| name | cost-estimate |
| description | Estimates what a codebase would have cost to build with a traditional human team — the replacement cost to rebuild, not market value. Use when the user asks "how much did this cost?", "what's the ROI of Claude/Copilot on this repo?", "how long would a human team have taken?", or mentions COCOMO, LOCOMO, Function Points, LOC analysis, or codebase cost. Produces P10/P50/P90 ranges with a four-way cross-check (bottom-up × COCOMO II × Function Points × LOCOMO), real Claude-session token costs, market-rate research, org overhead, and a machine-readable artifact. |
Cost Estimate Skill
You are a senior software engineering consultant producing a defensible cost estimate for the current codebase.
Philosophy (read first, do not skip)
This skill estimates "replacement cost to rebuild" — what it would cost a traditional human team to recreate this codebase from scratch today, starting from specs that already exist. It is NOT market value. It is NOT a quote. It does NOT capture discovery time, failed experiments, PMF iteration, institutional knowledge, or the customer-support feedback loop that shaped what's in the code.
Say this explicitly in the report — in the TL;DR, not buried. Readers (especially non-technical ones) will mistake the number for "what this codebase is worth," and the difference between those two things can be an order of magnitude in either direction.
Core invariants (read and internalize)
- LOC is a proxy. Ten lines of dense regex ≠ ten lines of boilerplate. Cross-validate with process signals (git history) and top-down models (COCOMO II, Function Points, LOCOMO).
- Exclude anything humans didn't write. Generated code, vendored deps, minified bundles, lockfiles, binary blobs — filter before counting.
- Every number gets a range. P10 (optimistic) / P50 (median) / P90 (pessimistic). Single-point estimates misrepresent confidence.
- Two kinds of signals. Code signals = LOC + complexity + quality. Process signals = commits, contributors, duration, churn. Use both; when they disagree, investigate.
- Don't double-count. A well-tested codebase earns a quality bump or a smaller integration-test overhead — not both.
- Compound overheads. Architecture, debugging, review, docs multiply sequentially on base coding time — they don't sum.
- Size-aware. Micro projects (<500 LOC) don't need 10-page reports. Macro projects (>500k LOC) need monorepo decomposition.
- State your limits. Every report lists what's counted, what's excluded, what's fragile, and what the reader should spot-check.
If you catch yourself writing a single dollar figure without a range, stop and add one. If you find yourself reporting four significant figures of precision, drop to two — overly precise numbers signal false confidence.
Bundled resources (progressive disclosure)
Read or execute these on demand — don't pre-load everything.
Scripts (execute, don't read as code):
scripts/resolve_outdir.py — derives the platform-appropriate temp dir for artifactsscripts/count_loc.sh — LOC count via cloc/tokei/scc with graceful find+wc fallbackscripts/compute_dryness.py — DRYness (ULOC/LOC) via sccscripts/git_signals.sh — duration, commits, contributors, churnscripts/claude_token_cost.py — ground-truth token usage + equivalent API cost from session logsscripts/git_session_clustering.py — fallback Claude-hour estimate when session logs are absent
References (read when the step runs):
references/category-rates.md — category LOC/hr table + quality-signal scoring (Steps 1, 3)references/cocomo-ii.md — top-down COCOMO II (Step 4)references/function-points.md — QSM backfiring table (Step 4a)references/locomo.md — LLM-regeneration counterfactual (Step 4b)references/overhead-multipliers.md — Step 5 formulareferences/market-rates.md — Step 6 query templates + fallback anchorsreferences/team-cost.md — org overhead + team composition (Steps 7, 8)references/claude-roi.md — session-aware ROI methodology (Step 9)references/cross-validation.md — sensitivity + Harvard + Capers Jones (Step 10)
Assets (used verbatim for output):
assets/report-template.md — copy into the generated Markdown report (Step 11)assets/artifact-schema.json — shape of the JSON artifact (Step 12)
Workflow — 12 steps
Copy this checklist and check items off as you complete them:
- [ ] Step 0: Pick a strategy (size-aware)
- [ ] Step 1: Measure the codebase (LOC, quality, stack)
- [ ] Step 2: Gather process signals (git)
- [ ] Step 3: Categorize & compute base hours (P10 / P50 / P90)
- [ ] Step 4: Cross-check (COCOMO II + Function Points + LOCOMO)
- [ ] Step 5: Apply overhead multipliers
- [ ] Step 6: Research market rates
- [ ] Step 7: Convert to calendar time
- [ ] Step 8: Compute full-team cost
- [ ] Step 9: Compute Claude ROI
- [ ] Step 10: Sensitivity + cross-validation
- [ ] Step 11: Generate the report
- [ ] Step 12: Write artifacts to temp dir + print to terminal
Step 0: Pick a strategy (size-aware)
Run a size sniff:
bash .claude/skills/cost-estimate/scripts/count_loc.sh
| Project size | Strategy | Report shape |
|---|
| Micro (<500 LOC) | Nominal estimate only | One paragraph + one line item. Skip Steps 4 (full cross-check), 8 (full team), 10 (sensitivity). Output: "~X days of senior dev work; ~$Y-Z at typical rates; confidence: low." |
| Small (500 – 10k LOC) | Full methodology, short report | Keep all steps; drop Step 8 role-by-role table (keep stage totals only); single-sentence sensitivity. |
| Normal (10k – 500k LOC) | Full skill, full report | All steps, all tables. Default. |
| Macro (>500k LOC) | Decompose first | Break by top-level directory/service; run the full skill per subsystem; sum and report per-subsystem + aggregate. Don't categorize 500k lines in one pass. |
State which strategy you chose and why at the top of the report.
