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test-generator Generate comprehensive test suites following the test pyramid: static analysis → unit → integration → E2E.
LOAD THIS SKILL WHEN: User says "寫測試", "test", "測試", "TG", "coverage", "覆蓋率", "pytest", "unittest", "驗證" | wants test generation | asks about testing strategy | needs coverage report | code review requires tests | before release/deployment.
CAPABILITIES: pytest configuration, mypy/ruff/bandit static analysis, parametrized tests, fixtures/conftest, async testing, httpx API tests, Playwright E2E, coverage reports (pytest-cov), CI integration, test data factories (factory-boy/faker).
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name test-generator description Generate comprehensive test suites following the test pyramid: static analysis → unit → integration → E2E.
LOAD THIS SKILL WHEN: User says "寫測試", "test", "測試", "TG", "coverage", "覆蓋率", "pytest", "unittest", "驗證" | wants test generation | asks about testing strategy | needs coverage report | code review requires tests | before release/deployment.
CAPABILITIES: pytest configuration, mypy/ruff/bandit static analysis, parametrized tests, fixtures/conftest, async testing, httpx API tests, Playwright E2E, coverage reports (pytest-cov), CI integration, test data factories (factory-boy/faker).
測試生成技能
描述
為指定的程式碼自動生成完整測試套件，包含靜態分析、單元測試、整合測試及覆蓋率報告。
觸發條件
「生成測試」、「寫測試」、「test this」
「建立單元測試」、「建立整合測試」
「靜態分析」、「type check」
「覆蓋率」、「coverage」
測試金字塔
/\
/ \ E2E Tests (少量)
/----\
/ \ Integration Tests (中等)
/--------\
/ \ Unit Tests (大量)
/------------\
/ Static Analysis (基礎)
Python 測試策略
1️⃣ 靜態分析 (Static Analysis)
工具配置
工具 用途 配置檔 mypy 類型檢查 pyproject.toml / mypy.iniruff Linting + Formatting (取代 pylint/flake8/black) pyproject.tomlbandit 安全性掃描 .bandit
mypy 配置範例
[tool.mypy]
python_version = "3.11"
strict
true
warn_return_any
true
warn_unused_ignores
true
disallow_untyped_defs
true
disallow_incomplete_defs
true
check_untyped_defs
true
no_implicit_optional
true
[[tool.mypy.overrides]]
module
"tests.*"
disallow_untyped_defs
false
ruff 配置範例
[tool.ruff]
target-version = "py311"
line-length = 88
select = [
"E" ,
"W" ,
"F" ,
"I" ,
"B" ,
"C4" ,
"UP" ,
"ARG" ,
"SIM" ,
]
ignore = ["E501" ]
[tool.ruff.isort]
known-first-party = ["src" ]
2️⃣ 單元測試 (Unit Tests)
pytest 配置
[tool.pytest.ini_options]
testpaths = ["tests" ]
python_files = ["test_*.py" , "*_test.py" ]
python_functions = ["test_*" ]
addopts = [
"-v" ,
"--strict-markers" ,
"--tb=short" ,
"-ra" ,
]
markers = [
"unit: Unit tests" ,
"integration: Integration tests" ,
"slow: Slow running tests" ,
]
filterwarnings = [
"error" ,
"ignore::DeprecationWarning" ,
]
測試結構 tests/
├── __init__.py
├── conftest.py # 共用 fixtures
├── unit/ # 單元測試
│ ├── __init__.py
│ ├── conftest.py
│ ├── test_domain/ # Domain 層測試
│ ├── test_application/ # Application 層測試
│ └── test_utils/
├── integration/ # 整合測試
│ ├── __init__.py
│ ├── conftest.py
│ ├── test_api/
│ ├── test_database/
│ └── test_external/
└── e2e/ # 端對端測試
└── ...
