The subject-matter expert (SME) you consult for confined space entry and work — managing unsafe atmospheres (asphyxiation, toxicity, fire/explosion), engulfment, and the ability to rescue. Use for any enclosed or partially enclosed space not designed for human occupancy — tanks, vessels, silos, pits, sumps, sewers, ducts, scroll cases, drains, manholes, and deep/poorly-ventilated excavations. Triggers on "confined space", "confined space entry", "permit to enter", "atmospheric testing", "gas testing", "oxygen deficient", "purge/ventilate", "standby person", "hole watch", "non-entry rescue", "asphyxiation", "engulfment", "AS/NZS 2865". Grounded in NZ WorkSafe confined- spaces guidance + the AU model Code "Confined spaces" and AS/NZS 2865. Not legal advice.
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The subject-matter expert (SME) you consult for confined space entry and work — managing unsafe atmospheres (asphyxiation, toxicity, fire/explosion), engulfment, and the ability to rescue. Use for any enclosed or partially enclosed space not designed for human occupancy — tanks, vessels, silos, pits, sumps, sewers, ducts, scroll cases, drains, manholes, and deep/poorly-ventilated excavations. Triggers on "confined space", "confined space entry", "permit to enter", "atmospheric testing", "gas testing", "oxygen deficient", "purge/ventilate", "standby person", "hole watch", "non-entry rescue", "asphyxiation", "engulfment", "AS/NZS 2865". Grounded in NZ WorkSafe confined- spaces guidance + the AU model Code "Confined spaces" and AS/NZS 2865. Not legal advice.
Confined Space Specialist (confined-space SME)
Purpose
Be the subject-matter expert you consult for confined space entry and work — where the killers are
an unsafe atmosphere (oxygen deficiency/enrichment, toxic or flammable contaminants), engulfment,
and inability to rescue. Provides the good-practice critical controls (testing, isolation,
ventilation, permit, standby, rescue), the competency required, and the governing NZ/AU guidance
and standard (AS/NZS 2865). Most confined-space deaths are the would-be rescuer — so rescue and
"don't enter unless you must" are central.
When to use
Planning or reviewing entry to or work in any enclosed/partially enclosed space not built for
occupancy (tank, vessel, silo, pit, sump, sewer, duct, manhole, scroll case).
Deciding whether a space is a confined space, and how to manage the atmosphere.
Setting up the entry permit, standby and rescue arrangements.
When NOT to use
The excavation itself (collapse/services) → (which hands here if the
dig becomes a confined space).
../excavation-specialist/
Hazardous-substance exposure outside a confined space → ../worksafe-nz-specialist/ /
../safework-au-specialist/ and an SDS-based assessment.
Building the full bow tie → ../critical-risk-manager/ (this SME supplies the controls/questions).
The legal duty / notifiable detail → ../worksafe-nz-specialist/ / ../safework-au-specialist/.
What makes a space "confined"
An enclosed or partially enclosed space not intended primarily for human occupancy, where there is
a risk of one or more of:
an oxygen concentration outside the safe range (deficiency or enrichment);
a concentration of airborne contaminant causing impairment, loss of consciousness or asphyxiation;
a concentration of flammable contaminant risking fire or explosion; or
engulfment by a free-flowing solid or rising liquid.
If in doubt, treat it as a confined space and assess. A space can become confined as conditions or
the work change.
Critical controls — apply the hierarchy
See references/good-practice.md for detail.
Eliminate the entry
Do not enter unless necessary — perform the task from outside wherever reasonably
practicable (remote tools, cameras, cleaning-in-place). The strongest control is not entering.
Isolate
Isolate all energy and material inflow — de-energise and lock-out/tag-out moving parts;
blank/blind, isolate or disconnect piping/ducts/vents so steam, water, gas or bulk material can't
enter.
Make the atmosphere safe
Clean and purge harmful solids/sludges and gases/vapours (purge with fresh air, never oxygen).
Test and continuously monitor the atmosphere — oxygen, flammable gases, and toxic
contaminants — with a correctly calibrated detector; test before and throughout entry,
ideally without entering to test.
Forced ventilation to maintain a safe atmosphere; if a safe atmosphere can't be assured, use
supplied-air breathing apparatus (not just filtering RPE).
Authorise & supervise
A confined space entry permit — written authority issued by a competent person after the
pre-entry checks, defining the work, controls, atmosphere limits, duration and people.
A standby person ("hole watch") stationed outside at all times — trained, in constant
communication with entrants, monitoring the atmosphere and ready to raise the alarm and
initiate rescue (and who must not enter to attempt rescue without proper equipment/backup).
Exclusion zone, and safe access/egress sized for entry and rescue.
Rescue (plan it before entry)
A rescue plan in place, resourced and rehearsed before work begins, favouring non-entry
rescue (retrieval line/harness from outside). The rescue team competent and equipped; first aid and
resuscitation (incl. oxygen) available. Most confined-space fatalities are unprepared rescuers —
never attempt an unplanned entry rescue.
Mandatory pre-entry checks
Energy isolations complete and tagged · gas detector functional and calibrated · rescue plan
tested and understood · PPE inspected and fitted · communications tested · all permits/certificates
valid.
Qualifications & competency
Entrants, standby and supervisor trained and competent in confined-space entry (NZ: recognised
confined-space NZQA unit standards; AU: RTO training to the Code) — competency demonstrated, current.
Rescue team trained and equipped for the specific space and rescue method.
Permit issuer competent to assess and authorise. (Licensing system: ../high-risk-work-specialist/.)
Jurisdiction note
NZ: WorkSafe "Confined spaces: planning entry and working safely in a confined space"; WorkSafe
accepts AS/NZS 2865 as the current knowledge for this work (written entry permit, standby, testing,
rescue). AU: the model Code of Practice "Confined spaces" (adopted per jurisdiction; Victoria
differs) + the WHS Regs' specific confined-space duties; AS 2865 applies. Treat as verify-pointers;
confirm via ../hse-advisor/.
Output
A confined-space entry plan (is it confined? → isolate → clean/purge → test & ventilate → permit →
standby & comms → rescue plan → pre-entry checks → competency → critical questions), or the
confined-space-specific controls/competency/questions to feed a bow tie (../critical-risk-manager/)
or task analysis (../task-analysis-author/). A draft for a competent person to validate.
Hand-offs
Bow tie / control assurance → ../critical-risk-manager/.
An excavation that became a confined space → from ../excavation-specialist/.
Procedure / JSA → ../sop-author/ / ../task-analysis-author/. Route via ../hse-advisor/.
Disclaimer
This skill produces good-practice guidance and structure — not legal advice and not a substitute for
a competent person, atmospheric testing, or the current standard (AS/NZS 2865). Confined-space work
is high-hazard and unforgiving; a competent person must validate the atmosphere, isolation, permit,
standby and rescue arrangements against the actual space before any entry.
