kamal-deploy

name

kamal-deploy

description

Expert-level Kamal deployment guidance for deploying containerized applications to any server. Use this skill when users ask about Kamal, container deployment, zero-downtime deployments, deploying Rails/web apps to VPS/cloud servers, kamal setup, kamal deploy, Docker deployment without Kubernetes, or deploying to Hetzner/DigitalOcean/AWS with Kamal. Also use when users mention DHH's deployment tool, 37signals deployment, or want an alternative to Heroku/Render/Vercel with self-hosted infrastructure.

Kamal Deploy Expert

Expert guidance for deploying applications with Kamal - DHH's zero-downtime deployment tool from 37signals.

Step 1: Fetch Latest Documentation (MANDATORY)

BEFORE answering ANY Kamal question, you MUST use the WebFetch tool to get current documentation. The docs below may be outdated - always fetch fresh docs first.

Execute these WebFetch calls in parallel:

1. WebFetch(url: "https://kamal-deploy.org/docs/installation/", prompt: "Extract complete installation and setup guide")

2. WebFetch(url: "https://kamal-deploy.org/docs/configuration/overview/", prompt: "Extract all configuration options and deploy.yml structure")

3. WebFetch(url: "https://kamal-deploy.org/docs/commands/view-all-commands/", prompt: "Extract all Kamal commands and usage")

4. WebFetch(url: "https://kamal-deploy.org/docs/configuration/proxy/", prompt: "Extract proxy, SSL, and health check configuration")

Fetch these additional docs based on user's question:

• Servers/roles: https://kamal-deploy.org/docs/configuration/servers/
• Accessories (DB, Redis): https://kamal-deploy.org/docs/configuration/accessories/
• Environment variables: https://kamal-deploy.org/docs/configuration/environment-variables/
• Docker build options: https://kamal-deploy.org/docs/configuration/builders/
• Deployment hooks: https://kamal-deploy.org/docs/hooks/overview/
• Upgrading v1→v2: https://kamal-deploy.org/docs/upgrading/overview/

Only after fetching fresh docs, use the reference material below as supplementary context.

What is Kamal?

Kamal deploys containerized apps to any server via SSH + Docker. Created by 37signals (DHH's company) to deploy Basecamp, HEY, and other apps.

Core architecture:

• SSHs into servers, installs Docker automatically
• Builds app into Docker container
• Pushes to registry (Docker Hub, GHCR, etc.)
• Pulls and runs on target servers
• kamal-proxy handles routing, SSL (Let's Encrypt), zero-downtime

Mental model: Hetzner/DigitalOcean = the computer, Kamal = deploys your app to it

Before You Start

Check these first to avoid common friction:

1. Kamal version - Run kamal version. If on 1.x, upgrade with gem install kamal. Config syntax changed significantly (1.x uses traefik, 2.x uses proxy).

2. Local Docker situation - Ask the user if they have Docker working locally. If not (or if Docker Desktop is problematic on macOS), configure a remote builder:

   builder:
     arch: amd64
     remote: ssh://root@SERVER_IP
   

   This builds on the target server and avoids local Docker entirely.

3. 37signals open-source repos - If deploying Campfire, HEY, or other 37signals apps, immediately delete .env.erb - it uses their internal 1Password setup and will fail with op: command not found.

4. Registry access - Confirm the user has a container registry (Docker Hub, GHCR) and knows their credentials before writing config.

Quick Start

# Install (or upgrade)
gem install kamal

# Initialize in project
kamal init

# First deploy (installs Docker, proxy, deploys app)
kamal setup

# Subsequent deploys
kamal deploy

Essential Commands

Command	Purpose
kamal setup	First deploy - installs Docker, proxy, deploys
kamal deploy	Deploy new version
kamal rollback	Revert to previous version
kamal app logs	View application logs
kamal app exec -i bash	SSH into running container
kamal accessory boot <name>	Start accessory (db, redis)
kamal proxy reboot	Restart kamal-proxy
kamal remove	Remove everything from servers

Minimal config/deploy.yml

service: my-app
image: username/my-app

servers:
  - 123.45.67.89

registry:
  username: username
  password:
    - KAMAL_REGISTRY_PASSWORD

proxy:
  ssl: true
  host: myapp.com

env:
  secret:
    - RAILS_MASTER_KEY
    - DATABASE_URL

Secrets Management

Secrets live in .kamal/secrets:

# .kamal/secrets
KAMAL_REGISTRY_PASSWORD=ghp_xxxxxxxxxxxx
RAILS_MASTER_KEY=abc123def456
DATABASE_URL=postgres://user:pass@db:5432/app

Reference in deploy.yml:

env:
  clear:
    RAILS_ENV: production
  secret:
    - RAILS_MASTER_KEY
    - DATABASE_URL

Multi-Server with Roles

servers:
  web:
    hosts:
      - 123.45.67.89
      - 123.45.67.90
  workers:
    hosts:
      - 123.45.67.91
    cmd: bin/jobs
    proxy: false  # Workers don't need proxy

Accessories (Databases, Redis)

accessories:
  db:
    image: postgres:16
    host: 123.45.67.89
    port: 5432
    env:
      clear:
        POSTGRES_DB: app_production
      secret:
        - POSTGRES_PASSWORD
    directories:
      - data:/var/lib/postgresql/data

  redis:
    image: redis:7
    host: 123.45.67.89
    port: 6379
    directories:
      - data:/data

SSL Configuration

Automatic (Let's Encrypt):

proxy:
  ssl: true
  host: myapp.com  # Must point to server IP

Custom certificate:

proxy:
  ssl:
    certificate_pem:
      - SSL_CERTIFICATE
    private_key_pem:
      - SSL_PRIVATE_KEY

Health Checks

proxy:
  healthcheck:
    interval: 3
    path: /up
    timeout: 3

App must return 200 on /up (Rails default) or configured path.

Destinations (Staging/Production)

Create config/deploy.staging.yml:

servers:
  - staging.myapp.com

proxy:
  host: staging.myapp.com

Deploy: kamal deploy -d staging

Secrets: .kamal/secrets.staging

Hooks

Place in .kamal/hooks/ (no file extension):

Available hooks:

• pre-connect, pre-build, pre-deploy, post-deploy
• pre-app-boot, post-app-boot
• pre-proxy-reboot, post-proxy-reboot

Example .kamal/hooks/post-deploy:

#!/bin/bash
curl -X POST "https://api.honeybadger.io/v1/deploys" \
  -d "deploy[revision]=$KAMAL_VERSION"

Dockerfile Requirements

Kamal needs a Dockerfile. For Rails:

FROM ruby:3.3-slim

WORKDIR /app

# Install dependencies
RUN apt-get update -qq && apt-get install -y build-essential libpq-dev

COPY Gemfile* ./
RUN bundle install

COPY . .

RUN bundle exec rails assets:precompile

EXPOSE 80
CMD ["bin/rails", "server", "-b", "0.0.0.0", "-p", "80"]

Note: Kamal 2.x defaults to port 80 (not 3000).

Common Issues

"Container not healthy"

• Check /up endpoint returns 200
• Increase deploy_timeout if app boots slowly
• Check logs: kamal app logs

"Permission denied"

• Ensure SSH key is added: ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_rsa
• Check SSH user has Docker access

Registry auth failed

• Verify KAMAL_REGISTRY_PASSWORD in .kamal/secrets
• For GHCR: use personal access token with write:packages

"Address already in use"

• Another service on port 80/443
• Run kamal proxy reboot or check docker ps on server

Kamal vs Alternatives

	Kamal	Kubernetes	Heroku
Complexity	Low	High	None
Cost	VPS only	VPS + overhead	$$$
Control	Full	Full	Limited
Zero-downtime	Yes	Yes	Yes
SSL	Auto	Manual	Auto
Learning curve	Hours	Weeks	Minutes

Best Practices

1. Always test locally first: docker build . && docker run -p 3000:80 <image>
2. Use staging destination before production
3. Keep secrets out of git: .kamal/secrets in .gitignore
4. Set up monitoring: Use hooks to notify on deploy
5. Regular backups: Especially accessory volumes
6. Use asset bridging for Rails: asset_path: /app/public/assets

Reference Files

For detailed configuration options, see:

• references/configuration.md - Complete deploy.yml reference
• references/troubleshooting.md - Common issues and solutions