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name database-schema-designer description Design relational database schemas from requirements and generate migrations, TypeScript/Python types, seed data, RLS policies, and indexes. Handles multi-tenancy, soft deletes, audit trails, versioning, and polymorphic associations. zh_description 用于数据库、Schema、设计，支持开发、调试、评审和交付。 version 1.0.0 author seaworld008 source in-house source_url tags ["database", "designer", "development", "schema"] created_at 2026-03-04 updated_at 2026-03-20 quality 5 complexity intermediate
Database Schema Designer
Tier: POWERFULCategory: EngineeringDomain: Data Architecture / Backend
Overview
Design relational database schemas from requirements and generate migrations, TypeScript/Python types, seed data, RLS policies, and indexes. Handles multi-tenancy, soft deletes, audit trails, versioning, and polymorphic associations.
Core Capabilities
Schema design — normalize requirements into tables, relationships, constraintsMigration generation — Drizzle, Prisma, TypeORM, AlembicType generation — TypeScript interfaces, Python dataclasses/Pydantic modelsRLS policies — Row-Level Security for multi-tenant appsIndex strategy — composite indexes, partial indexes, covering indexesSeed data — realistic test data generationERD generation — Mermaid diagram from schema
When to Use
Designing a new feature that needs database tables
Reviewing a schema for performance or normalization issues
Adding multi-tenancy to an existing schema
Generating TypeScript types from a Prisma schema
Planning a schema migration for a breaking change
Schema Design Process
Step 1: Requirements → Entities
Given requirements:
"Users can create projects. Each project has tasks. Tasks can have labels. Tasks can be assigned to users. We need a full audit trail."
Extract entities:
User, Project, Task, Label, TaskLabel (junction), TaskAssignment, AuditLog
Step 2: Identify Relationships
User 1──* Project (owner)
Project 1──* Task
Task *──* Label (via TaskLabel)
Task *──* User (via TaskAssignment)
User 1──* AuditLog
Step 3: Add Cross-cutting Concerns
Multi-tenancy: add organization_id to all tenant-scoped tables
Soft deletes: add deleted_at TIMESTAMPTZ instead of hard deletes
Audit trail: add created_by, updated_by, created_at, updated_at
Versioning: add version INTEGER for optimistic locking
Full Schema Example (Task Management SaaS)
Prisma Schema // schema.prisma
generator client {
provider = "prisma-client-js"
}
datasource db {
provider = "postgresql"
url = env("DATABASE_URL")
}
// ── Multi-tenancy ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
model Organization {
id String @id @default(cuid())
name String
slug String @unique
plan Plan @default(FREE)
createdAt DateTime @default(now()) @map("created_at")
updatedAt DateTime @updatedAt @map("updated_at")
deletedAt DateTime? @map("deleted_at")
users OrganizationMember[]
projects Project[]
auditLogs AuditLog[]
@@map("organizations")
}
model OrganizationMember {
id String @id @default(cuid())
organizationId String @map("organization_id")
userId String @map("user_id")
role OrgRole @default(MEMBER)
joinedAt DateTime @default(now()) @map("joined_at")
organization Organization @relation(fields: [organizationId], references: [id], onDelete: Cascade)
user User @relation(fields: [userId], references: [id], onDelete: Cascade)
@@unique([organizationId, userId])
@@index([userId])
@@map("organization_members")
}
model User {
id String @id @default(cuid())
email String @unique
name String?
avatarUrl String? @map("avatar_url")
passwordHash String? @map("password_hash")
emailVerifiedAt DateTime? @map("email_verified_at")
lastLoginAt DateTime? @map("last_login_at")
createdAt DateTime @default(now()) @map("created_at")
updatedAt DateTime @updatedAt @map("updated_at")
deletedAt DateTime? @map("deleted_at")
memberships OrganizationMember[]
ownedProjects Project[] @relation("ProjectOwner")
assignedTasks TaskAssignment[]
comments Comment[]
auditLogs AuditLog[]
@@map("users")
}
// ── Core entities ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
model Project {
id String @id @default(cuid())
organizationId String @map("organization_id")
ownerId String @map("owner_id")
name String
description String?