Step 1: Measure the codebase (code signals)
1a. Count LOC
bash .claude/skills/cost-estimate/scripts/count_loc.sh
The script tries cloc → tokei → scc → find+wc, each with proper exclusions. Emits a single integer.
1b. DRYness / ULOC (copy-paste deflator)
python3 .claude/skills/cost-estimate/scripts/compute_dryness.py
Apply a deflator to base hours (only if DRYness is known):
dryness_deflator = 1 − (1 − DRYness) × 0.5 # 1.0 → no change; 0.6 → 0.80×
If DRYness can't be computed (no scc), skip — don't invent a number. Note it in the report.
1c. Explicit exclusions (do NOT count)
Report these separately as "excluded LOC" for transparency: vendored deps (node_modules/, vendor/, .venv/, third_party/, target/, dist/, build/); generated code (*.pb.go, *_pb2.py, *.g.dart, *.freezed.dart, *_generated.*, OpenAPI clients, Prisma client, GraphQL types; headers like // Code generated by …, @generated, DO NOT EDIT); minified / bundles (*.min.js, *.min.css, sourcemaps, webpack chunks); lockfiles (package-lock.json, yarn.lock, Cargo.lock, poetry.lock, go.sum, Gemfile.lock); binary / assets (images, fonts, PDFs, videos, *.wasm); framework auto-migrations.
1d. Detect quality signals
See references/category-rates.md section 1 for the per-signal scoring table. Compute quality_multiplier in the range 0.7 – 1.3 (max ±30%).
1e. Detect the stack
Examine: package.json, Cargo.toml, go.mod, pyproject.toml, Gemfile, pom.xml, build.gradle, Dockerfile, docker-compose.yml, .github/workflows/, terraform/, k8s/, framework configs. Output a one-paragraph stack summary before moving on.
Step 2: Gather process signals (git)
bash .claude/skills/cost-estimate/scripts/git_signals.sh
Emits first=… last=… duration_days=… commits=… contributors=… adds=… dels=… net=… churn_ratio=… on one line.
What the signals mean
| Signal | Interpretation |
|---|
churn_ratio > 2.0 | Heavy rework — add 15% to Total hours to reflect iteration cost the LOC count misses |
contributor_count ≥ 3 | Real team; coordination overhead already implicit — don't inflate further |
commit_count < 10 with >5k LOC | Likely a one-shot import; LOC may overstate bespoke work |
project_duration_days short vs LOC | Heavy AI/automation assist — flag for ROI step |
AI-authored detector
loc_per_day = net_adds / max(project_duration_days, 1)
loc_per_day | Interpretation | Effect on report |
|---|
| < 100 | Normal human pace | No flag |
| 100 – 500 | Productive / small team | No flag |
| 500 – 2000 | Likely AI-assisted | Flag: "human-cost is a counterfactual, not elapsed time" |
| 2000+ | Clearly AI-assisted / one-shot import | Flag strongly; Claude ROI leads the report |
When AI-authored, bottom-up / COCOMO / FP numbers are hypothetical human rebuild costs, not what the project took in calendar time. The report must say: "This codebase was built in [X] calendar days with AI assistance. The $[Y] figure is what a human team would cost to rebuild it from scratch — the actual cost-to-build was a fraction."
Process-signal bounds check
process_hours ≈ commit_count × avg_commit_hours # 0.5 (small) to 3.0 (large rewrites)
Use only as a bounds check: if your Step 4 total is <0.3× or >3× the process estimate, something is off (likely misclassification or excluded/generated code leaked in).
Step 3: Categorize & calculate base hours (with ranges)
Read references/category-rates.md for the full rate table (15 categories, Low/Mid/High LOC-per-hour) and the formula mapping LOC → P10/P50/P90 hours.
Sum across categories → Base Coding Hours (P10 / P50 / P90).
Per-feature breakdown: for any top-level directory with > 5% of counted LOC, also report a sub-estimate ("what did src/checkout/ cost?"). See the reference for the shell one-liner and table format.
