| name | photo-metadata-helper |
| description | Workflow for processing JPEG photos: view each image, generate a descriptive title (5–9 words), 60–90 word description, and 8–12 keywords; reverse-geocode any embedded GPS coordinates via Nominatim to add specific location detail; embed all metadata as IPTC fields using exiftool (without creating backup files); and rename each file to a hyphenated version of its title. USE when the user says things like: "tag these photos", "add metadata to my images", "generate keywords for photos", "embed IPTC data", "rename photos with descriptive names", "process these JPEGs", "add titles and descriptions to my photos", "geolocate my photos", or any request involving generating and embedding photo metadata at scale. Trigger even if only one of these steps is mentioned — the full workflow adds value every time.
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Photo Metadata Tagger
End-to-end workflow for generating rich IPTC metadata for a folder of JPEGs and renaming them.
Intake Sequence (FIRST step of the pipeline)
For any new photos being considered for addition to a commercial-photography site, this skill is step 1 of 5:
- photo-metadata-helper (this skill) — generate titles, descriptions, keywords, geo, and embed subject names
- quality-review — technical, editorial, and print-readiness gate
- property-release-review — audit depicted objects (buildings, artwork, branded venues, trademarks)
- model-release-review — audit depicted persons (identifiability, children, workers at workplace)
- reviewed-photo-publish — catalog entry, sales-platform listing, remove from intake queue
Do not skip steps or change the order. Quality review runs before legal review because failing photos shouldn't consume rights-clearance effort. Property review runs before model review because property/trademark concerns are usually dispositive of the sale decision regardless of model release status. Publish is segmented out as its own step so a failed publish never silently blocks a still-clean rights audit.
Prerequisites
Check that exiftool is installed before starting:
which exiftool && exiftool -ver
If missing: brew install exiftool (macOS) or apt install libimage-exiftool-perl (Linux).
Step 1 — View All Photos
Before reading any image, downscale it to a maximum of 2048 pixels on the long edge:
magick "$FILE" -resize "2048x2048>" "/tmp/preview_$(basename "$FILE")"
If the resize command fails (ImageMagick not installed, unsupported format, permission error, etc.), stop immediately and ask the user how to proceed — do not fall back to reading the original full-sized file. Use AskUserQuestion with the specific error and options such as installing ImageMagick, skipping the affected file, or aborting the batch.
Read the downscaled file from /tmp/ using the Read tool, not the original. This keeps vision payloads small and avoids read failures on large RAW or high-res files. Work in parallel batches of 6–8 at a time. For each photo, mentally note:
- Subject: What is the main subject? (person, species, object, scene)
- Context: Indoor/outdoor, setting clues, event type
- Mood/style: macro, portrait, landscape, abstract, documentary
- Distinctive details: colors, behaviors, poses, unique features
Don't generate metadata yet — just observe. For large sets (20+ photos) a quick first-pass scan before writing helps catch misidentifications early (a fern crozier is not a caterpillar; a Bird of Paradise flower looks alien up close).
Step 2 — Reverse Geocode GPS (if present)
Extract GPS from all files in one command:
exiftool -p '$FileName | $GPSLatitude $GPSLatitudeRef | $GPSLongitude $GPSLongitudeRef' /path/to/dir/*.jpg 2>/dev/null
If GPS is present, convert DMS to decimal and query Nominatim. Group photos by GPS cluster (photos taken at the same venue will cluster tightly — one lookup per cluster is enough):
curl -s "https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/reverse?format=json&lat=LAT&lon=LON&zoom=18&addressdetails=1" \
-H "User-Agent: photo-metadata-tagger/1.0"
Parse the display_name and address fields for the specific venue, street, neighborhood, and city. Use the most specific available name (e.g., "Hortus Botanicus Amsterdam, Drie-klimaten-kas" rather than just "Amsterdam"). This location context goes into titles, descriptions, and keywords.
The coordinates are the camera position, not the subject's location. This distinction is mandatory, not pedantic:
- It only matters when the subject is a significant distance from the vantage. For the common case — a near or in-scene subject — GPS is the subject's location; tag it directly and skip the rest of this block. Engage the vantage reasoning below only once you've judged the subject to be far off (the focal-length heuristic is your first cue).
- The GPS tag records where the photographer stood. It equals the subject's location only when the subject is at or near the camera — a flower in the garden you're standing in, a dish on the table in front of you, a building you're beside.
- For any distant subject — a mountain range, a skyline across the water, a coastline, a landmark on the horizon — the resolved location is the vantage point, not where the subject is. A peak photographed from ten miles away is not "at" your coordinates; placing it there is geographically impossible (you cannot stand on the summit and photograph it from a distance at the same time).
