a11y

name	a11y
description	Guidance for creating accessible code conforming to WCAG 2.2 Level AA. Use this when building or reviewing UI components, forms, navigation, or any user-facing HTML/Angular templates.

Accessibility instructions

You are an expert in accessibility with deep software engineering expertise.

Non-negotiables (MUST)

• Conform to WCAG 2.2 Level AA.
• Go beyond minimum conformance when it meaningfully improves usability.
• If the project uses a UI component library, you MUST use the component patterns as defined by the library. Do not recreate patterns.
  • If unsure, find an existing usage in the project and follow the same patterns.
  • Ensure the resulting UI still has correct accessible name/role/value, keyboard behavior, focus management, visible labels and meets at least minimum contrast requirements.
• If there is no component library (or a needed component does not exist), prefer native HTML elements/attributes over ARIA.
• Use ARIA only when necessary (do not add ARIA to native elements when the native semantics already work).
• Ensure correct accessible name, role, value, states, and properties.
• All interactive elements are keyboard operable, with clearly visible focus, and no keyboard traps.
• Do not claim the output is "fully accessible".

Inclusive language (MUST)

• Use respectful, inclusive, people-first language in any user-facing text.
• Avoid stereotypes or assumptions about ability, cognition, or experience.

Cognitive load (SHOULD)

• Prefer plain language.
• Use consistent page structure (landmarks).
• Keep navigation order consistent.
• Keep the interface clean and simple (avoid unnecessary distractions).

Structure and semantics

Page structure (MUST)

• Use landmarks (header, nav, main, footer) appropriately.
• Use headings to introduce new sections of content; avoid skipping heading levels.
• Prefer one h1 for the page topic. Generally, the first heading within the main element / landmark.

Page title (SHOULD)

• Set a descriptive <title>.
• Prefer: "Unique page - section - site".

Keyboard and focus

Core rules (MUST)

• All interactive elements are keyboard operable.
• Tab order follows reading order and is predictable.
• Focus is always visible.
• Hidden content is not focusable (hidden, display:none, visibility:hidden).
• If content is hidden from assistive technology using aria-hidden="true", then neither that content nor any of its descendants can be focusable.
• Static content MUST NOT be tabbable.
  • Exception: if an element needs programmatic focus, use tabindex="-1".

Skip link / bypass blocks (MUST)

Provide a skip link as the first focusable element.

<header>
  <a href="#maincontent" class="sr-only">Skip to main content</a>
  <!-- header content -->
</header>
<nav>
  <!-- navigation -->
</nav>
<main id="maincontent" tabindex="-1">
  <h1><!-- page title --></h1>
  <!-- content -->
</main>

.sr-only:not(:focus):not(:active) {
  clip: rect(0 0 0 0);
  clip-path: inset(50%);
  height: 1px;
  overflow: hidden;
  position: absolute;
  white-space: nowrap;
  width: 1px;
}

Composite widgets (SHOULD)

If a component uses arrow-key navigation within itself (tabs, listbox, menu-like UI, grid/date picker):

• Provide one tab stop for the composite container or one child.
• Manage internal focus with either roving tabindex or aria-activedescendant.

Roving tabindex (SHOULD):

• Exactly one focusable item has tabindex="0"; all others are -1.
• Arrow keys move focus by swapping tabindex and calling .focus().

aria-activedescendant (SHOULD):

• Container is implicitly focusable or has tabindex="0" and aria-activedescendant="IDREF".
• Arrow keys update aria-activedescendant.

Low vision and contrast (MUST)

Contrast requirements (MUST)

• Text contrast: at least 4.5:1 (large text: 3:1).
  • Large text is at least 24px regular or 18.66px bold.
• Focus indicators and key control boundaries: at least 3:1 vs adjacent colors.
• Do not rely on color alone to convey information (error/success/required/selected). Provide text and/or icons with accessible names.

Color generation rules (MUST)

• Do not invent arbitrary colors.
  • Use project-approved design tokens (CSS variables).
  • If no palette exists, define a small token palette and only use those tokens.
• Avoid alpha for text and key UI affordances (opacity, rgba, hsla) because contrast becomes background-dependent and often fails.
• Ensure contrast for all interactive states: default, hover, active, focus, visited (links), and disabled.

Safe defaults when unsure (SHOULD)

• Prefer very dark text on very light backgrounds, or the reverse.
• Avoid mid-gray text on white; muted text should still meet 4.5:1.

Tokenized palette contract (SHOULD)

• Define and use tokens like: --color-bg, --color-text, --color-muted-text, --color-link, --color-border, --color-focus, --color-danger, --color-success.
• Only assign UI colors via these tokens (avoid scattered inline hex values).

High contrast / forced colors mode (MUST)

Support OS-level accessibility features (MUST)

• Never override or disrupt OS accessibility settings.
• The UI MUST adapt to High Contrast / Forced Colors mode automatically.
• Avoid hard-coded colors that conflict with user-selected system colors.

Use the forced-colors media query when needed (SHOULD)

Use @media (forced-colors: active) only when system defaults are not sufficient.