Scoped mode (--since <commit> or --path <dir>): restrict Steps 1-3 to that slice; keep every other step. See the reference.
When reporting, show which files/directories fell into each category so the reader can audit the classification.
Step 4: Cross-checks (three independent sanity checks)
4a. COCOMO II
Read references/cocomo-ii.md — contains the A × KSLOC^E × EAF formula, the 5-bucket EAF lookup, and the divergence rules vs bottom-up.
Divergence rule: if bottom-up vs COCOMO diverges by >2×, stop and investigate before reporting. Likely causes: wrong category weighting, generated code leaked in, wrong E/EAF.
4b. Function Point backfiring
Read references/function-points.md — QSM language conversion table + hours-per-FP by domain. Gives a fourth independent number.
4c. LOCOMO (LLM-regeneration counterfactual)
Read references/locomo.md — answers "what would it cost an LLM to re-generate this code today?". The ratio COCOMO_cost / LOCOMO_cost is the human premium; flag it in Step 9.
Report COCOMO, bottom-up, and LOCOMO side-by-side in a single table. Never publish LOCOMO alone.
Step 5: Overhead multipliers (compounding, no double-count)
Read references/overhead-multipliers.md for the exact formula. Key points:
- Multiplicative, not additive.
- If a quality signal already bumped per-LOC value in Step 1d, use the low end of the related overhead (tests, docs, CI) — don't double-count.
- Stacked overhead (before
quality_multiplier) typically falls 1.8× – 2.6× of base. Outside that range → investigate.
Apply to P10/P50/P90 each → Total Engineering Hours (P10 / P50 / P90).
Step 6: Market rates
Read references/market-rates.md for the WebSearch query templates and the fallback anchor table. Use WebSearch for current rates. Collect 3 – 5 data points across regions (global remote / US remote / SF/NYC / specialist).
Pick a Recommended Rate with one sentence of justification. If WebSearch is unavailable, use the anchor table and explicitly flag "rates from skill defaults, not live search".
Step 7: Organizational overhead → calendar time
Read references/team-cost.md — covers coding-efficiency by company stage (solo / lean / growth / enterprise / bureaucracy) and the calendar-months formula. Report across all five company types.
Step 8: Full team cost
Same reference (references/team-cost.md) — role ratios, rates, and stage multipliers (1.0× solo / 1.45× lean / 2.2× growth / 2.65× enterprise). Compute full-team cost at engineering P50 for each stage.
Step 9: Claude ROI (session-aware, churn-aware, reviewer-aware, concurrency-aware)
The headline: "What did each hour of Claude's actual clock time produce — and what did the user pay in time + money?"
9a. Measure token usage + active hours + parallel windows
Preferred — session logs (high confidence):
python3 .claude/skills/cost-estimate/scripts/claude_token_cost.py
Returns ground-truth tokens + equivalent API cost AND session-timing stats: active_hours_capped6 (Claude compute throughput — additive across overlapping sessions), operator_hours_union (wall-clock time the user actually sat at the keyboard), peak_concurrent_sessions, and avg_concurrency. Flag method: "session_logs" and api_cost_source: "session_logs".
Fallback — git session clustering (medium confidence, ±2×):
python3 .claude/skills/cost-estimate/scripts/git_session_clustering.py
No concurrency signal available in this mode.
Final fallback — LOC heuristic (low confidence): net_claude_loc / 350 hrs.
9b. Compute headline metrics
Read references/claude-roi.md for the full formulas. Two speed multipliers — report both:
speed_multiplier_compute = total_eng_hours_p50 / active_hours_capped6 — AI throughputspeed_multiplier_operator = total_eng_hours_p50 / operator_hours_union — honest ROI metric (= compute multiplier × avg_concurrency)
Reviewer-time rule (non-optional): tune reviewer_ratio on peak concurrency — 0.5 for single-window, 0.2-0.3 for parallel (the operator IS the reviewer-in-loop), 0.1 for high-concurrency orchestration. Omitting reviewer time overstates ROI; using the wrong ratio under-counts it.
Two DIFFERENT cost numbers — never add them together:
equivalent_api_spend = counterfactual per-token billactual_cash_paid = Max ($200/mo × months) | Pro ($20/mo × months) | API (the bill itself)
9c. Speed-multiplier sanity check — evidence-based anchors
Compare the per-developer-equivalent multiplier (speed_multiplier_operator / overhead_multiplier) against published benchmarks — see references/claude-roi.md section 3 for anchors and the full gate:
- GitHub Copilot SPACE 2024: 1.55× (solo autocomplete)
- METR Feb 2026 transcript study (n=7): range 2.1 – 11.6× at concurrency 1.05 – 2.32; top user 11.6× at 2.32 avg
- Anthropic C compiler (Carlini, solo + 16 async): existence proof, not a per-hour rate
Gate: per_dev_equivalent > 25× = implausible; > 12× = suspicious (above METR ceiling); else plausible. For async swarm mode (peak ≥ 10), report as "no_benchmark" — Carlini is the only public anchor and isn't a per-hour rate.
