detecting-azure-service-principal-abuse

name	detecting-azure-service-principal-abuse
description	在 Microsoft Entra ID 环境中检测和调查 Azure 服务主体滥用，包括权限提升、凭据入侵、管理员同意绕过和未授权枚举。
domain	cybersecurity
subdomain	cloud-security
tags	["azure","entra-id","service-principal","privilege-escalation","credential-abuse","detection","splunk","sentinel"]
version	1.0
author	mahipal
license	Apache-2.0

检测 Azure 服务主体滥用

概述

Azure 服务主体是应用程序、服务和自动化工具用于访问 Azure 资源的身份对象。攻击者利用服务主体进行权限提升、横向移动和持久访问。关键滥用模式包括：向现有主体添加凭据、分配特权角色、绕过管理员同意以及枚举服务主体以寻找攻击路径。应用程序所有权授予管理凭据和配置权限的能力，从而产生隐藏的权限提升路径。

前置条件

• 具有 Microsoft Entra ID P2 许可证的 Azure 订阅
• 访问 Azure AD 审计日志和登录日志的权限
• 用于基于 SIEM 检测的 Microsoft Sentinel 或 Splunk
• 用于调查的 Microsoft Graph API 权限
• 至少具有全局读取者或安全读取者角色

关键滥用模式

1. 向服务主体添加新凭据

攻击者添加新的客户端密钥或证书以获得持久访问：

检测查询（KQL - Sentinel）：

AuditLogs
| where OperationName has "Add service principal credentials"
    or OperationName has "Update application - Certificates and secrets management"
| extend InitiatedBy = tostring(InitiatedBy.user.userPrincipalName)
| extend TargetSP = tostring(TargetResources[0].displayName)
| extend TargetSPId = tostring(TargetResources[0].id)
| project TimeGenerated, InitiatedBy, OperationName, TargetSP, TargetSPId
| sort by TimeGenerated desc

检测查询（SPL - Splunk）：

index=azure sourcetype="azure:aad:audit"
operationName="Add service principal credentials"
    OR operationName="Update application*Certificates and secrets*"
| stats count by initiatedBy.user.userPrincipalName, targetResources{}.displayName, _time
| sort -_time

2. 向服务主体分配特权角色

AuditLogs
| where OperationName == "Add member to role"
| extend RoleName = tostring(TargetResources[0].modifiedProperties[1].newValue)
| where RoleName has_any ("Global Administrator", "Application Administrator",
    "Privileged Role Administrator", "Cloud Application Administrator")
| extend TargetSP = tostring(TargetResources[0].displayName)
| extend InitiatedBy = tostring(InitiatedBy.user.userPrincipalName)
| project TimeGenerated, InitiatedBy, TargetSP, RoleName, OperationName

3. 服务主体枚举检测

MicrosoftGraphActivityLogs
| where RequestMethod == "GET"
| where RequestUri has "/servicePrincipals"
| summarize RequestCount = count() by UserAgent, IPAddress, bin(TimeGenerated, 1h)
| where RequestCount > 10
| sort by RequestCount desc

4. 管理员同意绕过

AuditLogs
| where OperationName == "Consent to application"
| extend ConsentType = tostring(TargetResources[0].modifiedProperties[4].newValue)
| where ConsentType has "AllPrincipals"
| extend AppName = tostring(TargetResources[0].displayName)
| extend InitiatedBy = tostring(InitiatedBy.user.userPrincipalName)
| project TimeGenerated, InitiatedBy, AppName, ConsentType

5. OAuth 应用权限提升

AuditLogs
| where OperationName == "Add app role assignment to service principal"
| extend AppRoleValue = tostring(TargetResources[0].modifiedProperties[1].newValue)
| where AppRoleValue has_any ("RoleManagement.ReadWrite.Directory",
    "Application.ReadWrite.All", "AppRoleAssignment.ReadWrite.All",
    "Directory.ReadWrite.All", "Mail.ReadWrite")
| extend TargetApp = tostring(TargetResources[0].displayName)
| project TimeGenerated, TargetApp, AppRoleValue, CorrelationId

