidate_citation(doi):
"""Validate a citation against CrossRef metadata."""
url = f"https://api.crossref.org/works/{doi}"
response = requests.get(url)
if response.status_code != 200:
return {"valid": False, "error": "DOI not found in CrossRef"}
data = response.json()["message"]
return {
"valid": True,
"title": data.get("title", [None])[0],
"authors": [f"{a.get('family', '')}, {a.get('given', '')}"for a in data.get("author", [])],
"year": data.get("published-print", {}).get("date-parts", [[None]])[0][0],
"journal": data.get("container-title", [None])[0],
"type": data.get("type", "unknown")
}
Common Citation Errors
Error
Detection
Fix
Missing DOI
Check doi field is empty
Query CrossRef by title
Wrong year
Compare against CrossRef
Use CrossRef year
Author name variants
Fuzzy match against ORCID
Standardize to ORCID name
Duplicate entries
Title similarity > 85%
Merge into single entry
Broken URL
HTTP HEAD request returns 4xx/5xx
Update or remove URL
Incomplete entry
Missing required fields for style
Retrieve from DOI
Integration with Writing Tools
LaTeX
% In document preamble
\usepackage[backend=biber,style=apa]{biblatex}
\addbibresource{references.bib}
% In text
\textcite{Jumper_2021} showed that...
As demonstrated by previous work \parencite{Jumper_2021}...
% At end of document
\printbibliography
Pandoc Markdown
Previous work [@Jumper_2021] showed that...
## References