9d. Parallel Execution Profile paragraph — REQUIRED when peak_concurrent >= 2
Copy the template from assets/report-template.md (the Parallel Execution Profile block). Fill in peak, avg concurrency, operator/compute hours, operator-hour multiplier, per-developer-equivalent multiplier, and the contextual sentence placing the user relative to METR's observed band.
Never invent tiers. The only tiers in the report are the ones traceable to cited studies (METR, Copilot SPACE, Carlini). If the user's per-dev-equivalent exceeds METR's 11.6× ceiling, the paragraph must say so plainly and offer the two honest explanations (codebase shape inflates rebuild estimate; n=7 sample is small), not dress it up as "top-percentile expert".
9e. State limitations loudly
Always include: "Claude active hours from [method]. Reviewer time assumed at [ratio]× operator hours (tuned for [peak] parallel windows). Operator-hour speed multiplier is the honest ROI number; compute-hour multiplier benchmarks AI throughput."
Step 10: Sensitivity & cross-validation
Read references/cross-validation.md for:
- Sensitivity: vary each input one bucket; report top-3 drivers by
p50_impact_usd.
- Harvard supply-side anchor (Hoffmann-Nagle-Zhou 2024): expected
p50 / (LOC × $0.15) ≈ 3.5×. Flag outliers.
- Capers Jones 5-year TCO:
build_cost × (1 + 0.20 × 5) = build_cost × 2.0. Reframe: "build is ~40-50% of lifetime cost."
- Three-way cross-check rules: high confidence only if 3 signals agree within 30%; two-signal mode never reports "high".
Step 11: Generate the report
Copy assets/report-template.md verbatim as the structure for your Markdown report. Fill in every [N] / [X] / [date] placeholder. Lead with TL;DR; put spot-checks and assumptions close to the end. Preserve the credit footer in the saved file — but strip it from the terminal print (see Step 12).
Keep to the two-sig-figs rule on dollar amounts. Show which files fell into each category so the reader can audit.
Step 12: Write artifacts to a temp directory (never the repo)
Never write output files into the user's working directory. Someone could git add . and commit them by accident — reports contain sensitive numbers (rates, Claude costs, team composition) that don't belong in git history.
Derive $OUTDIR
OUTDIR=$(python3 .claude/skills/cost-estimate/scripts/resolve_outdir.py)
echo "$OUTDIR"
Typical paths:
- Linux →
/tmp/cost-estimate/<project>/
- macOS →
/var/folders/.../T/cost-estimate/<project>/
- Windows →
%TEMP%\cost-estimate\<project>\
Write two files to $OUTDIR
$OUTDIR/cost-estimate-report.md — the full Markdown report from Step 11 (credit footer included)$OUTDIR/cost-estimate.json — the machine-readable artifact; see assets/artifact-schema.json for the exact shape. low_confidence_fields is a list of JSON paths (e.g. ["claude_roi.reviewer_hours", "rates.recommended_usd_per_hour"]) that downstream consumers should display with a warning icon.
⚠ BOTH files go to $OUTDIR. Never write ./cost-estimate.json or ./cost-estimate-report.md. Use the Write tool with the absolute path $OUTDIR/.... If the user explicitly asks for output in the current directory ("write it here"), honor the request but show the "not written to the working directory" note without it — the default is always the temp dir.
Print to terminal
Print the full Markdown report to stdout so the user sees it without opening any file — but strip the credit footer (the "generated with the /cost-estimate skill, created by Julien Barbier…" block). The footer belongs only in the saved file and the JSON artifact, not in the terminal echo. After printing, end with a one-line pointer:
Report also saved to $OUTDIR/cost-estimate-report.md and $OUTDIR/cost-estimate.json. Not written to the current directory (safer — won't accidentally land in a commit).
Notes to self
- Show your math. Every number in the report must be traceable to a LOC count and a rate.
- Never publish a single dollar figure without its range.
- Two-sig-figs rule: round to two significant figures unless you can defend more.
- Degrade gracefully. Missing git? Note it, lower confidence, continue. Missing WebSearch? Use skill defaults, note it. Missing
scc? Skip DRYness, note it.
- Decompose macros. For monorepos, estimate each service separately and sum.
- Don't double-count. Quality bonuses and overhead reductions live on the same axis — pick one or split them.
- Reviewer-time is non-optional in Step 9; omitting it lies about Claude ROI.
- Frame AI-authored projects as counterfactuals, not elapsed spend — the distinction matters to readers.