调查程序

步骤 1：识别受损的服务主体

# 列出最近添加了凭据的服务主体
Connect-MgGraph -Scopes "Application.Read.All"

$suspiciousSPs = Get-MgServicePrincipal -All | ForEach-Object {
    $sp = $_
    $creds = Get-MgServicePrincipalPasswordCredential -ServicePrincipalId $sp.Id
    $recentCreds = $creds | Where-Object { $_.StartDateTime -gt (Get-Date).AddDays(-7) }
    if ($recentCreds) {
        [PSCustomObject]@{
            DisplayName = $sp.DisplayName
            AppId = $sp.AppId
            ObjectId = $sp.Id
            NewCredsCount = $recentCreds.Count
            LatestCredAdded = ($recentCreds | Sort-Object StartDateTime -Descending | Select-Object -First 1).StartDateTime
        }
    }
}
$suspiciousSPs | Sort-Object LatestCredAdded -Descending

步骤 2：查看服务主体角色分配

# 检查特定服务主体的角色分配
$spId = "<service-principal-object-id>"
Get-MgServicePrincipalAppRoleAssignment -ServicePrincipalId $spId | ForEach-Object {
    $resource = Get-MgServicePrincipal -ServicePrincipalId $_.ResourceId
    [PSCustomObject]@{
        AppRoleId = $_.AppRoleId
        ResourceDisplayName = $resource.DisplayName
        CreatedDateTime = $_.CreatedDateTime
    }
}

步骤 3：检查应用程序所有权

# 列出所有应用程序的所有者（所有权 = 凭据控制权）
Get-MgApplication -All | ForEach-Object {
    $app = $_
    $owners = Get-MgApplicationOwner -ApplicationId $app.Id
    foreach ($owner in $owners) {
        [PSCustomObject]@{
            AppName = $app.DisplayName
            AppId = $app.AppId
            OwnerUPN = $owner.AdditionalProperties.userPrincipalName
            OwnerType = $owner.AdditionalProperties.'@odata.type'
        }
    }
} | Where-Object { $_.OwnerUPN -ne $null }

步骤 4：查看登录活动

AADServicePrincipalSignInLogs
| where ServicePrincipalId == "<target-sp-id>"
| project TimeGenerated, ServicePrincipalName, IPAddress, Location,
    ResourceDisplayName, Status.errorCode
| sort by TimeGenerated desc

预防控制

限制应用程序注册

# 禁用用户注册应用程序的能力
Update-MgPolicyAuthorizationPolicy -DefaultUserRolePermissions @{
    AllowedToCreateApps = $false
}

配置应用同意策略

# 要求对所有应用同意请求进行管理员审批
New-MgPolicyPermissionGrantPolicy -Id "admin-only-consent" `
    -DisplayName "Admin Only Consent" `
    -Description "Only admins can consent to applications"

使用 Microsoft Sentinel 分析规则进行监控

创建以下分析规则：

• 新服务主体凭据添加
• 向服务主体分配特权角色
• 批量服务主体枚举
• 向未知应用程序授予管理员同意
• 来自异常位置的服务主体登录

MITRE ATT&CK 映射

技术	ID	描述
账户操控：附加云凭据（Account Manipulation: Additional Cloud Credentials）	T1098.001	向服务主体添加凭据
有效账户：云账户（Valid Accounts: Cloud Accounts）	T1078.004	使用受损的服务主体
账户发现：云账户（Account Discovery: Cloud Account）	T1087.004	枚举服务主体
窃取应用程序访问令牌（Steal Application Access Token）	T1528	通过服务主体窃取 OAuth 令牌

参考资料

• Splunk Detection: Azure AD Service Principal Abuse
• Semperis: Service Principal Ownership Abuse in Entra ID
• MITRE ATT&CK Cloud Matrix
• Microsoft: Securing service principals in Entra ID