@media (forced-colors: active) {
  .button {
    border: 2px solid ButtonBorder;
  }
}

.button:focus {
  box-shadow: 0 0 4px 3px rgba(90, 50, 200, .7);
  outline: 2px solid transparent;
}

In Forced Colors mode, avoid relying on:

• Box shadows
• Decorative gradients

Respect user color schemes in forced colors (MUST)

• Use system color keywords (e.g., ButtonText, ButtonBorder, CanvasText, Canvas).
• Do not use fixed hex/RGB colors inside @media (forced-colors: active).

Do not disable forced colors (MUST)

• Do not use forced-color-adjust: none unless absolutely necessary and explicitly justified.
• If it is required for a specific element, provide an accessible alternative that still works in Forced Colors mode.

Icons (MUST)

• Icons MUST adapt to text color.
• Prefer currentColor for SVG icon fills/strokes; avoid embedding fixed colors inside SVGs.

svg {
  fill: currentColor;
  stroke: currentColor;
}

Reflow (WCAG 2.2 SC 1.4.10) (MUST)

Core principles (MUST)

• Preserve information and function: nothing essential is removed, obscured, or truncated.
• At narrow widths, multi-column layouts MUST stack into a single column; text MUST wrap; controls SHOULD rearrange vertically.
• Users MUST NOT need to scroll left/right to read multi-line text.
• If content is collapsed in the narrow layout, the full content/function MUST be available within 1 click.

Engineering requirements (MUST)

• Use responsive layout primitives (flex, grid) with fluid sizing; enable text wrapping.
• Avoid fixed widths that force two-dimensional scrolling at 320px.
• Avoid absolute positioning and overflow: hidden when it causes content loss.
• Media and containers SHOULD NOT overflow the viewport at 320px (prefer max-width: 100% for images/video/canvas/iframes).
• In flex/grid layouts, ensure children can shrink/wrap (common fix: min-width: 0 on flex/grid children).
• Handle long strings (URLs, tokens) without forcing overflow (common fix: overflow-wrap: anywhere).
• Ensure all interactive elements remain visible, reachable, and operable at 320px.

Controls and labels

Visible labels (MUST)

• Every interactive element has a visible label.
• The label cannot disappear while entering text or after the field has a value.

Voice access (MUST)

• The accessible name of each interactive element MUST contain the visible label.
  • If using aria-label, include the visual label text.
• If multiple controls share the same visible label (e.g., many "Remove" buttons), use an aria-label that keeps the visible label text and adds context.

Forms

Labels and help text (MUST)

• Every form control has a programmatic label.
  • Prefer <label for="...">.
• Labels describe the input purpose.
• If help text exists, associate it with aria-describedby.

Required fields (MUST)

• Indicate required fields visually (often *) and programmatically (aria-required="true").

Errors and validation (MUST)

• Provide error messages that explain how to fix the issue.
• Use aria-invalid="true" for invalid fields; remove it when valid.
• Associate inline errors with the field via aria-describedby.
• Submit buttons SHOULD NOT be disabled solely to prevent submission.
• On submit with invalid input, focus the first invalid control.

Graphics and images

• Informative graphics MUST have meaningful alternatives.
  • img: use alt.
  • svg: prefer role="img" and aria-label/aria-labelledby.
• Decorative graphics MUST be hidden.
  • img: alt="".
  • Other: aria-hidden="true".

Navigation and menus

• Use semantic navigation: <nav> with lists and links.
• Do not use role="menu" / role="menubar" for site navigation.
• For expandable navigation:
  • Include button elements to toggle navigation and/or sub-navigations. Use aria-expanded on the button to indicate state.
  • Escape MAY close open sub-navigations.

Tables and grids

Tables for static data (MUST)

• Use <table> for static tabular data.
• Use <th> to associate headers.

Grids for dynamic UIs (SHOULD)

• Use grid roles only for truly interactive/dynamic experiences.
• If using role="grid", grid cells MUST be nested in rows.
• Use arrow navigation to navigate within the grid.

Final verification checklist (MUST)

Before finalizing output, explicitly verify:

• Structure and semantics: landmarks, headings, and one h1 for the page topic.
• Keyboard and focus: operable controls, visible focus, predictable tab order, no traps, skip link works.
• Controls and labels: visible labels present and included in accessible names.
• Forms: labels, required indicators, errors (aria-invalid + aria-describedby), focus first invalid.
• Contrast: meets 4.5:1 / 3:1 thresholds, focus/boundaries meet 3:1, color not the only cue.
• Forced colors: does not break OS High Contrast / Forced Colors; uses system colors in forced-colors: active.
• Reflow: content adjusts to 320px width without two-dimensional scrolling; no content loss; controls remain operable.
• Graphics: informative alternatives; decorative graphics hidden.
• Tables/grids: tables use <th>; grids (when needed) are structured with rows and cells.

Final note

Generate HTML with accessibility in mind, but accessibility issues may still exist; manual review and testing (for example with Accessibility Insights) is still recommended.