status ProjectStatus @default(ACTIVE)
settings Json @default("{}")
createdAt DateTime @default(now()) @map("created_at")
updatedAt DateTime @updatedAt @map("updated_at")
deletedAt DateTime? @map("deleted_at")
organization Organization @relation(fields: [organizationId], references: [id])
owner User @relation("ProjectOwner", fields: [ownerId], references: [id])
tasks Task[]
labels Label[]
@@index([organizationId])
@@index([organizationId, status])
@@index([deletedAt])
@@map("projects")
}
model Task {
id String @id @default(cuid())
projectId String @map("project_id")
title String
description String?
status TaskStatus @default(TODO)
priority Priority @default(MEDIUM)
dueDate DateTime? @map("due_date")
position Float @default(0) // For drag-and-drop ordering
version Int @default(1) // Optimistic locking
createdById String @map("created_by_id")
updatedById String @map("updated_by_id")
createdAt DateTime @default(now()) @map("created_at")
updatedAt DateTime @updatedAt @map("updated_at")
deletedAt DateTime? @map("deleted_at")
project Project @relation(fields: [projectId], references: [id])
assignments TaskAssignment[]
labels TaskLabel[]
comments Comment[]
attachments Attachment[]
@@index([projectId])
@@index([projectId, status])
@@index([projectId, deletedAt])
@@index([dueDate], where: { deletedAt: null }) // Partial index
@@map("tasks")
}
// ── Polymorphic attachments ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
model Attachment {
id String @id @default(cuid())
// Polymorphic association
entityType String @map("entity_type") // "task" | "comment"
entityId String @map("entity_id")
filename String
mimeType String @map("mime_type")
sizeBytes Int @map("size_bytes")
storageKey String @map("storage_key") // S3 key
uploadedById String @map("uploaded_by_id")
createdAt DateTime @default(now()) @map("created_at")
// Only one concrete relation (task) — polymorphic handled at app level
task Task? @relation(fields: [entityId], references: [id], map: "attachment_task_fk")
@@index([entityType, entityId])
@@map("attachments")
}
// ── Audit trail ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
model AuditLog {
id String @id @default(cuid())
organizationId String @map("organization_id")
userId String? @map("user_id")
action String // "task.created", "task.status_changed"
entityType String @map("entity_type")
entityId String @map("entity_id")
before Json? // Previous state
after Json? // New state
ipAddress String? @map("ip_address")
userAgent String? @map("user_agent")
createdAt DateTime @default(now()) @map("created_at")
organization Organization @relation(fields: [organizationId], references: [id])
user User? @relation(fields: [userId], references: [id])
@@index([organizationId, createdAt(sort: Desc)])
@@index([entityType, entityId])
@@index([userId])
@@map("audit_logs")
}
enum Plan { FREE STARTER GROWTH ENTERPRISE }
enum OrgRole { OWNER ADMIN MEMBER VIEWER }
enum ProjectStatus { ACTIVE ARCHIVED }
enum TaskStatus { TODO IN_PROGRESS IN_REVIEW DONE CANCELLED }
enum Priority { LOW MEDIUM HIGH CRITICAL }
Drizzle Schema (TypeScript)
import {
pgTable, text, timestamp, integer, boolean ,
varchar, jsonb, real, pgEnum, uniqueIndex, index,
} from 'drizzle-orm/pg-core'
import { createId } from '@paralleldrive/cuid2'
export const taskStatusEnum = pgEnum ('task_status' , [
'todo' , 'in_progress' , 'in_review' , 'done' , 'cancelled'
])
export const priorityEnum = pgEnum ('priority' , ['low' , 'medium' , 'high' , 'critical' ])
export const tasks = pgTable ('tasks' , {
id : text ('id' ).primaryKey ().$defaultFn(() => createId ()),
projectId : text ('project_id' ).notNull ().references (() => projects.id ),