- Decide per photo whether the subject is here (camera location describes it) or over there (camera location is only the viewpoint). When it's over there, phrase accordingly: "the Rockies seen from a ridge near Boulder", "the Manhattan skyline viewed from Brooklyn" — never "the Rockies, Boulder" or a keyword that asserts the subject sits at the camera's address.
- When unsure how far the subject is, do not assert a subject location at all — describe what is visible and, at most, attribute the vantage ("photographed from …").
Use lens and camera-direction EXIF to inform the here-vs-there call — but know its limits. Pull these alongside the coordinates:
exiftool -p '$FileName | $FocalLength | $FocalLengthIn35mmFormat | $LensModel | $GPSImgDirection $GPSImgDirectionRef | $SubjectDistance' /path/to/dir/*.jpg 2>/dev/null
- Focal length is a strong distance heuristic. A long focal length (telephoto, say 135mm-equivalent and up) is positive evidence the subject is distant → treat the GPS as a vantage, not the subject's location. A wide focal length means you likely captured the scene you were standing in → GPS plausibly describes the subject.
- Focal length and lens do NOT give bearing. They tell you the field of view, not which direction the camera faced. By themselves they cannot place a distant subject.
GPSImgDirection (when present) is the compass bearing the camera was pointing. GPS + bearing gives you a line of sight; combined with a map you can form a hypothesis about which landmark lies along it. This is a hypothesis to corroborate against the visible image — never an identification asserted from EXIF alone. If GPSImgDirection is absent, you have no bearing and cannot infer a distant subject's location at all.SubjectDistance is usually missing or pinned to "infinity" beyond a few dozen meters — do not rely on it for distant subjects.- Terrain geometry constrains the candidates further. The topography of the vantage limits what can be in frame: standing on the eastern slope of a range, the ridgeline rises to your west and you're looking out east — the peaks themselves can't be your distant subject, but the valley, foothills, or far range to the east can. Water, a known ridgeline, a coastline, or an obvious occluding landform all rule out whole arcs of the bearing. Use the resolved location plus the visible terrain to discard impossible candidates before settling on one.
- Bottom line: GPS + lens + direction + terrain can narrow candidates and shape the here-vs-there decision, but they do not by themselves identify a distant subject. Confirm against what's actually in the frame before naming anything.
If no GPS is present, skip this step and use contextual clues from the images themselves.
Step 2.5 — Read Capture Date & Time (Ground Truth for Title & Description)
Before generating any metadata, extract the capture timestamp for every photo. This is a required input to generation, on equal footing with what you see in the image and the resolved location — not an optional check.
exiftool -p '$FileName | $DateTimeOriginal' /path/to/dir/*.jpg 2>/dev/null
DateTimeOriginal is the ground truth for when the shot was taken — both the clock time (time of day) and the date (season). Record both per photo and carry them into Step 3 alongside the visual observations from Step 1 and the location from Step 2. The timestamp governs every time-related claim that may appear in the title or description, on two axes:
- Time of day — A photo stamped
12:47 was taken at midday; it cannot be titled or described as blue hour, golden hour, dawn, dusk, sunrise, sunset, or twilight, no matter how the light reads to the eye. Warm or blue light is not evidence of the hour: overcast, open shade, artificial light, white balance, and editing all produce it at any time of day.
- Season — The date grounds any seasonal word (spring, summer, autumn/fall, winter, and their cues like "autumn foliage", "spring bloom", "summer light", "winter snow"). A photo dated in July is not "autumn" because the leaves look warm. Map date → season using the GPS hemisphere: latitude from Step 2 tells you which — June–August is summer in the northern hemisphere but winter in the southern. Visible cues (snow, blossoms, bare trees) describe conditions, which you may state literally; they do not by themselves license a season label that the date contradicts.
- If
DateTimeOriginal is missing, you have no time or date evidence — make no time-of-day or seasonal claim at all; describe only what is literally visible.
The visible image tells you what and how it looks; the timestamp tells you when. Generation in Step 3 must respect all three. The full guard wording lives in Step 3 under the Description rules.
Step 2.6 — Check Calendar Context (Holidays & Events)
With the location from Step 2 and the date from Step 2.5 both in hand, do a quick check for any holiday or notable event at that place around that date. This often surfaces real context — a market on King's Day, a parade, a festival, a religious observance — that sharpens the description and keywords.