單元測試範例
import pytest
from src.domain.entities import User
from src.domain.exceptions import ValidationError
class TestUser :
"""User entity 單元測試"""
def test_create_user_with_valid_data (self ):
"""正常建立使用者"""
user = User(name="Alice" , email="alice@example.com" )
assert user.name == "Alice"
assert user.email == "alice@example.com"
def test_create_user_with_minimum_name_length (self ):
"""名稱最小長度"""
user = User(name="A" , email="a@b.c" )
assert len (user.name) == 1
@pytest.mark.parametrize("name,expected" , [
("A" * 100 , 100 "中文名字" , 4
def test_name_length_variations (self, name: str , expected: int ):
"""名稱長度變化測試"""
user = User(name=name, email="test@test.com" )
assert len (user.name) == expected
def test_create_user_with_empty_name_raises_error (self ):
"""空名稱應拋出 ValidationError"""
with pytest.raises(ValidationError, match ="Name cannot be empty" ):
User(name="" , email="test@test.com" )
def test_create_user_with_invalid_email_raises_error (self ):
"""無效 email 應拋出 ValidationError"""
with pytest.raises(ValidationError, match ="Invalid email format" ):
User(name="Test" , email="not-an-email" )
def test_create_user_with_none_name_raises_error (self ):
"""None 名稱應拋出 TypeError"""
with pytest.raises(TypeError):
User(name=None , email="test@test.com" )
3️⃣ 整合測試 (Integration Tests)
API 整合測試
import pytest
from httpx import AsyncClient
from src.main import app
@pytest.mark.integration
@pytest.mark.asyncio
class TestUserAPI :
"""User API 整合測試"""
async def test_create_user_endpoint (self, async_client: AsyncClient ):
"""POST /users 建立使用者"""
response = await async_client.post(
"/api/v1/users" ,
json={"name" : "Test User" , "email" : "test@example.com" }
)
assert response.status_code == 201
data = response.json()
assert data["name" ] == "Test User"
assert "id" in data
async def test_get_user_endpoint (self, async_client: AsyncClient, created_user ):
"""GET /users/{id} 取得使用者"""
response = await async_client.get(f"/api/v1/users/{created_user.id } " )
assert response.status_code == 200
assert response.json()["id" ] == str (created_user.id )
async def test_get_nonexistent_user_returns_404 (self, async_client: AsyncClient ):
"""取得不存在的使用者應返回 404"""
response = await async_client.get("/api/v1/users/nonexistent-id" )
assert response.status_code == 404
資料庫整合測試
import pytest
from src.infrastructure.repositories import UserRepository
from src.domain.entities import User
@pytest.mark.integration
class TestUserRepository :
"""UserRepository 整合測試 (實際資料庫)"""
@pytest.fixture
def repository (self, db_session ):
return UserRepository(session=db_session)
async def test_save_and_retrieve_user (self, repository: UserRepository ):
"""儲存並取回使用者"""
user = User(name="Test" , email="test@test.com" )
saved_user = await repository.save(user)
retrieved = await repository.get_by_id(saved_user.id )
assert retrieved is not None
assert retrieved.name == "Test"
async def test_find_by_email (self, repository: UserRepository ):
"""透過 email 查詢"""
user = User(name="Test" , email="unique@test.com" )
await repository.save(user)
found = await repository.find_by_email("unique@test.com" )
assert found is not None
assert found.email == "unique@test.com"
conftest.py (整合測試 fixtures)
import pytest
import pytest_asyncio
from httpx import AsyncClient, ASGITransport
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine, AsyncSession
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from src.main import app