title : varchar ('title' , { length : 500 }).notNull (),
description : text ('description' ),
status : taskStatusEnum ('status' ).notNull ().default ('todo' ),
priority : priorityEnum ('priority' ).notNull ().default ('medium' ),
dueDate : timestamp ('due_date' , { withTimezone : true }),
position : real ('position' ).notNull ().default (0 ),
version : integer ('version' ).notNull ().default (1 ),
createdById : text ('created_by_id' ).notNull ().references (() => users.id ),
updatedById : text ('updated_by_id' ).notNull ().references (() => users.id ),
createdAt : timestamp ('created_at' , { withTimezone : true }).notNull ().defaultNow (),
updatedAt : timestamp ('updated_at' , { withTimezone : true }).notNull ().defaultNow (),
deletedAt : timestamp ('deleted_at' , { withTimezone : true }),
}, (table ) => ({
projectIdx : index ('tasks_project_id_idx' ).on (table.projectId ),
projectStatusIdx : index ('tasks_project_status_idx' ).on (table.projectId , table.status ),
}))
export type Task = typeof tasks.$inferSelect
export type NewTask = typeof tasks.$inferInsert
Alembic Migration (Python / SQLAlchemy)
"""Create tasks table
Revision ID: a1b2c3d4e5f6
Revises: previous_revision
Create Date: 2026-03-01 12:00:00
"""
from alembic import op
import sqlalchemy as sa
from sqlalchemy.dialects import postgresql
revision = 'a1b2c3d4e5f6'
down_revision = 'previous_revision'
def upgrade () -> None :
task_status = postgresql.ENUM(
'todo' , 'in_progress' , 'in_review' , 'done' , 'cancelled' ,
name='task_status'
)
task_status.create(op.get_bind())
op.create_table(
'tasks' ,
sa.Column('id' , sa.Text(), primary_key=True ),
sa.Column('project_id' , sa.Text(), sa.ForeignKey('projects.id' ), nullable=False ),
sa.Column('title' , sa.VARCHAR(500 ), nullable=False ),
sa.Column('description' , sa.Text()),
sa.Column('status' , postgresql.ENUM('todo' , 'in_progress' , 'in_review' , 'done' , 'cancelled' , name='task_status' , create_type=False ), nullable=False , server_default='todo' ),
sa.Column('priority' , sa.Text(), nullable=False , server_default='medium' ),
sa.Column('due_date' , sa.TIMESTAMP(timezone=True )),
sa.Column('position' , sa.Float(), nullable=False , server_default='0' ),
sa.Column('version' , sa.Integer(), nullable=False , server_default='1' ),
sa.Column('created_by_id' , sa.Text(), sa.ForeignKey('users.id' ), nullable=False ),
sa.Column('updated_by_id' , sa.Text(), sa.ForeignKey('users.id' ), nullable=False ),
sa.Column('created_at' , sa.TIMESTAMP(timezone=True ), nullable=False , server_default=sa.text('NOW()' )),
sa.Column('updated_at' , sa.TIMESTAMP(timezone=True ), nullable=False , server_default=sa.text('NOW()' )),
sa.Column('deleted_at' , sa.TIMESTAMP(timezone=True )),
)
op.create_index('tasks_project_id_idx' , 'tasks' , ['project_id' ])
op.create_index('tasks_project_status_idx' , 'tasks' , ['project_id' , 'status' ])
op.create_index(
'tasks_due_date_active_idx' ,
'tasks' , ['due_date' ],
postgresql_where=sa.text('deleted_at IS NULL' )
)
def downgrade () -> None :
op.drop_table('tasks' )
op.execute("DROP TYPE IF EXISTS task_status" )
Row-Level Security (RLS) Policies
ALTER TABLE tasks ENABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY;
ALTER TABLE projects ENABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY;
CREATE ROLE app_user;
CREATE POLICY tasks_org_isolation ON tasks
FOR ALL TO app_user
USING (
project_id IN (
SELECT p.id FROM projects p
JOIN organization_members om ON om.organization_id = p.organization_id
WHERE om.user_id = current_setting('app.current_user_id' )::text
)
);
CREATE POLICY tasks_no_deleted ON tasks
FOR SELECT TO app_user
USING (deleted_at IS NULL );
CREATE POLICY tasks_delete_policy ON tasks