Holidays (deterministic). The country comes from Nominatim's address.country_code (Step 2); the year from DateTimeOriginal (Step 2.5). Query the free, no-auth Nager.Date API (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2, uppercase):
curl -s "https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/${YEAR}/${COUNTRY}"
Compare the capture date to the returned holiday dates. Treat anything within a few days as proximate (festivities often run a window around the official day). Note the match — but see the guard below before it touches metadata.
Events (non-deterministic). Local festivals, fairs, sporting events, and concerts have no reliable free lookup. Use well-known recurring events you're confident about (e.g., Carnival in Venice, Oktoberfest in Munich) only when the date and place line up — and always as a hypothesis to confirm against the image, never an assertion from the calendar alone.
Guard — coincidence is not depiction. This mirrors the time/season guard:
- A date falling on or near a holiday does not mean the photo depicts it. A quiet canal shot taken on King's Day is not "King's Day celebration" unless the image actually shows it (crowds, orange, flags, market stalls).
- Fold a holiday or event into the title/description/keywords only when the image corroborates it. Otherwise drop it, or at most include it as soft context phrased as timing ("photographed on King's Day"), never as subject.
- When the API returns nothing, or you have no confident event match, add nothing — silence is correct, invented festivity is not.
Step 3 — Generate Metadata for Each Photo
For each photo, produce:
Title (5–9 words)
- Describes the primary subject and context concisely
- Include location if it meaningfully identifies the image (e.g., "Zebra Longwing Butterfly Wings Open Hortus Botanicus Amsterdam" not "Zebra Longwing Butterfly on a Leaf")
- No articles at the start ("A", "The", "One") — start with the subject
- Discard any existing IPTC Title / ObjectName / XMP-dc:Title from Lightroom. Lightroom routinely populates the title field with a truncated description sentence (e.g., "One of Amsterdam's many drawbridges, the Aluminumbrug, spans…"). Treat these as input to ignore, not input to keep. Generate the title fresh from observing the image — never preserve a Lightroom title verbatim. Sentence-shape (commas, articles, > 12 words) is the giveaway.
Description (60–90 words)
- Open with the most visually distinctive element
- Weave location naturally into the text — don't tack it on at the end
- Include species names, common names, or proper nouns where known
- Mention photographic technique (macro, bokeh, backlighting) when it's a defining feature
- End with a sentence that adds context or meaning beyond what's visible
Time guard — time of day AND season (applies to both the title and the description — read before writing any atmospheric or seasonal language):
- Time-of-day words — blue hour, golden hour, dawn, dusk, sunrise, sunset, twilight, midday sun, evening light, morning light, night — and seasonal words — spring, summer, autumn/fall, winter, and their cues ("autumn foliage", "spring bloom", "winter snow") — are factual claims about when the photo was taken, not mood adjectives. Use one only if it is consistent with the
DateTimeOriginal clock time and date recorded in Step 2.5 (season also requires the GPS hemisphere — June is summer up north, winter down south).
- If the timestamp says midday and the scene looks moody or warm, describe the light itself ("soft diffused light", "warm directional light", "deep shadows"), never the hour ("blue hour"). Warm or blue light is not evidence of the time of day — overcast, shade, artificial light, white balance, and editing all produce it at any hour. Likewise, warm foliage or a dusting of snow describes conditions you can state literally, but does not license a season label the date contradicts.
- No
DateTimeOriginal → no time-of-day or seasonal phrase at all. Default to describing what is literally visible.
- This is a hard guard: a description that contradicts the timestamp is wrong even if it reads beautifully. When in doubt, drop the time or season reference entirely.
Keywords (8–12 tags)
- Mix subject-specific terms (species name, object type) with contextual ones (location, season, technique)
- Include both the common name and scientific name for flora/fauna when known
- Include the resolved venue/location as a keyword when it describes the subject (subject is at the camera position). When the camera location is only the vantage onto a distant subject, tag the vantage as such (e.g., "viewed from Boulder") or omit it — don't assert the subject sits at your coordinates (see Step 2)
- Avoid generic filler like "photo", "image", "picture"
Step 4 — Write and Execute a Bash Script
Don't run 21 individual exiftool commands interactively. Write a single bash script, then execute it.
Critical flags:
- Always use
-overwrite_original — this prevents exiftool from creating .jpg_original backup files
- Clear existing keywords before writing new ones by including
-IPTC:Keywords= as the first keyword argument in each call — otherwise new keywords are appended to old ones
Pattern for each photo block:
Always sync ALL four title fields. 01-extract.ts / 01b-merge-new.ts read Title (XMP-dc:Title) BEFORE ObjectName, so a stale Lightroom title in Title will win over the fresh one in ObjectName and the catalog gets the truncated description.