from src.infrastructure.database import Base
TEST_DATABASE_URL = "sqlite+aiosqlite:///:memory:"
@pytest.fixture(scope="session" )
def event_loop ():
"""建立 event loop for async tests"""
import asyncio
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop_policy().new_event_loop()
yield loop
loop.close()
@pytest_asyncio.fixture(scope="function" )
async def db_engine ():
"""建立測試資料庫引擎"""
engine = create_async_engine(TEST_DATABASE_URL, echo=False )
async with engine.begin() as conn:
await conn.run_sync(Base.metadata.create_all)
yield engine
async with engine.begin() as conn:
await conn.run_sync(Base.metadata.drop_all)
await engine.dispose()
@pytest_asyncio.fixture(scope="function" )
async def db_session (db_engine ):
"""建立測試資料庫 session"""
async_session = sessionmaker(
db_engine, class_=AsyncSession, expire_on_commit=False
)
async with async_session() as session:
yield session
await session.rollback()
@pytest_asyncio.fixture
async def async_client ():
"""建立非同步 HTTP 測試客戶端"""
transport = ASGITransport(app=app)
async with AsyncClient(transport=transport, base_url="http://test" ) as client:
yield client
5️⃣ E2E 測試 (End-to-End Tests)
E2E 測試工具選擇 工具 適用場景 特點 Playwright Web UI 測試 跨瀏覽器、自動等待、截圖/錄影 Selenium 傳統 Web 測試 廣泛支援、成熟穩定 pytest + httpx API E2E 輕量、快速 Locust 負載/效能測試 分散式、Python 原生
Playwright 配置 (推薦)
[tool.pytest.ini_options]
markers = [
"e2e: End-to-end tests (require running application)" ,
]
import pytest
from playwright.async_api import async_playwright, Browser, Page
@pytest.fixture(scope="session" )
def browser_type ():
"""可透過環境變數切換瀏覽器"""
import os
return os.getenv("BROWSER" , "chromium" )
@pytest.fixture(scope="session" )
async def browser (browser_type: str ):
"""建立瀏覽器實例 (session 級別)"""
async with async_playwright() as p:
browser = await getattr (p, browser_type).launch(
headless=True ,
slow_mo=100 ,
)
yield browser
await browser.close()
@pytest.fixture
async def page (browser: Browser ):
"""建立新頁面 (每個測試獨立)"""
context = await browser.new_context(
viewport={"width" : 1280 , "height" : 720 },
record_video_dir="test-results/videos" ,
)
page = await context.new_page()
yield page
await context.close()
@pytest.fixture
def base_url ():
"""應用程式 base URL"""
import os
return os.getenv("APP_URL" , "http://localhost:8000" )
E2E 測試範例
import pytest
from playwright.async_api import Page, expect
@pytest.mark.e2e
@pytest.mark.asyncio
class TestUserJourney :
"""使用者旅程 E2E 測試"""
async def test_user_registration_flow (self, page: Page, base_url: str ):
"""測試完整註冊流程"""
await page.goto(f"{base_url} /register" )
await expect(page).to_have_title("Register" )
await page.fill("input[name='username']" , "testuser" )
await page.fill("input[name='email']" , "test@example.com" )
await page.fill("input[name='password']" , "SecureP@ss123" )
await page.fill("input[name='confirm_password']" , "SecureP@ss123" )
await page.click("button[type='submit']" )
await expect(page).to_have_url(f"{base_url} /dashboard" )
await expect(page.locator(".welcome-message" )).to_contain_text("Welcome, testuser" )
async def test_login_logout_flow (self, page: Page, base_url: str ):
"""測試登入登出流程"""
await page.goto(f"{base_url} /login" )
await page.fill("input[name='email']" , "test@example.com" )
await page.fill("input[name='password']" , "SecureP@ss123" )
await page.click("button[type='submit']" )
await expect(page.locator(".user-menu" )).to_be_visible()
await page.click(".logout-button" )
await expect(page).to_have_url(f"{base_url} /" )