FOR DELETE TO app_user
USING (
created_by_id = current_setting('app.current_user_id' )::text
OR EXISTS (
SELECT 1 FROM organization_members om
JOIN projects p ON p.organization_id = om.organization_id
WHERE p.id = tasks.project_id
AND om.user_id = current_setting('app.current_user_id' )::text
AND om.role IN ('owner' , 'admin' )
)
);
SELECT set_config('app.current_user_id' , $1 , true );
Seed Data Generation
import { faker } from '@faker-js/faker'
import { db } from './client'
import { organizations, users, projects, tasks } from './schema'
import { createId } from '@paralleldrive/cuid2'
import { hashPassword } from '../src/lib/auth'
async function seed (console .log ('Seeding database...' )
const [org] = await db.insert (organizations).values ({
id : createId (),
name : 'Acme Corp' ,
slug : 'acme' ,
plan : 'growth' ,
}).returning ()
const adminUser = await db.insert (users).values ({
id : createId (),
email : 'admin@acme.com' ,
name : 'Alice Admin' ,
passwordHash : await hashPassword ('password123' ),
}).returning ().then (r =>0 ])
const projectsData = Array .from ({ length : 3 }, () => ({
id : createId (),
organizationId : org.id ,
ownerId : adminUser.id ,
name : faker.company .catchPhrase (),
description : faker.lorem .paragraph (),
status : 'active' as const ,
}))
const createdProjects = await db.insert (projects).values (projectsData).returning ()
for (const project of createdProjects) {
const tasksData = Array .from ({ length : faker.number .int ({ min : 5 , max : 20 }) }, (_, i ) => ({
id : createId (),
projectId : project.id ,
title : faker.hacker .phrase (),
description : faker.lorem .sentences (2 ),
status : faker.helpers .arrayElement (['todo' , 'in_progress' , 'done' ] as const ),
priority : faker.helpers .arrayElement (['low' , 'medium' , 'high' ] as const ),
position : i * 1000 ,
createdById : adminUser.id ,
updatedById : adminUser.id ,
}))
await db.insert (tasks).values (tasksData)
}
console .log (`✅ Seeded: 1 org, ${projectsData.length} projects, tasks` )
}
seed ().catch (console .error ).finally (() => process.exit (0 ))
ERD Generation (Mermaid) erDiagram
Organization ||--o{ OrganizationMember : has
Organization ||--o{ Project : owns
User ||--o{ OrganizationMember : joins
User ||--o{ Task : "created by"
Project ||--o{ Task : contains
Task ||--o{ TaskAssignment : has
Task ||--o{ TaskLabel : has
Task ||--o{ Comment : has
Task ||--o{ Attachment : has
Label ||--o{ TaskLabel : "applied to"
User ||--o{ TaskAssignment : assigned
Organization {
string id PK
string name
string slug
string plan
}
Task {
string id PK
string project_id FK
string title
string status
string priority
timestamp due_date
timestamp deleted_at
int version
}
Common Pitfalls
Soft delete without index — WHERE deleted_at IS NULL without index = full scanMissing composite indexes — WHERE org_id = ? AND status = ? needs a composite indexMutable surrogate keys — never use email or slug as PK; use UUID/CUIDNon-nullable without default — adding a NOT NULL column to existing table requires default or migration planNo optimistic locking — concurrent updates overwrite each other; add version columnRLS not tested — always test RLS with a non-superuser role
Best Practices
Timestamps everywhere — created_at, updated_at on every tableSoft deletes for auditable data — deleted_at instead of DELETEAudit log for compliance — log before/after JSON for regulated domainsUUIDs or CUIDs as PKs — avoid sequential integer leakageIndex foreign keys — every FK column should have an indexPartial indexes — use WHERE deleted_at IS NULL for active-only queriesRLS over application-level filtering — database enforces tenancy, not just app code 