T="Your Title Here"
D="Your 60-90 word description here."
exiftool -overwrite_original -P \
-IPTC:ObjectName="$T" \
-Title="$T" \
-XMP-dc:Title="$T" \
-IPTC:Headline="$T" \
-IPTC:Caption-Abstract="$D" \
-IPTC:Keywords= \
-IPTC:Keywords="keyword1" \
-IPTC:Keywords="keyword2" \
-IPTC:Keywords="keyword3" \
"/path/to/Original-Filename.jpg"
mv "/path/to/Original-Filename.jpg" "/path/to/${T// /-}.jpg"
The ${T// /-} bash substitution replaces all spaces with hyphens for the filename.
Script structure tip: Use a helper function to keep the script DRY:
tag_and_rename() {
local OLD_FILE="$1" NEW_TITLE="$2" DESC="$3"
shift 3
local KW_ARGS=()
for kw in "$@"; do KW_ARGS+=(-IPTC:Keywords="$kw"); done
exiftool -overwrite_original -P \
-IPTC:ObjectName="$NEW_TITLE" \
-Title="$NEW_TITLE" \
-XMP-dc:Title="$NEW_TITLE" \
-IPTC:Headline="$NEW_TITLE" \
-IPTC:Caption-Abstract="$DESC" \
-IPTC:Keywords= \
"${KW_ARGS[@]}" \
"$OLD_FILE"
mv "$OLD_FILE" "${OLD_FILE%/*}/${NEW_TITLE// /-}.jpg"
}
Step 4.5 — Embed Subject Names (PersonInImage)
If any image contains an identifiable person, embed the subject's full name into the photo's metadata. This is the IPTC Extension standard for naming people in an image; downstream tools, model-release audits, and image asset managers read it.
Use the IPTC4xmpExt PersonInImage tag — written as XMP-iptcExt:PersonInImage in exiftool — plus an IPTC keyword for searchability:
exiftool -overwrite_original -P \
-XMP-iptcExt:PersonInImage="Subject Full Name" \
-IPTC:Keywords+="Subject Full Name" \
/path/to/photo.jpg
Critical rules:
- Use the subject's full legal name (matches their model release on file).
- One PersonInImage per subject. For group shots, run the command once per name — exiftool stacks the values.
-P preserves file modification time. -overwrite_original prevents .jpg_original backups.IPTC:Keywords+= (note the +=) appends; bare = would overwrite existing keywords.- Embed BOTH on the source original (in your archive dir) AND the published/web copy. Otherwise the next pipeline rebuild loses the name from the published copy.
When to embed: every time a person is identifiable. Skip macros, architecture-only frames, distant unidentifiable figures, and silhouettes.
Verify:
exiftool -G -s -PersonInImage -Keywords /path/to/photo.jpg
Output should show [XMP] PersonInImage : <Name> and <Name> listed in [IPTC] Keywords.
Step 5 — Verify
After the script runs:
ls /path/to/dir/*.jpg | grep -v Plans
ls /path/to/dir/ | grep "_original" | wc -l
exiftool -IPTC:ObjectName -IPTC:Caption-Abstract -IPTC:Keywords /path/to/file.jpg
Confirm the title, description word count, and keyword list all look correct. Clean up /tmp/preview_* files after verification.
Common Pitfalls
| Pitfall | Fix |
|---|
| Reading full-res originals directly | Downscale to ≤2048px long edge first with magick; read the /tmp/preview_* copy |
.jpg_original backup files created | Add -overwrite_original to every exiftool call |
| New keywords appended to old ones | Include -IPTC:Keywords= (blank) before setting new keywords |
| Misidentified subject (crozier vs caterpillar, etc.) | Review ambiguous shots carefully before writing — when uncertain, describe what you see literally |
| GPS lookup returns neighborhood not venue | Use zoom=18 in Nominatim URL for maximum specificity |
| Very long filenames from long titles | Keep titles to 5–9 words; prioritize subject over adjectives |
| Description word count outside 60–90 | Count words after drafting; trim or expand before embedding |
| "Blue hour"/"golden hour" on a midday photo, or "autumn" on a July photo | Time-of-day and season are claims about capture date/time — read DateTimeOriginal (Step 2.5), map season via GPS hemisphere; describe light/conditions, not the hour or season |
| Calling a photo a "King's Day celebration" because the date matches | Holiday/event proximity (Step 2.6) is context, not depiction — fold in only if the image shows it; otherwise omit or state as timing |
| Distant subject labeled with the camera's GPS location | Coordinates are the vantage point, not where the subject is — a far mountain/skyline isn't "at" your address; phrase as "seen from …" or omit |