async def test_create_item_flow (self, page: Page, base_url: str , authenticated_page ):
"""測試建立項目流程 (需登入)"""
await authenticated_page.goto(f"{base_url} /items/new" )
await authenticated_page.fill("input[name='title']" , "Test Item" )
await authenticated_page.fill("textarea[name='description']" , "Description" )
await authenticated_page.click("button[type='submit']" )
await expect(authenticated_page.locator(".success-toast" )).to_be_visible()
API E2E 測試 (無 UI)
import pytest
import httpx
@pytest.mark.e2e
@pytest.mark.asyncio
class TestAPIEndToEnd :
"""API E2E 測試 - 測試完整 API 流程"""
@pytest.fixture
async def client (self, base_url: str ):
async with httpx.AsyncClient(base_url=base_url) as client:
yield client
async def test_complete_crud_flow (self, client: httpx.AsyncClient ):
"""測試完整 CRUD 流程"""
response = await client.post("/api/v1/items" , json={"name" : "Test" })
assert response.status_code == 201
item_id = response.json()["id" ]
response = await client.get(f"/api/v1/items/{item_id} " )
assert response.status_code == 200
assert response.json()["name" ] == "Test"
response = await client.put(
f"/api/v1/items/{item_id} " ,
json={"name" : "Updated" }
)
assert response.status_code == 200
response = await client.delete(f"/api/v1/items/{item_id} " )
assert response.status_code == 204
response = await client.get(f"/api/v1/items/{item_id} " )
assert response.status_code == 404
6️⃣ 覆蓋率 (Coverage)
pytest-cov 配置
[tool.coverage.run]
source = ["src" ]
branch = true
parallel = true
omit = [
"*/tests/*" ,
"*/__init__.py" ,
"*/migrations/*" ,
]
[tool.coverage.paths]
source = ["src" ]
[tool.coverage.report]
exclude_lines = [
"pragma: no cover" ,
"def __repr__" ,
"raise AssertionError" ,
"raise NotImplementedError" ,
"if TYPE_CHECKING:" ,
"if __name__ == .__main__.:" ,
"@abstractmethod" ,
]
fail_under = 80
show_missing = true
skip_covered = true
[tool.coverage.html]
directory = "htmlcov"
[tool.coverage.xml]
output = "coverage.xml"
執行覆蓋率
pytest tests/unit -v --cov=src --cov-report=term-missing --cov-report=html
pytest tests/integration -v --cov=src --cov-report=xml --cov-append
pytest --cov=src --cov-report=term-missing --cov-report=html --cov-report=xml
測試框架對照表 語言 單元測試 整合測試 覆蓋率 靜態分析 Python pytest pytest + httpx pytest-cov mypy, ruff, bandit JavaScript Jest / Vitest Supertest c8 / istanbul ESLint, TypeScript TypeScript Jest / Vitest Supertest c8 / istanbul tsc --noEmit, ESLint Go testing testing + testcontainers go test -cover golangci-lint Rust cargo test cargo test cargo-tarpaulin clippy
CI 整合 Checklist
測試依賴 (Python)
[project.optional-dependencies]
dev = [
"pytest>=7.4.0" ,
"pytest-cov>=4.1.0" ,
"pytest-asyncio>=0.21.0" ,
"pytest-xdist>=3.3.0" ,
"pytest-mock>=3.11.0" ,
"pytest-timeout>=2.1.0" ,
"httpx>=0.24.0" ,
"factory-boy>=3.3.0" ,
"faker>=19.0.0" ,
"playwright>=1.40.0" ,
"pytest-playwright>=0.4.0" ,
"locust>=2.20.0" ,
"mypy>=1.5.0" ,
"ruff>=0.0.290" ,
"bandit[toml]>=1.7.5" ,
"types-requests" ,
"types-python-dateutil" ,
]
輸出格式 ## 測試套件生成報告
### 📁 檔案結構
[生成的測試目錄結構]
### 📋 測試清單
#### 靜態分析
- [ ] mypy 類型檢查
- [ ] ruff linting
- [ ] bandit 安全掃描
#### 單元測試 (`tests/unit/`)
- ✅ 正常流程 (Happy Path)
- ✅ 邊界條件 (Edge Cases)
- ✅ 錯誤處理 (Error Handling)
- ✅ Null/None 處理
#### 整合測試 (`tests/integration/`)
- ✅ API 端點測試
- ✅ 資料庫操作測試
- ✅ 外部服務測試 (mocked)
#### E2E 測試 (`tests/e2e/`)
- ✅ 使用者旅程測試
- ✅ 關鍵流程驗證
- ✅ 跨瀏覽器測試 (Playwright)
### 📊 覆蓋率目標
- 單元測試：≥ 90%
- 整合測試：≥ 70%
- 總體覆蓋：≥ 80%
### ⚙️ 執行指令
[相關測試執行命令]
